突变酶Y93S对嗜热地衣芽孢杆菌SR01葡聚糖酶热稳定性的影响

为提高嗜热地衣芽孢杆菌SR01葡聚糖酶的热稳定性,对其相关的氨基酸残基进行定点突变改造。通过对其结构的分析,构建了Y93S突变体,利用分子动力学模拟分析评估后,发现Y93S突变体可能具有较高的耐热能力,利用定点突变技术构建Y93S表达载体并分析温度对表达产物酶活的影响。试验结果表明,突变酶Y93S的最适温度由野生型酶的55 ℃提高至70 ℃;在90 ℃条件下,突变酶Y93S较野生型酶的半衰期由60 min提高到120 min以上;pH及pH稳定性较野生型变化不明显。突变酶Y93S极大的提高了野生型酶的热稳定性,具有潜在的工业应用价值,同时为葡聚糖酶的耐热机理提供有力依据。     

米曲霉木聚糖酶N端引入二硫键对其热稳定性的影响

为提高源自米曲霉Aspergillus oryzae 11家族木聚糖酶(AoXyn11A)的热稳定性,对其相关的氨基酸残基进行定点突变改造。通过对野生型酶AoXyn11A和一种超耐热酶EvXyn11TS的N端氨基酸残基序列进行同源比较,在野生型酶N端引入一个二硫键,获得突变酶AoXyn11AM。野生型酶和突变酶的热稳定性通过同源建模和分子动力学模拟分析评估后,其基因分别在毕赤酵母GS115中进行表达并分析温度对表达产物酶活性的影响。结果表明:突变酶的最适温度由野生型酶的55℃提高至60℃;在50℃和55℃保温30 min,突变酶保留94%和45%保温处理前的酶活性,分别较野生型酶(62.5%和1.4%)有大幅度的提高。突变酶在保留了野生酶其它优良性质的基础上,提高了热稳定性,具有潜在的工业应用价值。     

玉米赤霉烯酮水解酶耐热性的分子改造

内酯水解酶ZHD101对玉米赤霉烯酮降解效果显著,是目前研究最广泛的玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶,但由于热稳定性较低,无法满足饲料生产制粒过程中的温度要求。作者利用理性设计和分子改造在其分子中引入二硫键,以提高ZHD101的热稳定性。通过在分子引入七对半胱氨酸双突变(A110C/P196C、S136C/R189C、D143C/P181C、S147C/P181C、D199C/A202C、L200C/A231C、R204C/G205C)以形成潜在的二硫键,研究其对热稳定性的影响。结果表明,突变体S136C/R189C和D143C/P181C在50℃加热处理2 min后的残余活性高于野生型,其中突变体D143C/P181C的残余活性是野生型的2倍,且室温下活力损失小于10%。在此基础上设计四突变(S136C/D143C/P181C/R189C),热稳定性和活力并不优于双突变D143C/P181C。本研究结果为提高ZHD101在饲料工业上的应用潜力打下了基础。     

理性设计定点突变提高Streptomyces kathirae SC-1酪氨酸酶热稳定性

利用SWISS-MODEL在线服务器以栗色浑圆链霉菌(Streptomyces castaneoglobisporus)酪氨酸酶(PDB登录号:2AHL)为模板对S.kathirae酪氨酸酶的3-D结构进行同源模拟。使用在线预测软件PoPMuSiC-2.1计算酪氨酸酶每个突变氨基酸的去折叠自由能变化(ΔΔG)来辅助设计提高酪氨酸酶的稳定性,利用定点突变构建突变体,并且在大肠杆菌中对野生型酪氨酸酶及突变体进行表达,最终获得了两个热稳定性提高的突变体R95Y、G123W。在此基础上进行复合突变,获得了一个热稳定性显著提高的突变体R95Y/G123W。该突变体在60℃的半衰期提高了2.43倍,最适反应温度由45℃提高到50℃,本研究所用的基于蛋白质结构的理性设计提高稳定性的策略也可以应用于其他工业酶类,显示了良好的应用前景。     

基于理性设计提高假交替单胞菌κ-卡拉胶酶热稳定性

对假交替单胞菌JMUZ2的κ-卡拉胶酶进行理性设计,以获得热稳定性提高的突变酶。用PoPMuSiC在线分析工具对假交替单胞菌κ-卡拉胶酶进行分析,筛选了10 个单点突变体。利用定点突变获得突变酶基因,并对突变酶进行诱导表达、纯化及性质鉴定,筛选出酶比活力不降低且热稳定性提高的突变体K155A。热稳定性分析表明,在50、55 ℃和60 ℃分别处理40 min,突变酶残余酶活力分别是野生型酶的1.8、2.7 倍和4.5 倍。酶的结构及分子动力学模拟分析表明,酶分子疏水相互作用和结构刚性的增强是K155A突变体热稳定性提高的可能原因。通过理性设计获得假交替单胞菌κ-卡拉胶酶热稳定性提高的突变体K155A,对改善酶的性质、扩大κ-卡拉胶酶的应用范围以及κ-卡拉胶酶结构与功能关系研究具有重要意义。     

二硫键对提高木聚糖酶AoXyn11A热稳定性的作用

为提高米曲霉11家族中温木聚糖酶Ao Xyn11A的热稳定性,将Ao Xyn11A与源于Thermomyces lanuginosus的耐热木聚糖酶Xyn A进行三维结构比对分析,发现Xyn A的α-螺旋与β9-折叠之间存在一个二硫键;基于分子动力学模拟预测结果,利用定点突变技术在Ao Xyn11A的相应位置引入二硫键(Cys108-Cys152),获得突变酶Ao Xyn11AT;分别将Ao Xyn11A及其突变酶基因在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达,经纯化,获得重组Ao Xyn11A和Ao Xyn11AT,并分析比较温度对其酶活性的影响。结果显示,重组Ao Xyn11AT的最适温度为60℃,比重组Ao Xyn11A提高了5℃;其在50℃下的半衰期t1/250为71 min,较重组Ao Xyn11A(t1/250=25 min)提高了近2倍。研究表明二硫键对提高Ao Xyn11A的热稳定性有重要作用。     

通过改造底物结合区氨基酸疏水性提高氨肽酶热稳定性

通过提高枯草芽孢杆菌来源的氨肽酶底物结合区域氨基酸的疏水性,提高氨肽酶YwaD的热稳定性。基于氨肽酶底物结合区域氨基酸特性分析,选定亲水性氨基酸残基N385为目标,通过定点突变使其突变为疏水氨基酸残基L385,获得突变体N385L。结果表明,与野生型ywaD相比,突变体N385L酶热稳定性明显提高,在80℃放置30 min,野生型YwaD完全失活,而突变体N385L仍保留20%的酶活力。另外,突变型N385L对底物氨基酰基-硝基苯胺的亲和力提高了47.4%,催化效率提高了28.5%。该研究有利于提高氨基肽酶工业应用前景。     

Loop结构引入半胱氨酸对木聚糖酶XynASP热稳定性的影响

为了探究Loop结构引入半胱氨酸对GH11家族木聚糖酶热稳定性的影响，以溶糖曲霉（Aspergillus saccharolyticus）JOP 1030-1木聚糖酶XynASP Loop结构为研究对象，通过定点突变技术，将第95位点天冬酰胺（Asn）突变成半胱氨酸（Cys），获得突变体XynN95C，并在大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）BL21（DE3）中诱导表达。酶学性质分析结果表明，突变体XynN95C最适温度为50 ℃，酶活性半衰期t1/240 ℃为38 min，相比野生型XynASP分别提高了5 ℃、18 min，最适pH从6.0降至5.0。另外，XynN95C的金属离子耐受性较强，经Fe3+处理1 h，相对酶活性为93.9%，较野生型（65.9%）明显提高。由此得出，在Loop结构引入半胱氨酸可有效提高木聚糖酶的热稳定性，这为GH11家族木聚糖酶的热稳定性改造又提供一新思路。     

半理性设计提高甲酸脱氢酶（CbFDH）活力及热稳定性

甲酸脱氢酶(formate dehydrogenase,FDH）是NADH循环再生的最佳酶之一,广泛应用于食品、医药和化工等行业。但是野生型甲酸脱氢酶普遍存在酶活低、催化效率差等缺点,导致产品转化率较低,影响产品的工业化生产。为了获得具有更佳催化性能的甲酸脱氢酶,作者以博伊丁假丝酵母(Candida boidinii）来源的甲酸脱氢酶为模板,利用HOTSPOT WIZARD v3.1进行三维结构模拟预测,构建了P68G、Q197K两个突变体,比酶活较野生型分别提高了11%和33%。这是由于P68G氨基酸残基侧链的苯环被氢取代,减少了甲酸盐底物进入口袋的空间位阻;而Q197K侧链酰胺基突变为胺丁基增强了酶的柔性。然而这两个突变点对甲酸脱氢酶的热稳定性产生了负面影响,因此在I239位引入半胱氨酸突变与C262构成二硫键以提高其热稳定性,最终获得一株热稳定性显著提高,比酶活较野生型提高31%、较I239C提高45%的突变株CbFDH Q197K/I239C。通过半理性预测蛋白质结构提高了甲酸脱氢酶的活力和热稳定性,为高效构建性能稳定、还原力强的甲酸脱氢酶提供了的理论基础。     

基于理性设计提高产微球茎菌AG1琼胶酶的热稳定性

目的：对产微球茎菌AG1的琼胶酶基因进行理性化设计,获得酶热稳定性高的突变酶。方法：利用PoPMuSiC在线分析工具对AG1的琼胶酶序列进行分析,选择提高酶热稳定性的突变位点,利用重叠延伸PCR技术获得突变体基因,并对突变酶进行诱导表达、纯化及性质鉴定。结果：通过筛选获得琼胶酶热稳定性高的突变体D136N。在60 ℃下处理1 h,该突变酶保持87%的残余活力,而野生型为19%的残余活力,说明突变体D136N具有较好的热稳定性。酶的三维结构模拟显示,野生型Asp136与Asn255形成两个氢键,与Tyr282形成一个氢键;突变后的Asn136和Asn255形成3个氢键,与Tyr282形成一个氢键,还与Ala134形成了一个氢键,突变酶的136位氨基酸与周围氨基酸形成更多的氢键。结论：通过理性化设计获得产微球茎菌AG1琼胶酶热稳定性高的突变体D136N,对改善酶的性质,扩大琼胶酶的应用范围,以及研究琼胶酶结构与功能关系具有重要意义。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press