基于结构光的角焊缝空间位置检测系统

自主研发了一种基于结构光图像的角焊缝空间位置检测系统。通过调节相机和标定板的相对位置进行多次拍摄,采用L-M算法开展标定数据最优化拟合,标定相机内参和外参。在结构光图像上,逐列提取灰度主峰,并基于迭代端点拟合法进行平滑处理,利用渐进霍夫变换方法确定结构光图像的角点。基于标定获得了空间转换关系,计算角焊缝空间位置坐标并反馈给焊接机器人。测试结果显示,该方法较好地完成了三面体结构工件角焊缝的机器人位置调整,机器人焊接系统的实测最大位置偏差小于±0.15 mm。     

基于激光传感器的机器人自适应多层多道焊接

针对机器人自动化焊接过程中工件的定位误差、加工误差和激光传感器的安装误差的问题,提出了一种基于线结构视觉激光传感器获取焊缝形状位置信息,并使机器人能够自动调整焊枪位置和姿态来修正误差,同时自适应不同角度焊缝的多层多道路径规划方法。首先进行手眼标定,采用pyqt5在windows系统环境下部署焊接机器人手眼标定软件,把焊道空间点信息从视觉坐标系转换为机器人基坐标系下。然后对工件进行扫描,通过预设定算法完成对实际坐标点的预处理计算,并自适应调节工具坐标系的位姿弥补偏差;最后根据处理得到的焊缝坡口的特征参数和焊接工艺要求,规划多层多道焊接的路径完成焊接。对中厚板碳钢单边V形坡口进行试验,结果表明,该方法具有良好的实用性。     

线激光视觉测量机器人手眼标定方法研究

线激光视觉测量传感器与工业机器人组成三维测量系统时,法兰盘坐标系与摄像机坐标系之间变换关系求解较复杂。为解决此问题,提出一种基于固定参考点的手眼标定算法。该算法以标定球为靶标,根据标定球球心在机器人基坐标系中坐标不变原则,结合机器人运动学位置约束关系建立了矩阵变换方程,并在旋转矩阵求解中引入四元数,简化计算过程,实现机器人手眼标定。通过试验量化分析测头光平面与标定球相交位置对测量结果的影响,验证了该算法的有效性和实用性     

基于空间直线约束的焊接机器人手眼标定

视觉传感器与焊接机器人的标定是焊接智能化应用中的重要问题,针对末端夹持线结构光传感器的焊接机器人,提出了一种基于空间直线约束的手眼标定方法.首先任意变换机器人位姿使线结构光传感器投射出的光平面与标定模板相交,然后通过特征点提取算法提取出线结构光与直线的交点,并基于直线约束建立了非线性优化模型,最后结合罚函数法与改进的Powell算法同时求解传感器位置与方向参数.基于上述方法进行了一系列试验,结果表明,该方法通用性强,适合现场标定,有效的提高了标定精度,标定精度在0.2 mm以内.     

SCARA机器人焊缝跟踪器现场标定设计

为实现对焊缝空间坐标的精确采集,需要对焊缝跟踪系统进行标定。提出了一种用于工业现场环境的高效标定方案,使用张正友标定方法确定相机内参与畸变,通过SVD平面拟合求解光平面方程,通过测量机器人基坐标系与标定参照物坐标系间的关系完成手眼标定。线结构光视觉传感器与SCARA机器人进行配合,实施现场作业,现场测试结果表明,标定方案具有高效,精度高的特点,系统整体标定误差为±1.0mm,能够满足工业现场应用要求。     

基于结构光视觉传感器的弧焊机器人视觉检测方法及试验结果分析

针对自动焊接机器人焊缝精确检测的问题,研究了基于结构光视觉传感器的视觉检测方法,对结构光视觉传感器实时采集图像进行理论分析,经过焊缝图像预处理、图像边缘检测和轮廓提取等处理过程,运用最小二乘法对焊缝边缘拟合,通过求平均值的方法提取结构光条纹的中心直线,找到数字图像中焊缝的位置,最后利用机器人手眼标定焊缝的位置,并进行焊缝跟踪。结合试验,验证了该视觉检测方法检测精度较好,能够满足实际的工作要求。     

基于线结构光扫描的机器人GMAW自适应规划方法

针对弧焊机器人在中厚板焊接中的应用,研制了一套激光视觉传感器,基于FANUC机器人TCP/IP协议,开发了传感器与机器人控制器之间的通讯平台。以厚20 mm的Q345单V型坡口机器人GMAW为例,结合机器人手眼标定、线结构光平面参数标定结果,实现变间隙焊道参数自适应规划及多层多道自动编排,结果满足机器人中厚板自适应焊接要求。     

一种线结构光视觉测量现场标定方法

针对线结构光视觉测量的现场标定问题,提出一种基于直角方框共线圆点靶标的测量系统参数现场标定方法,建立标定模型,给出了所使用的直角方框共线圆点靶标的设计方案和标定步骤。标定时,只需将线结构光传感器的光平面与靶标圆点中心平面调整至同一平面,采集靶标上的特征圆点图像并提取特征圆点圆心的图像坐标,进而将其代入线结构光视觉测量标定模型,即可一次性标定出测量系统的参数。实验结果表明:标定精度可达0. 001 mm,该方法较现有线结构光标定方法操作简单,可满足实际测量需求,提高了线结构光视觉现场测量效率。     

基于消隐点的线结构光传感器光平面标定方法北大核心

光平面高精度标定是实现线结构光传感器精密测量的关键,提出一种基于消隐点的光平面标定方法。首先控制平面靶标或者传感器作一组平移运动,得到光平面中一组平行的激光条纹图像;然后通过提取光条与标定板网格线交点,构造出光平面中第二组平行直线,计算两组平行直线的消隐点并利用向量叉积标定光平面的法向;最后计算光平面上两特征点之间的实际距离,并根据这一约束条件,标定得到光平面方程的其余参数。通过与多种标定方法进行对比实验,结果表明本方法具有更高的标定精度,结合工业机器人对厚度为7 mm的标准量块进行测量,平均测量误差为0.013 mm。与基于两组平移运动的标定方法相比,本方法进一步减少了人工参与,提高了标定效率。     

面向机器人激光增材制造的机器视觉系统标定算法

随着现代智能制造的快速发展,金属增材制造、绿色再制造、焊接等领域大量使用机器人等自动化装备,视觉传感是机器人智能制造的关键环节.针对上述需求设计了一套基于线结构光的视觉传感器,并对其进行标定,自主开发了用于机器人激光增材制造的机器视觉系统.该系统通过Matlab相机标定工具包实现相机的内外参数标定,利用Labview编...     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。