Acylation of glucose catalysed by lipases in supercritical carbon dioxide

The acylation of glucose with lauric acid in a reaction catalysed by two Candida lipases and a Mucor miehei lipase in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO₂) was investigated. A linear dependence of the reaction rate on enzyme concentration was observed. Studies on the effect of temperature on enzyme activity showed that Candida antarctica lipase remains stable at temperatures as high as 70°C. Non-immobilised Candida rugosa lipase was found to have a temperature optimum at 60°C. The acylation reaction rate depended on the initial water activity of both substrates and enzyme; the optimum was 0·75 for Candida antarctica lipase, 0·53 for Candida rugosa lipase, and between 0·3 and 0·5 for Mucor miehei lipase. Candida rugosa lipase was most active at a molar ratio of sugar: acyl donor of 1: 3, while the optimum ratio was found to increase to 1: 6 when the reaction was catalysed by Candida antarctica and Mucor miehei lipases. © 1998 SCI     

Synthesis of cocoa butter equivalent by lipase-catalyzed interesterification in supercritical carbon dioxide

With supercritical carbon dixoide as a reaction medium, the syntheses of cocoa butter equivalent by interesterification with various lipases were investigated. The study showed that among those five lipases tested, lipase IM-20 from Mucor miehei was the most effective and specific in synthesizing this cocoa butter equivalent product by interesterification. The yields of cocoa butter equivalent are affected by pressure, substrate oil composition, solubility and co-solvent. The best reaction conditions were: reaction pressure at 1500 psi, triglyceride with high content of POP (P, palmitate; O, oleate) and POO, reaction medium with 5.0% water, and reaction temperature at 50°C. The major component of cocoa butter, POS (S, stearate), can be increased by 6.0% by adding a small amount of carbon dioxide. The yield and melting point of the purified cocoa butter equivalent are 53.0% and 34.3°C, respectively.     

Prediction of Solubility of Cholesterol in Supercritical Solvents

In this study the solubility of cholesterol was calculated in two supercritical pure solvents (carbon dioxide and ethane) as binary systems, and four supercritical solvent/co-solvent systems as ternary systems (cholesterol/carbon dioxide/methanol, cholesterol/ethane/acetone, cholesterol/ethane/hexane, cholesterol/ethane/propane) in various temperatures by SRK, PR, and SAFT equations of state. Pure molecular parameters of SAFT equation of state were obtained by fitting vapor pressure and liquid density data. Also the molecular parameters of cholesterol were obtained by fitting the solubility data of binary systems in one temperature, then they were used for the same system in other temperatures and for ternary systems with the same solvent. Results show that the SAFT equation of state can predict the trend and amount solubility of cholesterol in supercritical solvents much better than the other equations of state.     

Enzymatic synthesis of oleyl oleate in dense fluids

Esterification between oleic acid and oleyl alcohol, catalyzed by theMucor miehei immobilized lipase in a batch-stirred tank reactor with supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent produced higher reaction rates at supercritical conditions than in the solvent-free system. A continuous fixed-bed reactor was designed based on the results obtained from batch experiments. At 150 bar, 40°C, and with water activity 0.46% w/w, the activity of the enzyme preparation is practically unchanged when CO₂ was used as solvent. The addition of small amounts of water increases the conversion rate. The higher conversion also was observed at longer residence time. Whenn-butane was used as reaction medium, a decrease in conversion was observed.     

Lipase-catalyzed alcoholysis of cod liver oil in supercritical carbon dioxide

Enzymatic alcoholysis of cod liver oil, with an immobilized lipase, was carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide. The enzyme was catalytically active under the experimental conditions used. The reaction medium was investigated to preferentially extract ethyl esters, synthesized during the course of the experiment, from the unconverted cod liver oil substrate and side-products. The effect of pressure changes on the amount of tri-, di-, and monoglycerides and ethyl esters, present in both the extract and the remaining lipid residue, was determined. Furthermore, the fatty acid compositions of the lipid classes were analyzed, and the relative amounts of both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid to palmitic acid were determined. The results show that it is possible to preferentially extract the synthesized ethyl esters at low pressures. The extract collected at 9 MPa contained 64 g ethyl esters/100 g extract, while the total amount of all other lipid classes detected was 19 g/100 g extract. As the pressure was increased, the relative amount of the other lipid classes detected in the extract, especially triglycerides, was enhanced. The relative amounts of both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid to palmitic acid increased for some lipid classes in the extract. This increase was most pronounced for the monoglyceride lipid class. The integration of biocatalysis and product fractionation, applied in this study, suggests that the potential for biocatalysis in industrial processes is considerably wider than had been thought.     

超临界CO2中合成聚碳酸酯

在超临界CO₂介质中由双酚A（BPA）和碳酸二苯酯（DPC）合成了双酚A型聚碳酸酯（PC）。反应生成的苯酚能够溶解扩散到超临界流体中。用红外光谱（FT-IR）、核磁共振谱（¹H-NMR）表征了产物的结构。凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）测试表明，合成过程中存在线形缩聚和成环两种不同的反应机理，产物的重均分子量高达117740，分子量分布指数P_d=1.33;差示扫描量热法（DSC）测试表明，超临界CO₂能增塑PC致使其玻璃化转变温度（T_g）降低。考察了反应时间、搅拌转速、反应温度等因素对PC分子量的影响。在反应压力为10 MPa下较佳反应时间为50 h，较佳搅拌转速为800 r·min^-1，较佳反应温度为120℃。     

超临界CO2中的高分子合成研究进展

介绍了超临界二氧化碳的特殊性质，综述了超临界二氧化碳为介质的高分子合成方面的应用进展情况．皿示出超临界二氧化碳是一种对环境无污染且价廉的绿色介质，具有广阔的应用前景。     

Methanolysis of seed oils in flowing supercritical carbon dioxide

The direct methanolysis of triglycerides in flowing supercritical carbon dioxide by an immobilized lipase is described. The reaction system consists of two syringe pumps for substrate addition and another two syringe pumps for delivering CO₂ at 24.1 MPa. Corn oil is pumped into the carbon dioxide stream at a rate of 4 μL/min, and methanol is pumped at 5 μL/min to yield fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) at >98% conversion. Direct methanolysis of soy flakes gives FAME at similar yields. This combined extraction/reaction is performed at 17.2 MPa and 50°C. The fatty acid profiles obtained for these seed oils matches those obtained by classical chemical synthesis.     

Parameter optimization for the enzymatic hydrolysis of sunflower oil in high-pressure reactors

This study is concerned with the hydrolysis of sunflower oil in the presence of lipase preparation Lipolase 100T (Aspergillus niger lipase). Supercritical carbon dioxide was used as a solvent for this reaction. In a high-pressure stirred tank reactor operated in a batch mode, the effects of various process parameters (temperature, pressure, enzyme/substrate ratio, pH, and oil/buffer ratio) were investigated to determine the optimal reaction rate and conversion for the hydrolysis process. The optimal concentration of lipase was 0.0714 g/mL of CO₂-free reaction mixture, and the highest conversions of oleic acid (0.193 g/g of oil phase) and linoleic acid (0.586 g/g of oil phase) were obtained at 50°C, 200 bar, pH=7, and an oil/buffer ratio of 1∶1 (w/w).     

An Odorless,One‐Pot Synthesis of Thioesters from Organic Halides,Thiourea and Benzoyl Chlorides in Water

Thioesterification can be realized via an odorless, one‐pot reaction through the in situ generation of S‐alkylisothiouronium salts from organic halides and thiourea in aqueous Triton X‐100 (TX100) micelles. The protocol is free of foul‐smell thiols and organic solvents, and operates under mild conditions, thereby offering considerable potential for applications in organic synthesis.     

Continuous Flow Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution and Enantiomer Separation using Ionic Liquid/Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Media

The combination of kinetic resolution in ionic liquids (IL) and selective extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) provides a new approach for the separation of enantiomers as exemplified by the lipase‐catalyzed esterification of chiral secondary alcohols. Excellent enantioselectivities are achieved upon conversion of alcohols 1a–e to the corresponding acetates 4a–e or laureates 5a–e using various modifications of the lipase from Candida antarctica (CaL‐B) in imidazolium‐based ionic liquids. The anion of the ionic liquid has a significant influence on the performance of the bio‐catalyst with bis(trifluoromethanesulfonamide) [BTA] giving the best results. The acetates 4a–e can be extracted from the reaction mixture preferentially over the alcohols 1a–e with scCO₂ under certain conditions, but preparatively useful selectivities would require advanced multi‐step extraction procedures. In contrast, efficient separation is possible with relatively simple equipment if alcohols 1a–e are extracted preferentially from their corresponding laureates 5a–e . A “green” continuous process for the resolution of racemic alcohols without the use of organic solvents was devised on the basis of these findings.     

超临界CO2中CTFE和VAc共聚物的制备及表征

以超临界CO2为反应介质,制备了三氟氯乙烯（CTFE）和醋酸乙烯酯（VAc）共聚物。研究了反应过程中压力的变化与反应进度的关系,考察了单体配比对聚合反应及聚合物的结构与性能的影响情况,并对聚合物的性能进行了研究。结果表明,反应过程中压力的变化与反应的进度是同步的,通过控制单体配比,可以得到不同结构、不同氟含量的聚合物。     

Study on synthesis parameters of lipase-catalyzed hexyl acetate in supercritical CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> by response surface methodology

Hexyl acetate, a short-chain ester with fruity odor, is a significant green note flavor compound that is widely used in the food industry. The ability of immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme IM-77) to catalyze the transesterification of hexanol with triacetin in supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated in this study. Response surface methodology and a 3-level-3-factor fractional factorial design were adopted to evaluate the effects of synthesis variables, such as reaction time (30 to 90 min), temperature (35 to 55°C), and pressure (1500 to 3500 psi), on percent molar conversion of hexyl acetate. The results showed that reaction time and pressure were the most important parameters and temperature had less effect on percent molar conversion. Based on canonical analysis, optimal synthesis conditions were as follows: reaction time 69.0 min, synthesis temperature 46.7°C, pressure 2640 psi. The predicted value was 75.6% and the actual value was 77.3% molar conversion.     

Synthesis of copper–polystyrene nanocomposite particles using water in supercritical carbon dioxide medium and its antimicrobial activity

Copper‐encapsulated polystyrene nanocomposite particles were prepared through ex situ dispersion of Cu nanoparticles into monomer droplets and subsequent polymerization using water in supercritical carbon dioxide (water‐in‐sc‐CO₂) at 70°C. First, colloidal dispersion of copper nanoparticles was synthesized by chemical reduction of copper chloride (CuCl₂) using sodium borohydrate (NaBH₄) as reducing agent. Colloidal dispersion of copper nanoparticles was added slowly during the polymerization of styrene using water‐in‐sc‐CO₂ medium at 70°C and 20.68 MPa. Cu nanoparticle encapsulated polymer particles were characterized by UV, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, SEM, and TEM. Cu nanoparticles were uniformly distributed inside the polymer matrix during the polymerization process. This work represents a simple way to prepare a variety of metal nanoparticles encapsulated polymer particles using water‐in‐sc‐CO₂ medium. The Cu/polystyrene nanocomposite particles exhibit antimicrobial activity against a number of bacteria. The current work represents a simple, cheap and universal way to prepare a variety of metal–polymer nanocomposite materials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

超临界二氧化碳中的不对称合成研究进展

主要介绍了超临界二氧化碳中的不对称合成反应,如不对称氢甲酰化反应、碳-碳双键的不对称催化氢化、亚胺不对称催化还原、烷基化反应、不对称D-A反应、醇醛缩合反应、不对称酶催化反应等的研究现状,同时对离子液体与超临界二氧化碳构成的混合介质中的不对称合成研究进展作了介绍,对这一领域中若干基本问题的研究发展趋势进行了分析讨论。     

钯催化超临界CO_2中合成四取代烯烃

在超临界CO2中,钯作为催化剂,CsOAc作为碱,用易得的芳基碘、内炔、芳基硼酸三组分偶联高产率地一步合成四取代烯烃。超临界CO2中三组分偶联的最后优化条件是在100℃、PCO2=7.5 MPa下,芳基碘（0.5 mmol）,内炔（0.25 mmol）,芳基硼酸（0.5 mmol）,PdCl2（2 mol%）和CsOAc（1 mmol）反应24 h。超临界二氧化碳作为溶剂优化了这个钯催化体系并且大大的提高了目标产物四取代烯烃的产率。此方法是内炔的全顺式加成,且超临界体系是一个对环境友好的高效体系。