桔梗多糖提取、分离纯化以及生物活性研究

目的：优化复合酶法提取桔梗多糖工艺,并初步分析桔梗多糖的结构和体外抗氧化活性。方法：分别考察酶添加量、料液比、酶解时间、酶解温度对桔梗多糖提取率的影响,采用响应面法进行提取条件优化,利用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定多糖的分子量和单糖组成,应用核磁共振（NMR）和扫描电镜（SEM）对多糖的糖苷键和形貌进行分析,并对多糖清除自由基的能力和还原力进行研究。结果：桔梗多糖的最佳提取工艺为纤维素酶、果胶酶、木瓜蛋白酶的添加量为2%,酶解时间90 min,料液比1:30 g/mL,酶解温度50 ℃,在此条件下,多糖实际提取率为9.01%±0.07%,多糖含量达92%±0.76%。纯化后得到桔梗多糖组分PGP-W-1,分子量为6.2 kDa,由甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖和阿拉伯糖按照摩尔比4.9:4.3:7.9:7.8:4.8:18.6组成,是一种具有α型糖苷键和β型糖苷键的吡喃型多糖。体外抗氧化试验显示PGP-W-1对DPPH自由基、ABTS⁺自由基和羟基自由基清除率IC₅₀值分别为2.14、2.25、0.78 mg/mL。结论：本研究优选出的桔梗多糖提取工艺切实可行,多糖提取效率高并表现出良好的体外抗氧化活性。     

北沙参多糖的提取工艺、理化性质及生物活性研究

在单因素试验的基础上采用响应面法对北沙参多糖的提取工艺进行优化,得到超声波提取北沙参多糖的最佳工艺条件为:提取温度65℃,超声时间22 min,液料比22:1(mL/g),该条件下多糖提取率为12.13%。制备的北沙参多糖具有多糖的典型特征,总糖含量为90.4%,蛋白含量为1.22%,热降解温度为300.32℃。通过考察北沙参多糖对DPPH自由基(IC_(50)为1.99 mg/mL)、OH自由基(IC_(50)为1.71mg/mL)和α-葡萄糖苷酶(IC_(50)为5.23mg/mL)的清除或抑制能力,表明北沙参多糖具有一定的清除自由基的能力和潜在的降血糖活性。     

红曲霉菌胞外多糖的分离纯化、结构鉴定及抗氧化活性测定

目的:分离纯化红曲霉菌胞外多糖（Exopolysaccharide,EPS）,测定各组分的抗氧化活性并对其结构进行初步表征。方法:红曲霉菌发酵液经乙醇沉淀获得胞外多糖,经精制除杂和DEAE-纤维素柱层析法分离纯化获得多糖组分,再分别用高效凝胶过滤色谱法（HPGFC）、柱前衍生PMP-HPLC法测定相对分子质量（Mw）和单糖组成,测定多糖组分清除DPPH和羟自由基的能力,评价其体外抗氧化活性。结果:EPS经分离得到三个组分EPS-1、EPS-2和EPS-3,相对分子质量分别为8673、143537、238742 Da。EPS-1、EPS-2均由甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖组成,摩尔比为1∶0.301∶2.052∶3.614和1∶2.475∶1.950∶1.532,EPS-3由甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖组成,摩尔比为1∶0.401∶0.066∶0.307∶2.974。三个多糖组分对DPPH·和羟自由基均有清除能力,并与多糖浓度呈现正相关。当多糖浓度为1 mg/m L时,三个组分对DPPH清除率分别为16.4%、15.9%和14.8%;对清除羟自由基的清除率分别为40.4%、39.6%、63.8%。结论:红曲霉菌胞外多糖各组分的相对分子质量和单糖组成比例均有差异;对羟自由基、DPPH·的清除作用也存在差异,这种活性差异可能与各组分Mw及结构差异相关。      

微波辅助提取北沙参多糖工艺及抗氧化活性研究

以北沙参多糖的得率为指标,通过单因素和正交设计对微波提取工艺进行了优选;以清除DPPH自由基、羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的能力为指标,研究了北沙参多糖的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,微波辅助水浸提北沙参多糖的最佳工艺条件为:浸泡30min,微波功率800 W,微波辐射时间100 s,固液比1∶30(g/m L),粉碎粒度100目,提取3次。在此工艺条件下,粗多糖得率39.3%,提取物中多糖含量65.4%。北沙参多糖对3种自由基均具有明显的清除能力。     

响应面法优化复合酶提取芦荟多糖工艺及其抗氧化活性分析

研究复合酶提取芦荟多糖的工艺,并测定其抗氧化性。在单因素试验的基础上,利用响应面法对复合酶提取芦荟多糖的条件进行了优化,通过测定芦荟多糖的总抗氧化能力、DPPH自由基和羟自由基清除能力研究其抗氧化性。结果显示,当料液比1∶30（g/mL）、果胶酶与纤维素酶配比1∶3、pH 4.5时,优化最佳提取条件为加酶量0.3%、酶解温度48 ℃、酶解时间40 min,此条件下芦荟多糖的提取率为5.65%,和超声波辅助法相比提取率提高了4.2%。芦荟多糖具有较好的抗氧化性,随着质量浓度的增加,其总抗氧化能力、DPPH自由基和羟自由基清除能力逐渐增强,在25 mg/mL时其DPPH自由基和羟自由基清除率分别达到75%和90%。复合酶法是一种新的、有效的芦荟多糖提取方法;芦荟多糖具有较好的抗氧化性。     

藕节多糖的复合酶提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

目的：优化复合酶法提取藕节多糖的工艺，并研究其体外抗氧化活性。方法：在单因素试验结果基础上，以酶添加量、酶解温度、酶解时间及液料比为自变量，多糖得率为响应值，利用Box-Behnken响应面法进行工艺优化。以DPPH自由基、羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除率为指标考察藕节多糖的体外抗氧化活性。结果：复合酶由纤维素酶、果胶酶和木瓜蛋白酶按质量比1:1:1组成。复合酶提取藕节多糖最佳工艺为酶添加量1.6%、酶解温度53℃、酶解时间89min、液料比13:1 mL/g、酶解p H5.5，此条件下藕节多糖得率为6.57%，与回归模型的理论预测值6.54%误差小于5%。藕节多糖对DPPH自由基、羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基均具有较强的清除作用，半数抑制浓度分别为1.079、1.281、0.984 mg/mL。结论：复合酶法可显著提高藕节多糖得率，工艺简便可行，获得的藕节多糖具有体外抗氧化活性。     

响应面法优化松茸多糖酶法提取工艺及其体外抗氧化性分析

为确定复合酶（纤维素酶、果胶酶、中性蛋白酶）提取松茸多糖的最佳工艺,并对其体外抗氧化活性进行初步研究,在单因素试验的基础上,以料液比、pH值、酶解时间和酶解温度为影响因素,利用Box-Behnken方法进行四因素三水平试验设计,以多糖提取率为响应值,进行响应面分析;分别用邻苯三酚自氧化法和对DPPH自由基的清除作用测定松茸多糖的体外抗氧化性。结果表明：多糖提取的最佳工艺为料液比1∶40（g/mL）、pH 5、酶解温度35 ℃、酶解时间71 min,松茸多糖的提取率预测值为7.06%,验证值为6.95%,与预测值相对误差为1.56%;松茸多糖对超氧阴离子自由基和DPPH自由基具有较强的清除作用,其IC50值分别为0.565 mg/mL和0.454 mg/mL。因此,复合酶法提取松茸多糖高效、简单,可用作松茸多糖的提取工艺;松茸多糖具有明显的体外抗氧化活性。     

复合酶辅助提取荷叶多糖工艺优化及其体外抗氧化活性

以荷叶为原材料,在单因素试验的基础上,以pH 值、温度、液料比、复合酶添加量（纤维素酶∶木瓜蛋白酶质量比1∶1）、提取时间为自变量,以荷叶多糖得率为响应值,采用五因素三水平的响应面分析法优化荷叶多糖提取工艺,同时测定荷叶多糖对DPPH 自由基和羟自由基的清除能力。结果表明,最佳酶解提取工艺为pH7.0、温度52 ℃、液料比39∶1（mL/g）、复合酶添加量0.7%、提取时间116 min,多糖得率为3.26%,与预测值相符。荷叶多糖具有较好的抗氧化活性,DPPH 自由基和羟自由基的IC50 值分别为2.355、0.331 2 mg/mL。     

祖师麻多糖提取工艺及体外抗氧化活性的研究

目的:优选祖师麻多糖的最佳提取工艺,对其单糖组成进行分析,并对其体外抗氧化活性进行研究。方法:采用正交实验法,以多糖得率为指标,对祖师麻多糖的提取工艺进行优选。采用1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(PMP)柱前衍生高效液相色谱法对其单糖组成进行分析。采用比色法,测定了祖师麻多糖对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基的清除能力,还原能力以及总体抗氧化能力。结果:祖师麻多糖的最佳提取工艺为15倍量水,100℃提取3次,每次2h;单糖组成分析表明祖师麻多糖主要含有甘露糖,氨基葡萄糖,葡萄糖,半乳糖和岩藻糖;祖师麻多糖显示出较强的DPPH自由基清除能力,还原能力和总体抗氧化能力,以及中等强度的羟基自由基清除能力。结论:优选的提取工艺稳定可靠,祖师麻多糖具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

提取方法对北沙参多糖性质及生物活性的影响

分别采用热水回流提取、超声波提取、微波提取、碱液提取、酸液提取、纤维素酶提取等方法提取北沙参多糖,得到各北沙参多糖:GLP-W、GLP-U、GLP-M、GLP-L、GLP-A和GLP-E。对各多糖的提取率、可溶性总糖含量、黏度、结构特征、固体形貌、抗氧化和降血糖活性等指标进行测定。结果表明:北沙参多糖的提取率依次为GLP-A(39.62%)GLPE(38.33%)GLP-L(24.80%)GLP-W(23.93%)GLPM(18.92%)GLP-U(12.68%);北沙参多糖溶液的黏度均随多糖溶液浓度的升高而升高,相同浓度下,GLP-L的黏度最大;可溶性总糖含量大小依次为GLP-A(74.05%)GLPL(67.57%)GLP-W(65.41%)GLP-U(63.25%)GLP-E(33.03%)GLP-M(28.71%);抗氧化和对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性结果表明,随着多糖浓度的升高,活性逐渐增强,当浓度达到一定时,活性趋于稳定。超声波提取的北沙参多糖对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基的清除率最高,IC_(50)分别为3.091,1.999mg/mL;碱液提取的北沙参多糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率最强,IC_(50)为1.437mg/mL。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the