基于超声波水浸点聚焦探头测量材料弹性模量的方法

弹性模量是表征与评定材料力学性能的基础,本文基于超声波斜入射至异质界面时的波型转换原理,提出了测量材料弹性模量的方法.当超声纵波以小于第一临界角的角度入射至材料时,可在材料的底面和水的界面产生反射纵波与反射横波.通过计算材料表面回波与反射纵波、反射横波之间的声时差,并结合材料的厚度值可计算得到材料的纵波声速与横波声速,进而获得弹性模量与泊松比的数值.本文对厚度约2 mm的轧制铝和镍试样进行了超声测量,结果表明:弹性模量、泊松比的测量值与理论值之间的相对误差分别小于2%,6%.     

光弹法研究固体圆柱横截面上的脉冲声场

为了研究超声脉冲波在钢、铁、铝等金属棒内的传播规律。检验已有的声学理论,采用和金属声速接近的光学玻璃为样品,当超声垂直于样品侧壁入射时,利用研制的动态光弹成像系统研究了玻璃园棒内超声脉冲纵波、横波、瑞利波声场的传播特性。自动记录了0—99．9μs时间内各种超声波声场在玻璃园棒横截面上的传播图像（时间间隔0．1μs）,由此来模拟超声脉冲波在金属棒横截面中的传播行为。     

PZT95／5铁电陶瓷的声速及力学参数研究

本文研究了高密度PZT95／5陶瓷的声速及基本力学参数。与低密度陶瓷的研究结果对比，显示陶瓷的制备方法对陶瓷的声速影响较大：随密度增加，陶瓷的声速线性增加。极化方向对陶瓷的声速也有影响，声波方向平行于极化方向的陶瓷纵波声速最大，横波声速最小。     

声弹性法测量铝合金预拉伸板中的应力

研究温度和应力对7050铝合金预拉伸板中的超声纵波、偏振横波和临界折射纵波传播速度的影响,并分析不同频率临界折射纵波在梯度应力场中的传播规律。结果表明:温度对声速的影响大于声弹效应的影响;单轴拉伸时,沿轴向传播的临界折射纵波、平行轴向偏振的横波的速度降低,垂直应力方向偏振横波的速度升高,垂直轴向传播的纵波速度变化不大;临界折射纵波的频率越高,其所反映的应力越接近表面;声弹性法测得的应力是声传播路径上各点应力在超声波造成的质点振动方向上分量的综合反映。     

纵波脉冲回波法和兰姆波法在表征薄层结构中的应用比较

介绍了两种常用的材料薄层超声表征方法——纵波脉冲回波法和兰姆波法。阐述了其基本原理，并结合实例比较了它们的应用情况、优缺点和适用条件等。纵波脉冲回波法简单易行，能够获得薄层厚度、声速和衰减等信息。但实验结果受薄层介质的声衰减和表面粗糙度影响较大，对探头的性能要求较高。兰姆波法主要用于表征薄板类材料，无需较高检测频率，可以测得板中纵波和横波的声速、板厚和板与板之间的结合特性等，检测精度较高。缺点是发射和接收探头之间的距离和倾斜角度需要严格控制，影响因素较多。     

Cu—Zr—Al系Cu基非晶合金弹性性能与团簇结构的相关性

利用超声水浸聚焦法测得团簇结构为Cu6Zr5和Cu8Zr5的非晶合金Cu54Zr42.5Al3.5 ,Cu58.1Zr35.9Al6的纵波及横波声速,基于克理斯托菲尔方程计算得到了上述非晶合金的弹性性能指标,并由此初步分析了弹性性能与合金团簇结构的内在联系,结果表明:两种团簇合金的声速及弹性模量变化规律为:Cu54Zr42.5Al35＜Cu58.1Zr35.9 Al6,且与团簇结构的化学有序度呈一致的变化规律.     

激光增材制造合金钢力学性能超声纵波定量无损评价

目的研究采用超声无损检测方法定量评价激光增材制造合金钢的布氏硬度和抗拉强度。方法通过搭建高精度超声纵波声时测量系统,采用脉冲反射回波法测量不同热处理状态激光增材制造24CrNiMo合金钢标定试件的超声纵波传播声时,计算超声纵波声速;在考虑激光增材制造合金钢各向异性和成形界面对超声纵波传播特性影响的基础上,研究标定试件微观组织对超声纵波声速的影响,建立标定试件激光扫描方向布氏硬度、抗拉强度、微观组织与超声纵波声速之间的映射关系。结果建立了超声纵波评价硬度及抗拉强度的标定模型,并对标定模型预测误差进行验证,硬度及抗拉强度标定模型预测误差均小于10%,满足工程应用误差指标要求。结论采用超声纵波声速可以实现激光增材制造合金钢硬度及抗拉强度的定量评价与表征。     

超声法研究Cu基块体非晶合金的弹性性能

用铜模吸铸法制备了直径为3mm的Cu基块体非晶合金,利用热分析方法测得了合金的热力学参数,采用超声水浸聚焦方法测得了合金的纵波及横波声速,由此计算并比较了不同成分含量块体非晶合金的弹性性能参数.发现不同成分含量合金的声速及弹性模量与玻璃转变温度Tg及约化晶化温度Tx/Tm的变化规律是一致的;同时随着第三组元Al含量的增加,弹性模量也呈现递增的趋势.     

(Nd0.75Na0.25)1-x(Nd0.5Ca0.5)xMnO3中电荷有序稳定性关系的超声研究

系统研究了（Nd0.75Na0.25）1-x（Nd0.5Ca0.5）xMnO3（x=0、0．25、0．5、0．75、1）单相多晶样品在低温下的电磁输运性质和超声特性．电阻和磁化率的测量表明所有样品均发生了电荷有序相变．随着钠掺杂量的增加，电荷有序相变温度（Tco）向低温移动同时低温端磁化强度增大，并且电荷有序态趋向于不稳定和短程化．超声纵波声速从室温开始随着温度的降低逐渐减小，在Tco之后声速急剧硬化．这种超声异常表明体系中存在着强烈的电-声子相互作用，该电-声子耦合来源于Mn^3＋的Jahn-Teller效应．对纵波模量软化部分的拟合显示，随着钠的掺入，反映Jahn-Teller效应大小的Jahn-Teller耦合能EJT变小．分析认为电荷失配效应是导致电荷有序被抑制和Jahn-Teller耦合能EJT变小的主要因素．     

聚丙烯/纳米蒙脱土复合材料的超声研究

文章对用溶体插层方法制备的聚丙烯／蒙脱土纳米复合材料进行了超声实验研究。对一组采用不同蒙脱土掺杂比及不同方法掺杂的样品用超声脉冲回波法和声显微法测量了在不同频率下的纵波、横波声速,计算了这组样品的剪切模量、杨氏模量、泊松比和声品质因数,并据此分析了材料的特点。     

Local elastic moduli of particle-filled B83 babbitt-based composite materials prepared by powder metallurgy techniques

We have measured local elastic moduli of particle-filled B83 babbitt-matrix composite materials produced by powder metallurgy techniques and containing silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic and modified shungite rock particles as fillers. The measurements were made by an optoacoustic laser method, whose basic principle is to determine the phase velocities of thermo-optically excited longitudinal and shear ultrasonic waves. The addition of 3 wt % of high-modulus SiC particles tends to increase the Young’s and shear moduli (by 10–12%) and decrease Poisson’s ratio (by 5%) relative to a hot-pressed B83 babbitt sample without fillers.     

The Thermal and Elastic Properties of Zinc Oxide-Based Ceramics at High Temperatures

The thermal conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient (TEC), and the propagation velocity of longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic waves in ZnO-based ceramics are investigated in the temperature range from 300 to 1200 K with a porosity from 1.5 to 21%. The Young, shear, and bulk moduli and the Poisson ratio are calculated from the data on the propagation velocities of ultrasonic waves. Formulas are suggested to calculate the investigated parameters as a function of temperature and porosity.     

Nondestructive evaluation of elastic parameters of sintered iron powder compacts

A systematic study of the variation of elastic moduli and Poisson's ratio of sintered iron compacts of porosity (up to 21.6%) has been carried out by measuring longitudinal and shear ultrasonic velocities. The variation of these parameters with porosity is compared with predictions of elasticity and scattering theories. Further, a linear relationship was observed between the elastic moduli and the ultrasonic velocities and the use of ultrasonic velocity as a predictor of elastic moduli is therefore recommended for porous materials.     

Low temperature-elastic moduli, Debye temperature and internal dilational and shear frictions of fused quartz

Longitudinal and transverse wave velocities, five kinds of elastic parameters (Young’s, shear and bulk moduli, Lame parameter, Poisson’s ratio), Debye temperature, and dilational and shear internal frictions for fused quartz were simultaneously measured over the temperature range from 73 to 400 K, using the ultrasonic pulse wave with frequency of 7.7 MHz. Large increase in Young’s and bulk moduli and small increase in shear modulus and Lame parameter suggest enhancement of rigidity for KI mode on heating. This would be explained by quasi-crystallization which is associated with a lateral motion of oxygen atoms and the resulting relief of macroscopic strains. The 99 and 137 K peaks and 360 K one in shear friction are probably related to dielectric loss peaks arising from Al3+–Na+ and Al3+–K+ substitutional–interstitial paired defects and to β1/β2-tridymite phase transition, respectively. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Ultrasonic properties of fluorosilicate glass-ceramics at cryogenic temperatures

The longitudinal ultrasonic wave velocity and attenuation, and shear wave velocity for machinable fluorosilicate glass-ceramic (MACOR) samples (regular shelf stock, annealed to 900°C, and 1000°C for 10 hrs) were measured as the functions of frequency and temperature with the pulse-echo method. The frequency and temperature range used were 5 MHz to 50 MHz, and 100 K to 300 K respectively. Both velocities for three samples decrease linearly with temperature, and the ultrasonic attenuation increases linearly with the frequency square, and decreases monotonically with increasing temperature. These data were used to calculate the elastic moduli, Lame parameter, and Poisson's ratio for the materials.     

Elastic properties of rubber particles in toughened PMMA: ultrasonic and micromechanical evaluation

Ultrasonic measurements and micromechanical models are used to evaluate elastic properties of rubber particles dispersed in toughened polymers. Ultrasonic phase velocities and attenuation spectra of rubber-toughened poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with different rubber particle fractions are measured for longitudinal as well as transverse waves. The ultrasonic properties of rubber-toughened PMMA are found to depend markedly on the rubber particle fraction. The bulk and shear moduli determined from the measured velocities are in turn used to estimate those moduli of the particles based on existing micromechanics models, namely the three-phase model and the Hashin–Shtrikman upper and lower bounds. The bulk modulus of the particle estimated by the three-phase model is found to be in close agreement with the result of previous investigators. Implications of the Hashin–Shtrikman bounds for the particle moduli are also examined.     

Non-destructive characterization of zirconia-toughened alumina ceramics using ultrasonics

Ultrasonics has been used for the characterization of sintered zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramics. The variation of ultrasonic velocity with volume fraction of zirconia in an alumina matrix was studied. Variation of ultrasonic velocity with volume fraction of ZrO₂ content was analysed in terms of a second-degree polynomial in the volume fraction of ZrO₂. The elastic moduli and Poisson's ratio evaluated from the longitudinal and shear velocities have also been described in terms of a similar equation. The observed variation in velocity and moduli with porosity has been compared with the predicted values based on elasticity theory.     

Characterization of a Polycrystalline Material with Laser-Excited Nonlinear Surface Acoustic Wave Pulses

High-amplitude nonlinear surface acoustic waves (SAWs) generated by laser pulses were observed in polycrystalline material (stainless steel), and the nonlinear acoustic parameters were evaluated. The velocities of bulk waves and the elastic moduli of the second order were determined by detecting the surface perturbations produced by longitudinal and shear bulk waves (precursors). Consequently, a consistent set of elastic and acoustic constants was obtained by performing all necessary measurements with the same sample using laser excitation and detection techniques.     

Temperature dependence of elastic and dielectric properties of (Bi2O3)1 − x(CuO)x oxide glasses

Oxide glasses with the general formula (Bi₂O₃)_{1 - x}(CuO)_x have been prepared by quick quenching technique. Their longitudinal and shear elastic moduli have been determined by measuring the corresponding ultrasonic wave velocities between 300 and 470 K, which are well below the glass transition temperature of this system. Temperature variation of ultrasonic velocity and attenuation exhibit anomalies around 435 K in glasses with x 0.3. A nonlinear behaviour is also reflected in the CuO concentration dependent dielectric constant curve around x = 0.3. These anomalies are interpreted in terms of a structural softening (or transformation) taking place in samples having CuO concentration above the critical value. The high dielectric constant of these glasses show very little increase with increase of temperature. Anomalies are also found in the temperature dependence of dielectric constant around 435 K. This behaviour is again considered to be associated with the softening of the glass network.     

Determination of dynamic elastic moduli and shear moduli of aged wood by means of ultrasonic devices

Due to ecological and environmental factors, re-using aged wood is becoming more and more important, also in applications where mechanical strength plays a central role. The aim of this study was to examine specific mechanical parameters of naturally aged and dried wood and to better understand the influence of aging on the elastic behaviour of wood. To this aim, measurements on boards and on small, clear wood specimens were carried out. Ultrasound velocities of longitudinal and, in some cases, of transversal waves were measured to determine dynamic elastic moduli and shear moduli. The measurements were performed on structural timber of aged Norway spruce (aged wood) and compared with specimens of recently cut and kiln dried timber of the same species (recent wood) as a reference with comparable density properties and average annual ring width. The measurements revealed higher values of dynamic elastic modulus for aged wood in the longitudinal and radial directions, but no significant difference was found in the tangential direction or in the shear moduli. It is supposed that the difference is more likely a consequence of variability in densities and the structure parameters (annual ring structure, microfibril angle, growth conditions) rather than a consequence of the wood age. The relation between the dynamic elastic modulus in the longitudinal direction and wood density was nearly the same for aged and recent wood specimens, so with increased prudence, grading methods developed for recent wood can also be applied for aged wood.