赤泥中铁的提取与回收利用研究进展

赤泥是综合利用率较低的工业固体废弃物,其资源属性受到广泛关注。赤泥中的铁资源,具有回收利用潜力,是国内外的研究热点。本文在概述了国内外赤泥物质组成特征的基础上,讨论了铁元素在赤泥中的赋存状态与分布情况。系统综述了国内外赤泥中铁提取回收方法与工艺路线的研究进展,提出将从赤泥中提取回收利用铁的方法归纳为直接物理分选法、还原-磁选法和湿法提取法。阐述了3类方法中分选、还原、提取等过程的基本原理,并从工艺路线的适用性、反应条件的控制、铁回收提取效率以及能耗与成本等角度,指出了不同方法存在的优点和缺点。指出成本是制约赤泥中铁回收技术取得工业推广的主要因素,并提出在回收赤泥中铁的同时,综合回收利用其他伴生元素是重要的发展方向。     

二氧化钛表面包覆氧化铝的形态和机理分析

采用分光光度法研究了三氧化二铝的pH-吸光度（A）曲线,确定了铝的沉积pH范围为4.0～10.5;研究了沉积pH和沉积时间对产品颜料性能的影响。采用XRD分析了三氧化二铝在不同pH条件下沉积的晶型,在酸性条件下沉积为无定型,碱性条件下沉积为勃姆石型;还研究了不同pH下沉积的三氧化二铝的比表面积,结果表明在碱性和酸性条件下,三氧化二铝比表面积分别为69.71 m²/g和37.80 m²/g。采用电子能谱对二氧化钛样品表面结构进行表征,2p电子轨道结合能的变化表明铝以Al-O-Ti键的形式结合在二氧化钛表面。     

碱法回收铝硅酸盐废渣中氧化铝的研究进展

在综述我国Al2O3行业及主要铝硅酸盐废渣的产生、排放现状的基础上,分析了Al2O3的回收价值及必要性. Si是碱法回收Al2O3过程中的主要杂质,铝硅酸盐废渣中Al2O3/SiO2质量比(A/S)约为1. 针对低A/S原料,分析了碱法工艺的基本原理,并介绍了4种基于拜耳法的改进方法：水热法、高压水化学/亚熔盐法、烧结法和预脱硅法,前两种通过改进溶出过程的反应条件,改变平衡相区,分别以含Fe相替换的水化钙石榴石和硅酸钠钙为平衡固相,降低平衡固相中的A/S;烧结法和预脱硅法在溶出前进行前处理,将Si固化、溶解脱除无定型SiO2,提高进料的A/S. 与拜耳法相比,4种碱法工艺均有效提高了Al与Si的分离效率. 比较了4种碱法工艺的Al2O3回收效果、适用范围及工业应用情况. 最后指出溶出过程中引入新物质,创造新的溶出体系,是碱法回收Al2O3工艺下一步的研究方向.     

高炉水淬渣负载Fe2O3和TiO2光催化材料的制备与表征

以九水硝酸铁为铁源、钛酸四丁酯为钛源,以表面刻蚀的高炉水淬渣(water-quenched blast furnace slag,WBFS)为载体,采用溶胶凝胶法制备WBFS负载Fe2O3(Fe2O3/WBFS)和WBFS负载TiO2 (TiO2/WBFS)以及WBFS负载Fe2O3和TiO2(TiO2/Fe2O3/WBFS)光催化材料.利用差热-热重、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜对光催化材料的物相和形貌进行表征.以亚甲基蓝为模拟污染物进行光催化实验.结果表明:Fe2O3/WBFS和TiO2/WBFS光催化材料的适宜煅烧温度分别为700℃和450℃,其表面负载物相分别为赤铁矿型α-Fe2O3和锐钛矿型TiO2.TiO2/Fe2O3/WBFS光催化活性优于Fe2O3/WBFS和TiO2/WBFS,在可见光照射360 min时,Fe2O3/WBFS、TiO2/WBFS和TiO2/Fe2O3/WBFS对亚甲基蓝的降解率分别达到80％、65％和90％.     

TiO2、ZnO和TiO2/ZnO三种氧化物粉体材料的抗菌性能对比

氧化物具有化学性质稳定、原材料丰富易得的优点,其作为抗菌材料日益受到关注。对氧化物的抗菌性能及影响因素开展深入研究,能够为新型抗菌材料的开发提供科学依据。通过溶胶-凝胶法制备出了TiO₂/ZnO复合粉体,并将其与TiO₂、ZnO进行对比,分别对它们的晶相结构、微观形貌和粒径进行了表征。利用大肠杆菌ATCC25922作为受试菌株,通过抑菌环试验和菌液接触试验对3种氧化物粉体材料的抗菌性能进行测试。考察了钛锌比、光照等条件对抗菌效果的影响。结果表明,所使用的TiO₂主要由锐钛矿相和金红石相组成,ZnO主要为六方纤锌矿相,制备出的TiO₂/ZnO则主要是锐钛矿型TiO₂在六方纤锌矿型ZnO的孔隙间沉积而成,这3种粉体材料的粒径由大到小分别为TiO₂/ZnO、TiO₂和ZnO。从抑菌环和菌液接触试验的结果可以看出,ZnO粉体材料的抗菌效果明显优于TiO₂粉体材料,ZnO和TiO₂/ZnO在黑暗条件下仍有良好的抗菌性能,但在可见光照射条件下抗菌效果更佳。ZnO含量是TiO₂/ZnO复合材料抗菌性能的关键因素。制备TiO₂/ZnO粉体材料时的煅烧温度对其抗菌性能没有明显影响。     

N,Al共掺杂TiO_2纳米材料的制备及其可见光降解葛根素

采用固相反应法合成了Al掺杂TiO2(Al-TiO2)及N与Al共掺杂TiO2(N-Al-TiO2)纳米材料,采用XRD、SEM、UV-Vis DRS、XPS、Raman以及N2吸附-脱附等手段对材料进行了物相结构表征。同时考察了可见光辐照下催化剂对葛根素降解性能。N-Al-TiO2纳米材料的微观形貌为短棒形;氮以阴离子(N3-)形式取代氧进入TiO2晶格,形成N—Ti键,Al3+以同晶取代方式占据TiO2晶格中Ti的位置;其表面N、Al、Ti及O的原子百分比组成(%)分别为7.8、3.6、32.7和55.9;并对葛根素显示出很高的可见光降解活性,2 h对葛根素的降解率达92.7%。3种材料对葛根素的吸附容量与其对葛根素的可见光降解能力一致,依次为N-Al-TiO2>纯TiO2>Al-TiO。     

Solvent extraction separation of titanium(IV), vanadium(V) and iron(III) from simulated waste chloride liquors of titanium minerals processing industry by the trialkylphosphine oxide Cyanex 923

The solvent extraction of magnesium(II), aluminium(III), titanium(IV), vanadium(V), chromium(III), manganese(II) and iron(III) from hydrochloric acid solutions has been investigated using the trialkylphosphine oxide Cyanex 923 (TRPO) in kerosene as extractant. The results demonstrate that titanium(IV), vanadium(V) and iron(III) are extracted into kerosene as TiOCl₂·2TRPO, VO₂Cl·TRPO and HFeCl₄·2TRPO, respectively. On the other hand magnesium(II), aluminium(III), chromium(III) and manganese(II) are not extracted with TRPO from hydrochloric acid solutions (1.0–4.0 mol dm^?3) under the experimental conditions. IR spectral studies of the extracted complexes were further used to clarify the nature of the extracted complexes. The effect of the diluent on the extraction of titanium(IV), vanadium(V) and iron(III) has been studied and correlated with the dielectric constant. The loading capacity of the TRPO system has been evaluated and the potential for the separation and recovery of titanium(IV), vanadium(V) and iron(III) from simulated waste chloride liquors of the titanium minerals processing industry has been assessed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

水泥结合铬刚玉浇注料抗危废炉渣侵蚀行为研究

铬刚玉浇注料是重要的危废焚烧炉炉衬材料之一,但危废来源广泛,成分复杂,导致炉渣的成分存在差异,从而影响炉衬的使用寿命。本文以铝酸钙水泥结合铬刚玉浇注料为研究对象,选取了富含CaO、Fe₂O₃和SiO₂的三种典型危废炉渣,研究了上述危废炉渣对铬刚玉浇注料烧成前后的侵蚀/渗透行为和Cr(Ⅵ)形成的影响。结果表明,材料的抗渣侵蚀和渗透性能与渣的黏度、渣与材料的界面反应以及材料的孔隙结构有关。就渗透性而言,高SiO₂渣和高Fe₂O₃渣与材料界面反应后形成了低熔点的霞石等物相,促进了渣渗透;高CaO渣与材料反应后形成了高熔点的六铝酸钙等物相,减缓了渣渗透,造成渣渗透深度顺序为高SiO₂渣>高Fe₂O₃渣>高CaO渣。相比之下,将材料进行烧成处理可以显著降低基质中CaO的反应活性,而且可以实现微孔化,渣的渗透行为受到抑制,尤其是高SiO₂渣的渗透显著降低。静态坩埚抗渣侵蚀性与渣液的渗透行为有关,由于渣的显著渗透行为,反而降低了渣的侵蚀指数。高CaO渣与试样反应后渣液黏度上升,且生成高熔点的铝酸钙相减缓渣液渗透,渣作用在材料界面时间增长,导致高CaO渣的侵蚀指数略高。     

Preparation and Characterization of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) from Sludge produced by TiCl4 Flocculation with FeCl3, Al2(SO4)3 and Ca(OH)2 Coagulant Aids in Wastewater

Abstract

In this study, TiCl₄ coagulant together with coagulant aids such as FeCl₃, Al₂(SO₄)₃, and Ca(OH)₂ were investigated to improve the photoactivity of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) produced from sludge and to increase the resulting low pH value. After TiCl₄ flocculation with three coagulant aids, the settled floc (sludge) was incinerated at 600°C to produce TiO₂ doped with Fe, Al, and Ca elements. Fe-, Al-, and Ca-doped TiO₂ was characterized in terms of structural, chemical, and photo-electronic properties. All the coagulant aids used together with Ti-salt flocculation effectively increased the pH values. The surface area of TiO₂-WO (without any coagulant aids), Fe/TiO₂, Al/TiO₂, and Ca/TiO₂ was 122 m²/g, 77 m²/g, 136 m²/g and 116 m²/g, respectively. The TiO₂-WO, Fe/TiO₂, Al/TiO₂, and Ca/TiO₂ was found to be of anatase phase. The XRD pattern on the Fe/TiO₂ included an additional peak of hematite (α-Fe₂O₃). The majority of gaseous acetaldehyde with TiO₂-WO and Ca/TiO₂ for photocatalytic activity was completely removed within 40 minutes under UV irradiation.     

Synthesis,structure, and thermo‐physical properties of Fe2O3.Al2O3 and polyethylene nanocomposites

In this study, Fe₂O₃.Al₂O₃/polyethylene composites were prepared using a two‐step process. In the first step, PE is synthesized using titanium based metallocene catalyst system. While the synthesized PE was subsequently purified, hydrated alumina filled PE (MHFP) composites was formed by the hydrolysis of methylaluminoxane (MAO). In the second step, Fe₂O₃.Al₂O₃/PE was prepared via thermal decomposition of ferric formate in a high temperature solution of MHFP composite. The structure, morphology, and thermal properties of the composites were characterized using the XRD, FTIR, SEM‐EDX, TGA, and DSC analytical techniques. Results showed that the incorporation of a suitable amount of Fe₂O₃.Al₂O₃ into the composites enhances the thermal stability. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Synthesis of Fe2O3-coated and HCl-treated bauxite ore waste for the adsorption of arsenic (III) from aqueous solution: Isotherm and kinetic models

The present work has focused on the removal of arsenic (III) using two effective adsorbents such as red mud treated with HCl and coated with Fe₂O₃. Adsorption of As (III) was performed by the function of pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, initial ion concentration, and the appropriate conditions for adsorption were determined. The characterization studies of the adsorbent were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Brauner–Emmett–Teller, scanning electron microscope, and FTIR spectroscopy. The result of the studies shows that the adsorbent is suitable for the effective removal of As (III) ions. Batch adsorption process showed that the maximum adsorption occurred at Fe₂O₃-coated red mud. The equilibrium data were well fitted to the nonlinear Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum adsorption capacity (q_m) of Fe₂O₃-coated red mud was found to be 21.85?mg?g^?1 which indicates that Fe₂O₃-coated red mud had more adsorption capacity. In the Freundlich isotherm, the experimentally obtained n value of Fe₂O₃-coated red mud was 2.393 which indicates the favorable adsorption of As (III) on the adsorbent. Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm confirms that the adsorption process is physical in nature. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetic studies followed the pseudo-first-order model. All the results concluded that Fe₂O₃-coated red mud can be considered as a cost-effective and potential adsorbent for As (III) removal.     

Fabrication of in-situ Ti(C,N) phase toughened Al2O3 based ceramics from natural bauxite

Al₂O₃–Ti(C,N) ceramics were fabricated via carbothermal reduction nitridation method with high-titania special-grade bauxite as the raw material. The formation mechanism of in-situ Ti(C,N) phase and its effect on the properties of materials are discussed. After nitrided at 1700 °C, Ti(C,N) phase could be formed in-situ with appropriate C/TiO₂ molar ratio. Due to the residual stress field formed by Ti(C,N) particles, the path of crack propagation is changed, leading to the crack deflection and pinning. Therefore, the mechanical properties of the materials are improved by forming in-situ Ti(C,N) phase. With a C/TiO₂ molar ratio of 2.2 and nitridation temperature of 1700 °C, Al₂O₃–Ti(C,N) ceramic with a hardness of 13.9 GPa, a fracture toughness of 8.28 MPa m^1/2 and a flexural strength of 387 MPa could be fabricated.     

凝胶制样X射线荧光光谱法测定湿法磷酸中P_2O_5、Fe_2O_3、Al_2O_3、SO_3含量

研究在湿法磷酸样品中加入凝胶剂,使液体样品转变为半固体样品,用X射线光谱仪测定湿法磷酸中P_2O_5、Fe_2O_3、Al_2O_3、SO_3含量。结果表明,选用琼脂糖作凝胶剂,10 m L样品溶液加入琼脂糖0.15 g,精密度和准确度较好,与化学法相比无明显差异。该方法简单、快速,对w(P_2O_5)在20%~49%的磷酸能够准确测量,可满足生产控制分析要求。     

Resistance of Fusarium sp spores to solar TiO2 photocatalysis: influence of spore type and water (scaling‐up results)

BACKGROUND: Common irrigation water disinfection methods, which may be unable to inactivate all types of pathogens or even become phytotoxic themselves, are not very effective in controlling phytopathogens. Water disinfection by photocatalysis is a promising irrigation‐water treatment for destroying phytopathogens without the drawbacks of conventional disinfection methods. Previous research has shown that solar photocatalytic technology can be used in the disinfection treatment of bacteria, protozoa and fungi, either through solar disinfection only. The purpose of this work was evaluate the TiO₂ photocatalysis process to inactivate Fusarium spores in distilled and well water. RESULTS: This paper reports on the ability of solar photocatalysis to inactivate Fusarium spores in a solar bottle reactor and in a new 60 L compound parabolic collector (CPC) prototype reactor. Inactivation of Fusarium sp spores by titanium dioxide (Degussa P25) was evaluated in distilled and natural well water. The experiments were carried out using 5 or 6 h exposure to natural sunlight at the Plataforma Solar de Almeria (Southeast Spain). The highest Fusarium spore inactivation rate during experiments was achieved with a 30 L min^?1 flow rate and 100 mg L^?1 TiO₂ concentration. Three different Fusarium spores (microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores) were individually evaluated to determine whether there were differences in resistance to the photocatalytic treatment. The results showed that chlamydospores were the most resistant, followed by macroconidia, and finally microconidia were the most sensitive. CONCLUSIONS: Microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores in distilled and well water were inactivated with TiO₂ slurry in a 60 L CPC photoreactor, demonstrating for the first time that it is possible to scale‐up photocatalytic treatment for use and reuse of water for irrigation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Surface Functionalization of Al2O3 Nanoparticles with Biocompatible Modifiers,Preparation and Characterization of Poly(Vinyl Pyrrolidone)/Modified Al2O3 Nanocomposites

In this present investigation, for increasing compatibility between nanoparticles and polymer matrix as well as preventing of aggregation, surface modification of aluminum oxide nanoparticles was performed with citric acid (CA) and ascorbic acid as biosafe and environmentally friendly modifier agents. For fabrication of nanocomposites, different contents (3, 5, 7?wt%) of nanoparticles were incorporated into the poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) matrix by ultrasonication technique. Transmission electron microscopy images of nanocomposites show a good dispersion of nanoparticles into the polymer matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis results show that the thermal stability of the nanocomposites shifted to higher temperature in comparison with the neat polymer matrix.     

Characterization of epitaxial GaAs MOS capacitors using atomic layer-deposited TiO2/Al2O3 gate stack: study of Ge auto-doping and p-type Zn doping

ABSTRACT: Electrical and physical properties of a metal-oxide-semiconductor [MOS] structure using atomic layer-deposited high-k dielectrics (TiO2/Al2O3) and epitaxial GaAs [epi-GaAs] grown on Ge(100) substrates have been investigated. The epi-GaAs, either undoped or Zn-doped, was grown using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition method at 620°C to 650°C. The diffusion of Ge atoms into epi-GaAs resulted in auto-doping, and therefore, an n-MOS behavior was observed for undoped and Zn-doped epi-GaAs with the doping concentration up to approximately 1017 cm-3. This is attributed to the diffusion of a significant amount of Ge atoms from the Ge substrate as confirmed by the simulation using SILVACO software and also from the secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses. The Zn-doped epi-GaAs with a doping concentration of approximately 1018 cm-3 converts the epi-GaAs layer into p-type since the Zn doping is relatively higher than the out-diffused Ge concentration. The capacitance-voltage characteristics show similar frequency dispersion and leakage current for n-type and p-type epi-GaAs layers with very low hysteresis voltage (approximately 10 mV).PACS: 81.15.Gh.     

Al2O3-C材料中Ti(C,N)的形成及其抗气化炉渣侵蚀性能研究

水煤浆气化炉内衬材料的无铬化势在必行.基于碳氮化钛对高炉渣的增稠机理,本工作在前期开发水煤浆气化炉用Al2O3-C无铬化内衬材料的基础上,拟通过在Al2O3-C材料中引入一定量的TiO2,使之在高温下材料内原位反应形成碳氮化钛相,提高材料的抗气化炉渣侵蚀性能.结果表明:当Al2O3-C材料引入适量的TiO2时,可以发现在烧成过程中材料中原位形成了Ti(C,N)相,优化材料的孔结构;当材料与渣发生反应时,提高了在侵蚀过程中渣的粘度,改善材料的抗侵蚀性能.当材料中引入的过量的TiO2,TiO2易与气化炉渣发生反应,降低渣的粘度,从而降低材料的抗侵蚀性能.