壳聚糖基纳米氧化锌—丁香精油抗菌复合膜对鲜肉保鲜效果

将抗菌效果良好且不会产生耐药性的无机抗菌剂纳米氧化锌和具有广谱抗菌性、无毒健康的天然抗菌剂丁香精油加入壳聚糖—魔芋葡甘聚糖复合膜中,研究复合膜对鲜肉的保鲜效果。结果发现:添加质量分数6%纳米氧化锌和体积分数0.6%丁香精油的复合膜对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌率分别为99.78%,99.06%,具有强抗菌效果;红外光谱分析结果表明壳聚糖官能团和丁香精油中存在的酚反应基团之间有效地发生了键合,且扫描电镜结果表明丁香精油在一定程度上可改善纳米氧化锌的分散效果;添加纳米氧化锌和丁香精油的复合膜对鲜肉的保质期可提高6～8d。     

丁香精油纳米胶囊对冷藏调理猪肉饼品质的影响

本实验采用离子凝胶法,以壳聚糖为壁材制备丁香精油纳米胶囊,主要研究了丁香精油纳米胶囊的物理特性及其对调理猪肉饼（4±1）℃冷藏期间菌落总数、脂肪氧化、色泽、pH值、高铁肌红蛋白质量分数以及感官品质的影响。结果表明：丁香精油纳米胶囊的平均粒径为254.7?nm,ζ-电势为35.4?mV,多分散指数为0.33;精油的释放曲线呈现初始的快速增加阶段,随后累积释放率缓慢增加,直到108?h才停止释放;丁香精油可以抑制猪肉饼脂质氧化和微生物腐败,但具有较强烈的精油味道且对猪肉饼护色效果不佳,随着冷藏时间的延长,其抗氧化和抗菌活性下降;添加丁香精油纳米胶囊显著抑制了猪肉饼脂质氧化和微生物生长,并使猪肉饼具有较高的红色稳定性,且对猪肉饼冷藏期间的感官指标没有不良影响。结论：丁香精油纳米胶囊可作为新型纳米保鲜剂延长猪肉饼冷藏期间的货架期。     

壳聚糖-丁香精油微乳液复合膜的制备及其对猪肉的保鲜作用

目的 探究壳聚糖-丁香精油(clove essential oil, CEO)微乳液复合膜对猪肉的保鲜效果。方法 首先将丁香精油运载到微乳液中, 然后制备壳聚糖-丁香精油微乳液复合膜, 并探索复合膜的理化特征及其对猪肉的保鲜作用。结果 丁香精油微乳液对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)均为62.5 μL/L ppm, 而纯丁香精油对这两种菌的MICs分别为500和125 μL/L, 说明微乳液技术提高了丁香精油的抑菌效果。随着添加到壳聚糖薄膜中的微乳液浓度增加(0, 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%), 复合膜的厚度、不透明度和色差均不断增加, 而水分活度却逐渐降低。其中, 复合膜的水分活度(0.486~0.536)低于允许微生物生长的最低水分活度(0.610), 说明其适合作为抑菌包装材料。此外, 猪肉保鲜试验结果显示, 壳聚糖-丁香精油微乳液复合膜可以有效抑制猪肉冷藏期间总菌数的增长, 同时较好的延缓猪肉的脂质氧化。结论 本研究制备的复合膜理化特征较好, 可用于猪肉的防腐保鲜, 为丁香精油在肉制品保鲜领域的应用奠定了基础。     

丁香精油-壳聚糖复合可食性膜对生肉糜保鲜效果的影响

研究丁香精油-壳聚糖复合可食性膜对生肉糜冷藏期间感官品质和货架期的影响。测定生肉糜样品在（4±1）℃冷藏期间细菌总数、pH值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物值、高铁肌红蛋白含量以及感官品质随时间的变化情况。结果表明：添加丁香精油可提高壳聚糖可食性膜的抗菌和抗氧化活性。包裹丁香精油-壳聚糖复合可食性膜可有效抑制生肉糜菌落总数和高铁肌红蛋白含量的增加;同时还可抑制贮藏过程中的脂肪氧化,对感官品质具有良好的保持作用,在（4±1）℃条件下贮藏期可达10～12 d,明显提高了生肉糜贮藏过程中的品质和货架期。丁香精油-壳聚糖复合膜可作为可食性包装膜延长生肉糜冷藏期间的货架期。     

丁香精油—壳聚糖纳米胶囊的制备及表征

为提高丁香精油在生产加工过程中的稳定性,降低其对食品感官品质的不良影响,采用离子凝胶法,以壳聚糖为壁材制备丁香精油—壳聚糖纳米胶囊,研究制备条件对纳米胶囊包埋率及粒径的影响并优化工艺,采用多种方法对所制备纳米胶囊的性能进行检测分析。结果表明:在最优制备条件下,即壳聚糖溶液pH值4.5、丁香精油与壳聚糖质量比0.81.0、壳聚糖与三聚磷酸钠质量比51,所制备纳米胶囊包埋率为40.2%,平均粒径为175nm。利用纳米胶囊技术对丁香精油进行包埋可有效提高丁香精油在食品加工中的稳定性,扩大其在食品工业中的应用范围。     

不同壁材丁香精油微胶囊保鲜剂性能研究

采用饱和水溶液法,以β-环糊精和壳聚糖为壁材,丁香精油为芯材与壁芯比为4∶1制备3种丁香精油微胶囊保鲜剂,并对三种组合壁材微胶囊保鲜剂的表面形态、光照稳定性、包埋率、缓释效果以及抑菌效果进行测定,结果表明β-环糊精丁香精油微胶囊的包埋率最高,为67%;β-环糊精-壳聚糖丁香精油微胶囊1的光照稳定性最好,丁香精油损失率仅为32.67%;β-环糊精-壳聚糖丁香精油微胶囊1的缓释效果最好;β-环糊精-壳聚糖丁香精油微胶囊1的抑菌圈直径最大(38.5±0.40 mm)。综合考量得β-环糊精-壳聚糖1为壁材制得的丁香精油微胶囊性能最好。     

添加丁香精油对玉米醇溶蛋白膜性能及结构的影响

以玉米醇溶蛋白为原料制备可食性膜,将丁香精油添加到玉米醇溶蛋白膜中,研究其对玉米醇溶蛋白膜物理性能及微观结构的影响。结果表明,丁香精油体积分数在0.5%～2.0%范围内时,随着体积分数的增加,玉米醇溶蛋白膜的厚度、断裂伸长率和水蒸气透过系数逐渐增加。丁香精油体积分数为0.5%～1.0%时,玉米醇溶蛋白膜的拉伸强度显著增加（P＜0.05）。添加丁香精油改善了膜的机械性能,增加了阻光性和透湿性。通过红外光谱和扫描电镜分析表明,添加丁香精油并未显著改变玉米醇溶蛋白的结构,且添加丁香精油的成膜液在干燥过程中会产生微孔,使得玉米醇溶蛋白膜的表面粗糙不均匀。     

丁香精油的超临界CO2萃取和抑菌作用的研究

研究了萃取压力、萃取时间和萃取温度三个因素对丁香精油超临界CO2萃取的影响,以丁香精油得率为指标,通过正交试验方法优选了萃取条件.结果表明:丁香精油最佳萃取条件为,萃取压力35 MPa、萃取时间2h、萃取温度50℃,此条件下丁香精油的得率为18.7％.对丁香精油做了抗菌谱的测定,结果表明丁香精油具有较宽的抗菌谱.     

丁香精油抑菌及抗氧化作用研究

利用超临界CO2萃取法从丁香中提取精油,研究测定了丁香精油对各种供试菌种的抑菌圈直径,加热处理及pH对丁香精油抑菌效果的影响,同时研究了丁香精油的抗氧化效果。结果表明:丁香精油对各供试菌种的抑菌圈直径在18.0～38.2mm之间,表明丁香精油对G+和G-细菌、霉菌和酵母均有很强的抑制作用;丁香精油的抑菌效果随pH的降低而增强;121℃/15min加热处理对丁香精油的抑菌效果无明显影响;丁香精油还具有一定的抗氧化性能。     

丁香精油微胶囊/大豆分离蛋白膜制备及其抗菌性研究

采用饱和水溶液法,用β-环糊精包埋丁香精油制备微胶囊抗菌剂,添加到大豆分离蛋白中制备抗菌性薄膜,测试添加不同量丁香精油微胶囊对制备抗菌膜机械性能和抑菌效果的影响。结果表明:所制的微胶囊包埋率为(67.42±3.82)%,具有缓释效果,添加较多量微胶囊抗菌剂的薄膜机械性能变差,但是对枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌具有较好的抑制效果。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the