Wavelet‐based adaptive vector quantization for still‐image coding

Wavelet transform coding (WTC) with vector quantization (VQ) has been shown to be efficient in the application of image compression. An adaptive vector quantization coding scheme with the Gold‐Washing dynamic codebook‐refining mechanism in the wavelet domain, called symmetric wavelet transform‐based adaptive vector quantization (SWT‐GW‐AVQ), is proposed for still‐image coding in this article. The experimental results show that the GW codebook‐refining mechanism working in the wavelet domain rather than the spatial domain is very efficient, and the SWT‐GW‐AVQ coding scheme may improve the peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR) of the reconstructed images with a lower encoding time. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 12, 166–174, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10024     

Image coding based on wavelet feature vector

In this article, an efficient image coding scheme that takes advantages of feature vector in wavelet domain is proposed. First, a multi‐stage discrete wavelet transform is applied on the image. Then, the wavelet feature vectors are extracted from the wavelet‐decomposed subimages by collecting the corresponding wavelet coefficients. And finally, the image is coded into bit‐stream by applying vector quantization (VQ) on the extracted wavelet feature vectors. In the encoder, the wavelet feature vectors are encoded with a codebook where the dimension of codeword is less than that of wavelet feature vector. By this way, the coding system can greatly improve its efficiency. However, to fully reconstruct the image, the received indexes in the decoder are decoded with a codebook where the dimension of codeword is the same as that of wavelet feature vector. Therefore, the quality of reconstructed images can be preserved well. The proposed scheme achieves good compression efficiency by the following three methods. (1) Using the correlation among wavelet coefficients. (2) Placing different emphasis on wavelet coefficients at different decomposing levels. (3) Preserving the most important information of the image by coding the lowest‐pass subimage individually. In our experiments, simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the recent VQ‐based image coding schemes and wavelet‐based image coding techniques, respectively. Moreover, the proposed scheme is also suitable for very low bit rate image coding. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 15, 123–130, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.20045     

IMAGE COMPRESSION SCHEME WITH EMBEDDED MULTILEVEL BLOCK TRUNCATION CODING BASED ON HUMAN VISUAL EFFECT

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we first propose a new embedded multilevel block truncation coding (BTC) technique. Unlike Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), Vector quantization (VQ), and general multilevel BTC algorithms which determine the image quality at a time, the embedded multilevel BTC improves the image quality largely and progressively until obtaining an image with excellent quality. In order to reduce the bit rate efficiently, we propose a perception model and utilize it to develop a pruning algorithm. The pruning algorithm removes the useless information, which the human eyes are not sensitive, generated by the embedded multilevel BTC. The simulation results indicate that the bit rate with the proposed method is much less than that with the DPCM and general multilevel BTC under the same objective criterion, PSNR, or subjective criterion. This paper also shows that the computation complexity of the proposed method is much less than that with VQ under the same high quality reconstructed image.     

Finite state residual vector quantizer for image coding

Finite state vector quantization (FSVQ) has been proven to be a high-quality and low-bit rate coding scheme. An FSVQ has achieved the efficiency of a small codebook (the state codebook) VQ while maintaining the quality of a large codebook (the master codebook) VQ. However, the large master codebook becomes a primary limitation of FSVQ when the implementation is carefully taken into account. A large amount of memory would be required in storing the master codebook, and much effort would be spent in maintaining the state codebook if the master codebook became too large. This problem could be partially solved by the mean/residual technique (MRVQ)-that is, the block means and the residual vectors would be separately coded. However, MRVQ has its own drawbacks. Additional bits would be required in coding those means. Moreover, electing the state codebooks in the residual domain would be difficult. A new hybrid coding scheme called the finite state residual vector quantization (FSRVQ) is proposed in this article for the sake of using both advantage in FSVQ and MRVQ. The codewords in FSRVQ were designed by removing the block means to reduce the codebook size. The block means were predicted by the neighboring blocks to reduce the bit rate. In addition, the predicted means were added to the residual vectors so that the state codebooks could be generated entirely. The performance of FSRVQ was indicated from the experimental results to be better than that of both ordinary FSVQ and MRVQ uniformly.©1994 John Wiley & Sons Inc     

Fast image vector quantization using a modified competitive learning neural network approach

The basic goal of image compression through vector quantization (VQ) is to reduce the bit rate for transmission or data storage while maintaining an acceptable fidelity or image quality. The advantage of VQ image compression is its fast decompression by table lookup technique. However, the codebook supplied in advance may not handle the changing image statistics very well. The need for online codebook generation became apparent. The competitive learning neural network design has been used for vector quantization. However, its training time can be very long, and the number of output nodes is somewhat arbitrarily decided before the training starts. Our modified approach presents a fast codebook generation procedure by searching for an optimal number of output nodes evolutively. The results on two medical images show that this new approach reduces the training time considerably and still maintains good quality for recovered images. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 8, 413–418, 1997     

Secret image transmission based on VQ and data embedding

A new secret image transmission scheme suitable for narrow communication channel is proposed in this article. A set of secret images can be simultaneously and efficiently delivered to the receiver via a small and meaningless data stream by the proposed scheme. To reduce the volume of secret images, a codebook is first generated and these secret images are encoded into binary indexes based on the vector quantization (VQ) technique. The compressed message is then embedded into the VQ codebook utilized in the encoding procedure by an adaptive least‐significant‐bits (LSB) modification technique. For the purpose of security, the slightly modified codebook is further encrypted into a meaningless data stream by the AES cryptosystem. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides an impressive improvement both in the visual quality of the extracted secret images at the receiver and in the hiding capacity of the cover medium. Experimental data also reveal the feasibility of the proposed secret image transmission scheme for limited‐bandwidth environment. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 17, 1–9, 2007     

基于双伸缩因子映射的小波分形图像压缩编码方法

本文基于小波变换研究了分形图像压缩系统.根据小波系数的能量分布特性,给出了新的小波树定义与分类方法,并在小波域内建立了具有双伸缩因子的压缩映射.在将新的压缩映射应用于图像编码过程时,结合小波嵌入式零树编码思想给出了新的小波分形图像压缩方法.数值实验给出了本文方法与已有方法的比较.     

小波变换用于序列图像编码的研究

系统地研究了小波变换用于序列图像编码的方法，其中包括变换域的位移估值算法、系数差值量化及变字长编码等。采用小波变换进行序列图像编码，恢复图像没有方块效应，主观评价良好。     

Quantization index modulation-based image watermarking using digital holography

We propose a blind watermarking method where the watermark is a hologram itself. In the proposed approach, the quantized phase of the hologram is embedded into the wavelet-transformed host image using quantization index modulation. In the detection stage, wavelet transform of the watermarked image followed by a minimum distance decoder is used. The proposed method is blind since it requires only information about the quantizers and the parameters of the hologram recording process. The robustness of the proposed technique is tested against several attacks such as filtering, compression, occlusion, and cropping. Moreover, we discuss the effect of quantization of the hologram on the reconstruction quality.     

Robust watermarking technique for digital images utilizing the invariant relation of vector quantization indices

Abstract

The digital property of multimedia has received significant attention in recent years. Robust watermarking of digital images and video for copyright protection is an important and challenging topic. In this paper, a watermarking method is presented which is based on vector quantization (VQ). In the proposed method, the watermark is related to the codebook that is permuted by an owner-specific random sequence. Also, the extraction of the watermark does not require the existence of the original image. The proposed method exploits the relation of VQ indices to provide the property of invisibility and robustness for various attacks. The experimental results in this work demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于位平面自适应算术编码的小波图像压缩技术

介绍了一种基于位平面上二进制算术编码的小波图像压缩技术。把算术编码方法应用于位平面层次,根据数据的重要性对静止图像经过小波变换以后的量化系数在相应的位平面的数据位进行高效的自适应压缩编码,有效地解决了难以进行概率统计的信源的编码问题。压缩效率高于其他编码方法。     

An effective codebook search algorithm for vector quantization

Abstract

A new scheme that aims to cut down on the computational cost of the vector quantization (VQ) encoding procedure is proposed in this paper. In this scheme, the correlation between the codewords in the codebook is exploited and three test conditions are designed to filter out the impossible codewords in the codebook. The design of test conditions is based on the concept of integral projection.

From the experimental results, it is shown that the new scheme outperforms all the other schemes proposed so far in speeding up the VQ encoding procedure. When the codebook of 1024 codewords is used in the proposed scheme, the execution time it consumes is less than 2 per cent of that needed by the full search algorithm. The average time reduction rate is approximately 97.7 per cent compared to the execution time for the full search algorithm. In other words, the proposed scheme indeed provides an effective approach to speed up the VQ encoding procedure.     

On the fast search algorithms for vector quantization encoding

One of the major difficulties arising in vector quantization (VQ) is high encoding time complexity. Based on the well‐known partial distance search (PDS) method and a special order of codewords in VQ codebook, two simple and efficient methods are introduced in fast full search vector quantization to reduce encoding time complexity. The exploitation of the “move‐to‐front” method, which may get a smaller distortion as early as possible, combined with the PDS algorithm, is shown to improve the encoding efficiency of the PDS method. Because of the feature of energy compaction in DCT domain, search in DCT domain codebook may be further speeded up. The experimental results show that our fast algorithms may significantly reduce search time of VQ encoding. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 12, 204–210, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10030     

基于改进零树小波的红外图像盲水印算法

提出了一种小波域自适应盲水印算法,采用（7,4）汉明码技术进行纠错编码。基于整数小波变换,在中高频区采用不重复零树小波编码,自适应的量化小波系数,将水印嵌入到重要系数上。水印提取过程不需要原始图像的参与。实验结果表明,算法自适应性强,实现速度快,具有较好的不可见性,对常见的JPEG压缩、滤波、加噪、剪切等攻击具有较强的鲁棒性。     

Reversible Data Hiding Based on Run-Level Coding in H.264/AVC Video Streams

This paper presents a reversible data hiding (RDH) method, which is designed by combining histogram modification (HM) with run-level coding in H.264/advanced video coding (AVC). In this scheme, the run-level is changed for embedding data into H.264/AVC video sequences. In order to guarantee the reversibility of the proposed scheme, the last nonzero quantized discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients in embeddable 4×4 blocks are shifted by the technology of histogram modification. The proposed scheme is realized after quantization and before entropy coding of H.264/AVC compression standard. Therefore, the embedded information can be correctly extracted at the decoding side. Peak-signal-noise-to-ratio (PSNR) and Structure similarity index (SSIM), embedding payload and bit-rate variation are exploited to measure the performance of the proposed scheme. Experimental results have shown that the proposed scheme leads to less SSIM variation and bit-rate increase.     

R-D匹配优选小波包零树图像压缩

为使R-D小波包优选算法与零树编码在量化精度上更好地匹配，对R-D小波包优选算法的寻优次序进行修改，使小波包各节点的量化精度差异不超过一位。实验结果表明，R-D匹配优选小波包零树编码可以取得与R—D优选小波包零树编码相当或比后者更好的图像压缩效果，可见R-D匹配优选算法是更适合零树编码的小波包优选算法。     

A hybrid approach of wavelet packet and directional decomposition for image compression

In this paper, a novel image compression technique, the combination of wavelet packet transform and directional decomposition is proposed. Wavelet packet transform is an increasingly remarkable image compression approach that outperforms the standard wavelet transform in image coding. The directional filtering coding technique, one of the second‐generation image coding techniques, first introduced the concept of directional decomposition. By placing emphasis on edge detection to preserve edge information to exploit the fact that human visual systems are more sensitive to image edge features, a relatively high compression ratio can be obtained. The approach proposed in this paper decomposed an image into a low‐frequency component and a number of highfrequency components, with the edges on each high‐frequency component in its own direction. By a combined process of Cartesian coordinate rotation transform, interpolation, wavelet packet transform, and a coding algorithm, the image can be reconstructed at an improved visual quality at the same bit rate compared with the common wavelet pyramid algorithm. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 12, 51–55, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10010     

EM algorithm‐based adaptive custom thresholding for image denoising in wavelet domain

In this article, a novel denoising technique based on custom thresholding operating in the wavelet transform domain is proposed. The denoising process is spatially adaptive and also sub‐band adaptive. To render the denoising algorithm space adaptive, a Vector Quantization (VQ)‐based algorithm is used. The design of the VQ is based on Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm. The results of the algorithm is demonstrated on SAR images corrupted by speckle noise. Experimental results show that Custom thresholding function outperforms the traditional soft, hard, and Bayes threshoding functions, improving the denoised results significantly in terms of Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 19, 175–178, 2009     

ECG steganography based on tunable Q‐factor wavelet transform and singular value decomposition

The article presents a novel ECG steganography scheme based on the tunable Q‐factor wavelet transformation (TQWT) and also singular value decomposition (SVD) techniques that ensure better safety and confidentiality of patient information. Initial parameters such as Q, r, and J are used to decompose the cover signal into individual frequency sub‐bands with the tunable Q‐factor wavelet transform (TQWT). The singular value decomposition (SVD) technique is used to further decompose high‐frequency sub‐band coefficients into singular values. The watermark information is then embedded with high‐frequency sub‐band coefficients by involving the quantization process. The performance of this proposed system is successfully evaluated by considering various metrics, such as peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index (SSIM), percentage residual difference (PRD), and bit error rate (BER). The simulation results of the proposed scheme are observed to be better than other traditional algorithms.     

离散小波变换域鲁棒量化灰度水印算法

利用离散小波变换提出一种鲁棒量化灰度水印算法,采用按比例递减的量化步长将原始灰度水印图像的八个位平面通过奇偶量化方法分别嵌入原始载体图像具有对应重要性的八个小波子带。实验结果表明,算法在抵抗亮度和对比度调整、中值滤波、高斯低通滤波、添加高斯噪声、添加椒盐噪声和JPEG压缩上都表现出较强的鲁棒性。