干冰清洗对复合绝缘子用硅橡胶憎水性的影响研究

为了研究干冰清洗对复合绝缘子表面憎水性的影响,本试验选用高温硫化硅橡胶作为试样模拟复合绝缘子,对硅橡胶进行不同污秽程度的人工涂污,在不同参数下进行干冰清洗实验,详细研究了空气压力、清洗角度、干冰质量流量对复合绝缘子用硅橡胶表面憎水性的影响。结果表明,不同的空气压力和质量流量的干冰具有不同的动能,随着空气压力和质量流量的增大,硅橡胶表面污秽清洗效果变好,憎水性提高;但当干冰动能达到一定程度时,硅橡胶表面清洗效果达到阈值。不同的清洗角度影响干冰颗粒的垂直打击分量从而影响干冰的清洗效果。在合理的空气压力、清洗角度和质量流量下,干冰清洗能够有效的去除硅橡胶表面污秽,提高硅橡胶表面的憎水性,同时保证不对硅橡胶造成损伤。     

硅橡胶绝缘子粉化层憎水性变化的研究

硅橡胶绝缘子运行后会逐渐老化,伞裙表面出现粉化层。为研究粉化层对硅橡胶绝缘子表面憎水性的影响,通过红外光谱(IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)等手段对现场取回的硅橡胶绝缘子进行研究,测试硅橡胶绝缘子粉化层的微观结构和化学成分,进一步分析粉化层表面憎水性变化的原因。结果表明:绝缘子粉化层表面憎水性良好,但去掉粉化层后绝缘子表面憎水性明显下降。通过IR和SEM发现绝缘子的粉化层表面老化降解程度严重,硅橡胶材料主链上的分子键断裂,粉化层物质颗粒之间结构疏松,分子间相互作用力小,观察其微观形貌发现大量孔隙。因此水分不易附着在绝缘子伞裙表面,使运行老化后硅橡胶绝缘子表面仍具有良好的憎水性。     

大气环境对合成绝缘子的憎水性影响分析

通过模拟不同的气候条件,试验分析了大气环境中影响合成绝缘子憎水性的各种因素,结果表明:分离水珠影响了硅橡胶表面的电场分布,局部小电弧导致了硅橡胶表面憎水性能的下降;合成绝缘子的憎水性随污秽层等值盐密的升高而降低,随污秽层附着时间的增长而增强,且酸性物质对合成绝缘子憎水性的影响较碱性物质影响小;低温特别是覆冰条件下,合成绝缘子的憎水性将减弱甚至丧失;随温度的升高,小分子聚合物挥发速度加快,硅橡胶的憎水性能越强,其老化速度加快。     

高压直流复合绝缘子5000 h人工加速老化试验

选取不同配方、不同工艺、不同伞形的多种复合绝缘子,在国内首次参照标准IEC61109的老化程序进行了直流5000h人工加速老化试验。直流5000h人工加速老化试验包含直流电应力、日照、高温、高湿度、重污秽等诸多因素对复合绝缘子老化性能的影响。结果表明直流5000h人工加速老化试验可以再现硅橡胶表面憎水性不断丧失与恢复的情况、不同伞型绝缘子的积污特点和表面放电路径的差异;提出了表面放电是复合绝缘子积污和憎水性丧失的主要因素,温度和光照对硅橡胶的憎水性迁移和恢复特性有较大影响。硅橡胶复合绝缘子表面的憎水性在整个5000 h综合老化试验中呈动态变化,在不同的老化因素作用下呈现出不同的憎水性。     

紫外线老化对复合绝缘子硅橡胶憎水性的影响

硅橡胶复合绝缘子的优良耐污闪性能源自于硅橡胶材料的憎水性以及憎水迁移性。本文研究了紫外老化对硅橡胶憎水性影响以及硅橡胶表面积污后的憎水迁移性。研究结果表明：经小分子处理的硅橡胶经过2 000 h紫外线辐射后仍能够保持良好的憎水性,静态接触角仍能达到102.3°,憎水性等级为HC2级;硅橡胶上的污层在较短时间内具有了憎水性,憎水性等级能达到HC2~HC3。并对硅橡胶紫外老化机理以及憎水迁移性机理进行了分析。     

老化对合成绝缘子防污性能的影响

硅橡胶合成绝缘子具有憎水性和憎水性迁移特性,使其在短期内具有优异的防污性能。但长期运行于严重污秽环境下,合成绝缘子会老化,导致防污能力下降,污闪电压降低,泄漏电流增大沿面放电,靠民表面腐蚀,进一步加速合成绝缘子老化。因此,老化是导致合成绝缘子故障的主要原因。实验还表明,污闪电压与盐雾密度的关系很小,合成绝缘子的污秽度不宜用盐雾密度表征,而用表面电阻或表面电导率表征更好。     

复合绝缘子的5000h多因素试验及长期性能评价

随着特高压复合绝缘子的大规模应用和超高压复合绝缘子运行年限的不断增长,复合绝缘子的现场老化问题与长期性能评价方法成为亟待研究的问题。为此,根据对现场运行条件下硅橡胶复合绝缘子积污和憎水性变化过程的研究,在IEC多因素试验方法的基础上,加入了硅藻土污秽成分并调整了老化因素的时间安排,提出了复合绝缘子的"清华5 000h多因素试验方法"。在该试验方法下进行了5轮次的5 000h多因素老化试验后,成功模拟了复合绝缘子表面污秽积累过程和表面憎水性的丧失与恢复过程,重现了不同复合绝缘子憎水性下降、起痕与电蚀损、过流跳闸等现场老化失效模式。不同配方和配置的复合绝缘子的老化结果表明,硅橡胶复合绝缘子需要同时达到耐起痕和蚀损性能强、憎水性良好、爬电比距足够的要求,才能保证其在正常运行条件下的长期可靠性。     

霉菌染污状态下硅橡胶复合绝缘子的沿面闪络特性分析

硅橡胶复合绝缘子在湿热地区中运行其表面存在霉菌附着引起的微生物染污问题，霉菌作为一种特殊的生物污秽对硅橡胶绝缘子性能的影响尚不明确。本文对悬式绝缘子串进行霉菌染污，并在不同污秽等级下对绝缘子串沿面闪络特性进行分析，通过憎水性分析、扫描电镜以及红外光谱3种微观测试方法研究霉菌浓度对绝缘子沿面闪络特性的影响。结果表明：对于同一污秽等级的绝缘子，当存在霉菌污染时，相较于无霉菌染污的绝缘子，霉菌对硅橡胶表面结构造成破坏，导致硅橡胶憎水性显著降低，进而造成闪络电压大幅降低，与对照组相比，沿面闪络电压最低可下降至原始水平的76%；但在同一污秽等级下，霉菌浓度达到107个/cm²时，沿面闪络电压下降出现拐点，下降速度放缓并趋于饱和状态。综上，霉菌的附着行为与硅橡胶自然老化协同作用使霉菌菌丝在绝缘子表面形成微型孔洞，导致有机硅橡胶分子链断裂，降低了绝缘子的闪络电压，影响了硅橡胶绝缘子的稳定运行。     

交流电晕对复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙憎水性的影响研究

随着复合绝缘子在电力系统的广泛应用,电晕放电对其长期运行性能的影响是一个值得关注的问题。通过构建针-板电极系统,以清洁硅橡胶试片、人工染污硅橡胶试片、运行绝缘子伞裙试样为对象,系统地研究了在强烈交流电晕作用下硅橡胶伞裙材料的憎水性丧失和恢复过程。研究结果表明:在交流电晕持续作用下,硅橡胶材料的憎水性会逐步丧失,而人工染污和自然积污状态下的硅橡胶憎水性丧失进程相对缓慢,且稳定后的静态接触角也较高,适量的污秽层有利于复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙抵御电晕老化。在电晕作用后,由于硅橡胶材料内憎水性小分子硅氧烷的迁移作用,无论是清洁还是积污状态,表面憎水性均能在短时间内恢复到接近初始状态。     

新型快挥发带电清洗剂对支柱复合绝缘子的溶胀效应及改进

直流硅橡胶绝缘子积污后对其绝缘性能和使用寿命有重要影响,一般通过带电清洗剂进行清洗,而在带电清洗剂下的溶胀效应带来的不利影响是有待解决的关键问题.对1、2号两种带电清洗剂挥发速率、硅橡胶在不同带电清洗剂清洗前后的溶胀性以及憎水性的变化进行了试验研究,并探讨了相应的机制.结果表明:1、2号带电清洗剂在25℃时的挥发速率分别为1095.78 g/(h·m2)和108.01 g/(h·m2);硅橡胶溶胀度随时间的增加而增大,溶胀10 h后达到饱和,饱和后的硅橡胶溶胀指数分别为55％和130％;1号带电清洗剂会削弱硅橡胶的憎水性,经过10 min浸泡,接触角下降了14％,2号带电清洗剂能增强硅橡胶的憎水性,经相同时间浸泡,接触角上升了6％,因而挥发性优良的带电清洗剂可以降低溶胀对硅橡胶绝缘子的不利影响.     

Contamination performances of silicone rubber insulator subjectedto acid rain

Acid rain causes one of the more severe environmental contaminants, and there is an increasing interest in the degradation of outdoor polymer insulating materials in severe pollution conditions such as acid rain. The performance of high temperature vulcanizing (HTV) silicon rubber insulators in accelerated aging of artificial acid rain is investigated by the salt fog method. Experimental results and theoretical analysis show that acid rain exerts a large erosion effect on the silicone rubber insulator. The inorganic filler alumina trihydrate (ATH) in the silicone rubber easily dissolves in acid rain, and the increasing discharge heat from dry band arcing due to acid rain can further cause the loss of ATH. The hydrophobic groups of hydrocarbon branch (ie. methyl in silicone rubber), are also degraded in acid rain. Therefore, the surface of aged insulators becomes rough, they become less hydrophobic, and the surface discharge current increases. However, in a subsequent dry environment, the low molecular weight (LMW) polymer silicone liquid or oil in the bulk of the insulator diffuses and migrates to the surface to provide a hydrophobic layer so that the degraded surface of silicone rubber insulator is compensated, and the contamination performance is restored to some extent. Such recovery of contamination indicates why silicone rubber insulators can be used for long times under severe environmental stress     

Electrical performance of non-ceramic insulators in artificialcontamination tests. Role of resting time

The paper presents the results of an investigation on the electrical performance of artificially contaminated non-ceramic insulators as a function of resting time. Resting time is defined as the time interval between the application of contamination and start of testing. New (unaged), full scale, 69 kV non-ceramic insulators using different types of silicone rubber and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber as weathersheds were studied. Their electrical performance was assessed using the clean fog technique. The applied voltage was kept constant throughout the test, while contamination severity and resting time were varied as parameters. The transfer of hydrophobicity through the contamination layer was demonstrated by flashover tests. This was also visually depicted by analyzing samples in a scanning electron microscope. The results show that resting time exerts little influence on the electrical performance of EPDM insulators. However, for silicone rubber insulators, resting time is shown to drastically improve its electrical performance. Experimental evidence indicates that the transfer or recovery process of hydrophobicity in silicone rubber insulators occurs as a progressive superposition of silicone oil layers with time. Thus, the net effect of resting such insulators before tests can be thought of as a gradual reduction of the effective contamination layer thickness. Such a reduction alters the way in which the contaminant layer interacts with external stressing agents, which could impact the insulator's electrical performance in service. In this work, an attempt has been made to identify and quantify the electrically significant changes introduced by a reduction in the effective contamination thickness. It is in the light of this reduced effective contamination layer that we explain how a seemingly wettable silicone rubber insulator is still able to hold the applied voltage without flashover     

带电清洗剂对绝缘子用硅橡胶的溶胀效应及其影响研究

复合支柱绝缘绝缘子由于具有优异的防污性能,在直流换流站得到了广泛应用,但其在空间电荷和静电效应下积污严重而存在大面积污闪风险。为了评估复合支柱绝缘子带电绝缘清洗的可行性,对硅橡胶在新型绝缘清洗下的溶胀特性及其对硅橡胶的电气性能、力学性能以及憎水性的影响开展了试验分析。研究结果表明:硅橡胶溶胀随着溶胀时间的增加溶胀指数和直径增长率持续增大,浸泡时间20 min时圆形硅橡胶试样的直径增长率为4.7%、溶胀指数为6.8%。硅橡胶的复介电常数、复电容、介质损耗因素随着频率、溶胀指数增大而减小;在10-2~103Hz频域范围内硅橡胶溶胀不会造成介电性能下降。硅橡胶溶胀对憎水性和憎水迁移性无明显影响,干燥洁净硅橡胶溶胀前后接触角θ平均值在92°~98°范围内浮动,人工积污并经过憎水迁移后θ平均值在119°~128°范围内浮动。硅橡胶在发生溶胀后其力学性能小幅度下降,溶胀20 min的其断裂拉伸强度下降2%。试验结果表明硅橡胶在清洗剂中溶胀度受浸润时间影响较大,溶胀效应对憎水性、电气和力学性能影响较小,可通过采用易挥发配方或强对流措施控制清洗剂残留对硅橡胶的影响。     

Review of aging and recovery of silicone rubber insulation foroutdoor use

This paper surveys the properties which give silicone rubber its distinctive and highly desirable performance characteristics for use as outdoor insulation. The methods of assessing these properties are discussed and this is followed by a detailed survey of what is known of aging and recovery mechanisms. Corona is identified as the principle electrical aging agent and evidence is presented for irreversible loss of polymer as a result of aging. However, the surface recovery mechanisms are robust and, provided there is an adequate resting period, the hydrophobic properties recover. This supports the view, from service experience, that there is no substantial evidence to show that normal aging, unless it results in the exposure of the glass fiber core, detracts from the performance of insulators     

Flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators used for outdoorinsulation-I

Experimental results show that the contamination performance of silicone rubber composite insulators is better than porcelain insulators. This is attributed to the hydrophobicity of the silicone rubber. This suggests that the flashover mechanism of these insulators is different. This paper experimentally investigates contamination build-up, diffusion of low molecular weight (LMW) polymer chains, surface wetting, electrical field caused interaction between droplets, generation of conductive regions and filaments, field intensification caused spot discharge and the ultimate flashover of silicone rubber along wetted filaments. The studies resulted in a new flashover mechanism, which provides a better understanding of the superior performance of silicone rubber outdoor insulators. The results will be useful for the development of improved laboratory test procedures and to evaluate composite insulators' performance in contaminated conditions. The part of the paper describes an overview of the flashover mechanism and the diffusion of LMW polymer chains and wetting of the silicone rubber surface in detail     

不同运行年限复合绝缘子表面护套特性的研究

随着复合绝缘子运行年限的增长,有机材料的复合绝缘子会发生不可逆转的老化。伴随绝缘材料自身的性能的恶化,有可能影响电力系统的安全在线运行。为了进一步积累复合绝缘子安全运行的相关经验,特对可能存在安全隐患的110 kV叶氮清线及110 kV白氮线中不同运行年限的绝缘子共摘取3只进行抽检,研究不同运行年限后的复合绝缘子表面特性,对其进行了一系列的试验。研究内容包括绝缘子表面不同部位的憎水性分布、通过扫描电镜来分析绝缘子表面的污秽特征,以及通过离子成分分析,研究了污秽成分。试验研究表明,运行后的绝缘子的憎水性能出现不均匀分布,分析绝缘子表面的污秽成分,有助于了解该区域的污区特点,合理的制定防污措施。     

室温硫化硅橡胶涂料的老化及对策

室温硫化硅橡胶涂料绝缘子运行多年后,就会老化,从而使得室温硫化硅橡胶涂料失效.提出了室温硫化硅橡胶涂层老化及寿命的判断,以室温硫化硅橡胶涂料老化后的处理方法.为室温硫化硅橡胶涂料在电力系统的广泛应用管理提供了理论依据.     

广州电网复合绝缘子性能老化抽检分析

为研究广州电网复合绝缘子性能老化情况,进行了部分复合绝缘子的抽检试验。对抽检的5条线路47支复合绝缘子分别进行了外观检查、憎水性测试、工频干耐受电压试验、水煮试验后陡波试验、水煮后工频耐受电压试验、50%额定机械负荷耐受试验、密封性能试验及机械破坏性试验等测试,抽检结果表明复合绝缘子的性能老化问题应引起运行部门的重视。     

硅橡胶复合绝缘子运行寿命的试验研究

为评估运行中硅橡胶复合绝缘子安全寿命,提高供电可靠性,从上海电网中实际运行的线路上,选取运行年限>10a的110kV硅橡胶复合绝缘子作为试验研究样品绝缘子,通过对其表面特性及工频和冲击电压的试验研究,并辅助硅橡胶材料的微观试验,分析和探讨硅橡胶复合绝缘子运行寿命特性、电气和机械性能的综合因子老化规律,评估运行中硅橡胶复合绝缘子安全运行状态。研究结果表明:在硅橡胶材料表面特性正常的情况下,其工频和冲击电压试验的干、湿闪电压较接近并与外绝缘结构有关;当硅橡胶材料表面特性老化时,其干、湿闪络电压出现差值,表现出与材料表面特性有关。