Effect of fillers on curing of wood surfaces with polyester oligomers by ultraviolet radiation

A set of formulations was prepared with polyester acrylate (oligoester M‐9050) oligomers in combination with reactive diluents of different functionalities such as ethylhexyl acrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate , and trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA). The thin films were prepared with these formulated solutions under UV radiation on a glass plate, and their physical properties such as pendulum hardness and gel content were studied. The formulation containing TMPTA showed the greatest pendulum hardness and gel content. The polished wood surfaces were cured with these formulated solutions. Physical properties such as pendulum hardness gloss at 20° and 60° angles, adhesion, abrasion resistance, and scratch hardness of UV‐cured surfaces of the wood were characterized. The formulation containing TMPTA had the best physical properties. Two types of filler, sand and talc, were used in the base coat to obtain these better properties. Both fillers improved the properties; however, the 1% sand– and 4% talc–containing formulations performed better. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3826–3834, 2003     

Effect of benzohydroxamato-ethylenediamine-titanium complex on modification of jute and cotton yarns by UV-radiation-induced urethane acrylate

Several formulations were developed consisting of an aliphatic-based urethane triacrylate oligomer (Ebcryl 264) combined with N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP), a carboamide monomer, and tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) at different proportions. A plasticizing agent, diallyl phthalate (DP), and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), an antibubbling solvent, were incorporated into the solutions. Thin polymer films prepared with these solutions under UV radiation were characterized. Jute and cotton yarns were treated with these solutions and cured with UV radiation. As a result, the rheological properties of jute and cotton were improved. The effect of ethylenediamine–titanium (EDA–titanium) complex and its ligands was studied. A very minute amount (0.1%) of the complex enhanced rheological properties of jute and cotton very significantly. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65:1571–1580, 1997     

Upgrading of wet blue leather surface by UV cured coating

Different formulations were developed with aromatic-based urethane acrylate and reactive diluents. The diluents were N-vinyl pyrrolidone and tripropylene glycol diacrylate. Wet blue leather surface was coated with these solutions and cured under UV radiation. Improvement of surface properties such as gloss, abrasion tear, and tensile properties was determined. Effects of different co-additives such as ethylhexyl acrylate, methylacrylate, ethylacrylate, plasticizer, etc. were investigated. Films prepared with these solutions under UV radiation were characterized. It was observed that the best formulation that induced improved properties to the wet blue leather surface was the one that contained the pyrrolidone monomer. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 11–18, 1997     

Effect of CaCO3 on the performance of Partex surface modification by ultraviolet radiation curing method

Several UV‐curable formulations containing epoxydiacrylate (EB‐600) oligomer with a tri‐functional monomer, trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA), and photoinitiator Irgcure‐369 were developed to improve the surface of Partex. Filler or extender CaCO₃ was incorporated into the solution. Thin polymer films were prepared on glass plate with these formulated solutions and finally applied on polished Partex surface, and both were cured under UV‐radiation. The properties of UV‐cured thin films were studied as a function of CaCO₃ concentration. Pendulum hardness and gel content were found to decrease on glass plate with the increase of CaCO₃ concentration. Pendulum hardness, scratch hardness, and abrasion resistance of the cured Partex were found to be higher with the increase of CaCO₃ content up to 4%. Thus, the formulation containing 4% CaCO₃ showed the best performance over all formulations containing CaCO₃. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1858–1867, 2001     

Role of Photoinitiators in the UV Curing of Urethane Acrylate

Polymeric films were prepared under UV radiation with tetraacrylated urethane oligomer in combination with N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) using a set of four photoinitiators (Irg 907, Irg 651, Irg 369, and Irg 184). The study evaluates optimum photoinitiator concentration and radiation dose. Various film properties such as gel content, swelling ratio in acetone, pendulum hardness, tensile strength, and elongation at break were determined. These formulated solutions were coated on wood substrates, and gloss and hardness of the film cured on the wood substrate were determined. Some of these properties are compared with those of the films cured on the glass plates. Irg 369 is found to be the best photoinitiator to produce better films, both on glass plate and on wood substrate.     

Modification of cotton,rayon, and silk with urethane acrylate under ultraviolet radiation

Ten different formulations were developed with Ebcryl 264, a urethane acrylate in combination with other monofunctional monomers in the presence of some additives and coadditives. Thin films prepared from these formulations under ultraviolet (UV) radiation were characterized. Natural fibers such as cotton, rayon, and silk were treated with the formulations and cured under UV radiation. Their physical and mechanical properties were studied. It was found that the tensile strength (TS) of cotton, rayon, and silk was significantly increased as a result of this treatment under UV radiation (TS_cotton = 150%, TS_rayon = 30%, and TS_silk = 40%). Elongation of cotton and silk increased to 380 and 50%, respectively. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 1703–1711, 1997     

Development of polymer films and its application on leather surfaces

Ten different formulations are prepared with a urethane acrylate oligomer in combination with two monofunctional monomers (EHA with low T_g and NVP with a carboamide group) and a difunctional acrylate monomer (TPGDA) in the presence of a plasticizer. Polymer films are prepared with these formulated solutions under UV radiation. Their properties (gel, hardness, tensile characters, etc.) are determined. These solutions are coated on leather substrates and cured under UV radiation. The improvement of quality of leather is manifested through the enhancement of tensile strength and elongation of the coated leather. The coating also imparts high gloss on the leather surface as well as high wear resistance. It also protects the leather from the damage of weathering effect. The best formulation is determined to be the one containing NVP with a carboamide group and a plasticizer. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Characterization of Radiation-Induced Thin Films of Urethane Oligomer

Forty different formulations were developed with urethane diacrylate (M1200) oligomers (containing an aliphatic backbone chain) in the presence of eight different functional monomer diluents additives and five co monomers (co additives). Thin films, prepared with these formulations under ultraviolet (UV) and electron beam (EB) radiations, were characterized. The theological properties were correlated with glass transition temperature (T _g) of the co monomer diluents. Results obtained with M1200 under UV and EB radiations are discussed and compared with those of aromatic urethane (M1100) films, previously reported.     

Mechanical properties study of photocured paperboard surface treated with aliphatic epoxy diacrylate

In order to improve the quality of paperboard (a well‐known packing material) surface by photocuring method, different formulations were developed with aliphatic epoxy diacrylate (EA‐1020) oligomer along with reactive monomers of various functionalities. The reactive monomers are tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), a difunctional monomer, and trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA), a trifunctional monomer. 2‐Benzyl‐2‐dimethylamino‐1(4morpholinophenyl) butanone‐1 (Irgacure 369), a photoinitiator (2%), was incorporated into the formulations to initiate photocuring reaction. The formulated solutions were coated on clean glass plate and irradiated under UV radiation of different intensities. Different physical properties like pendulum hardness and gel content of the cured films were studied. The formulation containing TMPTA showed better properties. After characterization of the films, these formulations were applied on paperboard surfaces and cured under the same UV radiation. Various physicomechanical properties such as pendulum hardness, tensile properties, surface gloss, adhesion, abrasion, and water uptake were studied. The best performance was obtained at 12 passes of radiation with 18% TMPTA‐containing formulation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1774–1780, 2003     

Modification and characterization of photo-cured sodium alginate film with ethylene glycol: effect of additives

Thin films of sodium alginate (SA) were prepared by casting from methanol solutions. Tensile strength and elongation at break (Eb%) of the films were found to be 20.4 MPa and 11.6 %, respectively. A series of SA solutions (formulations) were prepared by blending varying percentages (2–8 % by wt) of ethylene glycol (EG) and then films were prepared and cured under UV radiation at different intensities (5–35 UV passes). Monomer concentration, soaking time, and radiation dose were optimized in terms of polymer loading and mechanical properties of the cured films. For the improvement of the properties, several acrylic monomers of different functionalities as additives (2 %) like 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, and trimethylolpropane triacrylate were incorporated with EG with the aid of UV radiation. Further analyses of the prepared films were characterized by FTIR and thermogravimetric analysis. Water uptake behavior was determined for the raw and cured SA films.     

Graft Copolymerization of Urethane Acrylate on Hessian Cloth (Jute) by UV Radiation

Ten different formulations were developed with urethane acrylate oligomer in combination with a number of functional monomers in the presence of additives, fillers, and plasticizers. Polymer films were prepared with these formulations under ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Physical and mechanical properties of these cured films were studied. Hessian cloths of jute fibers were coated with these formulated solutions and irradiated under UV radiation. Physical and mechanical properties of both treated and untreated hessian cloths were determined. Loss of tensile properties of the samples by weathering treatment was also determined in order to ascertain the best formulation to be applied on the hessian cloth for the improvement of its physicomechanical properties.     

Enhancement of Physico-mechanical Properties of Plywood Surface with Urethane Acrylate (M-1200) by UV Curing Method

Several UV-curable formulations containing urethane acrylate (M-1200) oligomer with a trifunctional monomer, trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA), and photoinitiator Irgcure-369 were developed to improve the surface of plywood. Thin polymer films were prepared on glass plate with these formulated solutions and finally applied on polished plywood surface to modify the surface, and both were cured under UV-radiation. The properties of UV-cured thin films were studied as a function of UV-radiation intensities. Pendulum hardness (PH) and gel content were found to increase with the increase of TMPTA concentration up to a certain level and with further increase of monomer concentration the physical properties were decreased. The polymer-coated surface yielded enhanced physico-mechanical properties compared to that of unmodified surface.     

A comparative study of gamma and ultraviolet radiation on gelatin film with 2-ethylhexyl acrylate

Gelatin films were prepared from gelatin granules in an aqueous medium by casting. Tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (Eb%) of the films were found to be 29.2?MPa and 4.9%, respectively. Gelatin films were irradiated under gamma and UV radiation with different doses. Gamma treated gelatin films showed higher TS and Eb% over untreated ones, and even higher than that of the UV treated films. A series of gelatin solutions (formulations) was prepared by blending varying percentages (2–10% by wt) of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) and then the films were prepared. Some EHA-blended gelatin films were irradiated under gamma radiation at various doses (50–500?krad) and other films were cured under UV radiation at different intensities (10–30 UV passes). EHA-blended?+?gamma treated gelatin films showed the highest mechanical properties than that of the EHA-blended?+?UV treated films. The degradation properties present in the soil were determined for the pure and treated films. It was observed that EHA-blended?+?gamma treated gelatin film degrades more than that of the EHA-blended?+?UV treated films.     

Preparation and Mechanical Characterization of Gelatin-Based Films Using 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate Cured by UV Radiation

Gelatin films were prepared from gelatin granules in aqueous medium by casting. Tensile strength, tensile modulus and elongation at break of the gelatin films were found to be 27 MPa, 100 MPa and 4%, respectively. Gelatin films were soaked in five different formulations containing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) (10–50%, by wt), methanol and photoinitiator and then cured under UV radiation. Again, a series of gelatin solutions was prepared by blending varying percentages (10–50% by wt) of HEMA and then films were prepared and UV cured. It was found that tensile properties of gelatin films improved significantly.     

氧抑制剂与分子流动性的关系:残余双键是影响初始粘度的函数(英文)

透明涂料的双重固化(热固化和UV固化)为层面涂装和汽车的更多特种部件的发展提供了巨大的发展前景。因为其可能解决紫外固化的屏蔽区的固化不完全的问题[1]。在先前的论文中,已经证实了UV光张度(辐射密度,I0)对暴露膜表面和丙烯酸酯中分子结构的双键转换的深层断面的氧抑制作用的影响[2～6]。近期的研究评价了具有不同玻璃化温度的固态聚合物基体对丙烯酸酯结构中双键转换的影响。探讨了UV固化配方和双重固化配方之间比较的一种直接判断的性能。研究中所使用的固态聚合物基体包括:聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA,Tg114℃,平均重均分子质量 MW120000)和聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯(PBMA,Tg15℃,MW=337000)。通过改变单体和齐聚物混合物的分子质量的比以及固态聚合物基体的总含量,调整有氧存在或无氧存在的暴光时间(即固化速度)来进行研究工作,对于这个双重固化配方还用恒定的UV能量辐射评价了残余双键。用FTIR证实了剩余双键。讨论了紫外固化和双重固化配方的自游基迁移性和氧抑制作为配方体系粘度的功能函数。这些研究工作是基础性的而且是非常重要的。其目的是探索双重固化透明涂料的工业应用。     

EFFECT OF FILLERS ON THE PROPERTIES OF PHOTOCURED PARTEX SURFACE USING EPOXY ACRYLATE OLIGOMER

In order to improve the surface of partex by photocuring, various formulations of epoxydiacrylate (EB-600) oligomer, with a trifunctional monomer trimethylol propane triacrylate and a photoinitiator Irgacure 369 [2-benzyl 2-dimethylamine-1 (4-morpholinophenyl) butanone-1] were developed. Two fillers CaCO₃ and sand (SiO₂) were incorporated with base coat formulations to study their role in the properties of UV-cured partex surfaces. Thin polymer films were prepared on glass plate with these formulations and finally applied on polished partex surface and both were cured under UV radiation. Radiation intensities, expressed by number of passes were optimized to the extent of pendulum hardness (PH) and gel content. The properties of cured partex surface such as PH, gloss—both at 60 and 20° angles, macro and micro scratch hardness, adhesion strength of the coatings, and abrasion resistance were studied as a function of the concentration of fillers. The base coating containing 4% CaCO₃ and 3% SiO₂ showed the best performance amongst all of them. The effect of simulating weathering on the properties (PH, gloss, and adhesion) of the cured surface was also studied.     

Codiluent effect on the properties of UV-cured films

Different formulations were developed with an urethane oligomer combined with a number of reactive diluents with different functionalities such as N-vinylpyrrolidone (monofunctional), butanediol diacrylate (difunctional), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (difunctional), and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (trifunctional). The films were prepared with these formulations and cured under UV radiation in the presence of the photoinitiator Irgacura 184. Their properties were characterized. The effect of codiluents of low glass transition temperatures like ethyl hexyl acrylate and methoxyethyl acrylate on the properties of these films was studied. These formulations were then applied as thin coatings on the leather surface in order to study the improvement of the leather substrate. Both tensile strength and elongation of the treated leather increased. The gloss of the coated leather was also enhanced. Incorporation of a plasticizer into these systems substantially improved the rheological properties of the coated leather. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

On the inhibiting effect of phenolic compounds in the photopolymerization of acrylates under high‐intensity and polychromatic UV/visible lights

The photopolymerization of wood coatings under UV and visible light in industrial type conditions has been investigated. The inhibiting effect of the phenolic compounds found in wood extractives, especially quercetin, on the final properties of the coating (hardness, gel content) as well as the polymerization kinetics (rates, final conversion) has been discussed. Model clear‐coating formulations — based on an acrylate oligomer, a reactive diluent and a bis‐acylphosphine oxide as photo‐initiator — have been used. This article focuses on the influence of the nature of the acrylate oligomer (polyester, epoxy, polyurethane), the type of phenolic derivative (POHs) and the irradiation conditions (UV conveyor, Xe lamp). It appears that lead to through the strong inner‐filter effect in the presence of quercetin is responsible for the loss of all the observed properties. In order to mimic what happens at the wood–coating interface, the role of the diffusion of the phenolic derivatives have been also investigated and discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3285–3298, 2007     

Comparative study of electron-beam- and ultraviolet-cured films of urethane acrylate

A urethane diacrylate oligomer was used to develop 40 different formulations in combination with eight different reactive diluents in the presence of five different coadditives. Thin films were prepared with these formulated solutions under ionizing radiation using either electron beam (EB) or ultraviolet (UV) rays. In the latter case, a photoinitiator was incorporated into the formulation. Physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the cured films were studied. Tensile properties (strength and elongation) were almost double with the UV-cured films than those of the EB-cured films. Thermal behavior was also observed to be different in these two systems. These properties were correlated with the glass transition temperatures of the homopolymer of codiluents used. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Synthesis and characterization of palm‐based resin for UV coating

The production of UV curable acrylated polyol ester prepolymer from palm oil and its downstream products offer potential and promising materials for applications such as polymeric film preparation and coatings. In this study, palm olein polyol was reacted with acrylic acid in the presence of a catalyst and inhibitors via condensation esterification process. The reaction temperature of 80°C and the stirring rate of 400 rpm produce a homogeneous product. Based on iodine value result, the suitable amount of p‐toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate used as catalyst was 3.0% (w/w) of palm olein polyol. Different UV curable formulations have been investigated using the synthesized prepolymers with monomers and a small amount of photoinitiator. Monomers used were 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) while photoinitiator used was 1‐hydroxy cyclohexyl phenylketone (Irgacure 184). The mixtures were cured to make thin polymeric films under UV radiation with doses between 2 and 14 passes (energy per pass is 0.6 J/cm²). Coating and curing was carried out on glass for pendulum hardness and FTIR analysis. Pendulum hardness of the film prepared using monomer HDDA and the prepolymer previously synthesized using 3.0% catalyst was 24.5%. The radiation dose needed was 14 passes. The highest pendulum hardness of 49.4% was achieved using monomer TMPTA and the prepolymer synthesized using 2.0% catalyst. The radiation dose needed was 10 passes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009