汽油机排放性能连续测量研究

使用AVL4000型五气分析仪连续测量了492QBW车用汽油机在多种稳定工况和启动工况下排气中有害成分CO，HC和NO的量。稳定工况试验结果表明：汽油机的转速和负荷都对CO，HC，NO排放产生影响，负荷变化对排放浓度变化的影响大于转速变化带来的影响；同时工况稳定情况下连续测量的一段时间内，各排气成分会产生一定波动，尤其是HC排放波动最大。冷启动、热启动试验结果显示，在启动过程中汽油机的CO和HC排放较高，尤其是冷启动时CO和HC排放出现峰值。     

准均质压燃二甲醚发动机的性能与排放特性研究

在单缸二甲醚发动机上开展了从进气管导入不同量二甲醚对发动机性能与排放特性影响的试验研究。结果表明:采用准均质充量压缩工作模式时发动机可在较宽广的转速和负荷下运行;热效率提高;排气温度略有降低;NO_x排放下降了30%～50%,但HC和CO排放有所上升。随着进气管中引入的二甲醚量的增加,NO_x、HC和CO排放都随之增加。采用预混准均质压燃工作模式是进一步提高二甲醚发动机的热效率并降低NO_x排放的有效措施之一。     

电喷汽油机燃用微乳化E10含水乙醇汽油的试验研究

应用微乳化理论研制E10含水乙醇汽油乳化剂,在电喷发动机上进行燃用E10含水乙醇汽油对发动机动力性、经济性和排放性的影响试验研究.试验结果表明:基于HLB值理论配制的SPY乳化剂能较好地解决E10含水乙醇汽油的稳定性问题;发动机燃用E10含水乙醇汽油后,动力性略有降低,有效燃油消耗率略有升高,能源消耗率降低;怠速排放的CO、HC、NOx均下降,NOx下降幅度达到65％;多工况排放的CO、HC在低负荷略有降低,中高负荷时明显降低,CO降低9％ ～ 17％,HC降低4％～9％;NOx在中小负荷时降低12％左右,大负荷时改变不明显.     

引燃柴油量对甲醇/柴油双燃料发动机性能和排放的影响

在一台TY1100型直喷柴油机上,开展了引燃柴油量对柴油引燃甲醇双燃料发动机性能和排放影响的研究。试验结果表明:引燃柴油比例为28.9%~48.2%时,发动机可获得较好的动力性,甲醇质量掺比可达73.3%~83.2%。与原柴油机相比,双燃料发动机的碳烟排放大幅度下降,NOx排放降低,而HC和CO排放增加。高负荷时发动机有效热效率增加而CO排放基本相当。在同一引燃柴油量下,HC排放呈先增加后减少的趋势,增加引燃柴油量,可以提高发动机低负荷时的有效热效率和降低HC排放,但在全负荷时,会导致NOx排放增加。     

机电联合控制LPG-柴油双燃料增压发动机的研究

对增压柴油机燃用 L PG-柴油双燃料、采用 2种机电联合控制方案进行了较为深入的研究 ,对比分析了原柴油机和机电联合控制 L PG-柴油双燃料发动机的动力性、燃料经济性和碳烟、NOx、CO、HC排放。机电联合控制方案 1的试验研究表明 :掺烧 L PG后 ,可以显著地降低柴油机的碳烟排放 ;但在小负荷范围内 ,燃料消耗率略有增加 ,HC、CO排放增加较多。机电联合控制方案 2的试验研究表明 :双燃料发动机和原柴油机外特性相比 ,转矩几乎不降低 ,燃料消耗率略有下降 ,碳烟排放显著降低 ,NOx、CO排放变化不大 ,HC排放增加 ;双燃料发动机和原柴油机负荷特性相比 ,燃料消耗率在小负荷范围内持平而在中等以上负荷略有下降 ,碳烟排放显著降低 ,NOx 排放变化不大 ,HC、CO排放在小负荷范围内基本相同而在中等以上负荷略有增加。     

生物含氧燃料对柴油机排放特性影响的研究

在柴油中分别掺混20％乙醇、20％生物柴油以及lO％乙醇和10％生物柴油,组成E20、B20、E10B10和柴油共4种燃料,在一台4缸柴油机上进行排放特性试验研究.结果表明:在中低负荷下,含氧燃料对HC和CO的排放影响较大,随着含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加HC和CO排放增加,在中高负荷下,3种含氧燃料的HC和CO排放基本相当;除了在2200r·min-1的中低负荷下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放较柴油高以外,其它工况下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放均较柴油低.含氧燃料不同对NOx排放的影响很小,3种含氧燃料的NOx排放都比柴油低.3种含氧燃料的碳烟排放也较柴油低,而且随含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加,碳烟排放减小.     

甲醇汽油混合燃料电喷汽油机的排放特性的研究

本文通过在多点电喷汽油机改用不同比例的甲醇汽油混合燃料与纯烧汽油时的对比试验来研究甲醇汽油混合燃料发动机的排放特性。研究表明：使用低比例混合燃料M20时,其CO排放降低明显,HC排放在中、低负荷时相当,在大负荷时降低,NOx排放基本保持不变;使用高比例混合燃料M85时,在全部负荷的工况下,NOx排放均有显著降低。排气经三效催化转换器后,醇、醛排放都可以被控制在极低的水平。     

可变EGR对柴油-天然气发动机排放特性影响的研究

对柴油-天然气双燃料发动机采用可变EGR时的排放特性进行了研究,试验发动机65%的功率由天然气提供,其余由柴油提供.研究结果表明:柴油-天然气双燃料发动机采用EGR时,在较低负荷能有效降低排放,但在较高负荷会有热效率降低和CO排放较高的缺点;而采用可变EGR时,可以明显降低NOx、HC、CO和碳烟排放,并且热效率几乎可保持基础发动机的水平.     

二甲醚/甲醇均质压燃性能和排放特性的试验研究

在单缸发动机上进行了二甲醚/甲醇均质压燃(HCCI)的试验研究。结果表明,采用二甲醚/甲醇双燃料方式,HCCI的工况范围大幅拓宽,低转速平均指示压力接近0.8MPa。低负荷工况指示热效率随甲醇浓度的降低而升高;对于较高负荷,存在一个指示热效率较高的甲醇浓度区间。正常燃烧范围内,NOx排放一般低于20×10 6,即使在接近爆燃的工况,试验中测得的NOx排放也低于100×10 6;HC和CO排放明显高于柴油机。随甲醇浓度降低,HC和CO排放降低,NOx排放略有升高。     

EGR对电控共轨二甲醚发动机排放影响的研究

研究了中高负荷时不同轨压和喷油提前角下,废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)对电控共轨二甲醚发动机排放的影响。研究结果表明:中等负荷时,随着EGR率的增大,发动机油耗率呈先减小后增大的趋势,氮氧化物(NOx)排放显著降低;对于HC和CO排放,在EGR率小于27%时基本保持不变,在EGR率增至27%时显著增加;采用27%左右EGR率,可将NOx排放降至0.5g/(kW·h)以内,此时轨压及提前角对NOx排放的影响消失。高负荷时,随着EGR率增大,发动机油耗率逐渐增大;NOx排放显著降低,轨压和提前角的变化对NOx排放影响减小;HC和CO排放逐渐增大。可通过轨压及喷油提前角的优选有效地控制中高负荷下NOx、HC、CO排放及油耗率。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.