Simulation-Optimization Modeling for Sustainable Groundwater Development: A Moroccan Coastal Aquifer Case Study

A transient simulation model characterizing groundwater flow in the coastal aquifer of Rhis-Nekor was constructed and calibrated. The flow model was then used in conjunction with a genetic algorithm based optimization model to explore the optimal pumping schemes that meet current and future water demands while minimizing the risks for several adverse environmental impacts, such as saltwater intrusion prevention, avoiding excessive drawdown, as well as controlling waterlogging and salinity problems. Modeling results demonstrate the importance of this combined simulation-optimization methodology for solving groundwater management problems associated with the Rhis-Nekor plain.     

水厂生产废水回收工艺及其对出水水质的影响

通过总结国内外水厂生产废水回用的研究进展与运行经验 ,论述了该领域国内外存在的差距与需要注意的方面。并针对国内原水受到污染的现状 ,研究了污泥有机物含量较高对废水回用的影响 ,同时提出了相应的对策     

A Framework for Wastewater Reuse in Jordan: Utilizing a Modified Wastewater Reuse Index

Pressing water scarcity in Jordan rapidly increases the demands of marginal water resources for the agricultural sector. Water management studies reveal that no single source could fully solve the nation??s water shortage and many integrated actions are needed to ensure water availability, suitability and sustainability. Yet, among these options treated wastewater has the largest potential to augment water supply in the near future, thereby narrowing the gap between available freshwater and total demand. Indeed, treated wastewater could be a valuable source for irrigation in the agricultural sector and an increasing percentage of irrigated areas, especially in the Jordan Valley, are currently using treated wastewater. With a fast growing population and expansion of the irrigated areas to meet food demand, the pressure on water resources in Jordan remains of imminent importance. Hence, an urgent call to analyze the current and potential role of treated wastewater seems justified. Under the umbrella of the project on the Sustainable Management of Available Water Resources with Innovative Technologies (SMART) funded by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research in Germany, an investigation has been carried out in the Jordan Valley to estimate the current wastewater reuse quantities and the potential to increase its utility for agricultural production. In general, the reuse as percentage of total treatment is applied for national and international comparisons. Yet, this index is of limited use for policy decisions as it does not reflect potentialities of wastewater use. Therefore, this study introduces a wastewater reuse index (WRI) that reflects the actual proportion of wastewater reused from the total generated wastewater. We found that the WRI in Jordan steadily increased from 30% in 2004 to 38 in 2007. Efficient use of treated wastewater requires the application of new technologies in Jordan like dwellings connected to the sewer system, decentralization of treatment plants to rural and urban settlements and prevention of high evaporation rates from stabilization ponds.     

生活污水处理回用技术研究

研究了水解酸化 生物接触氧化 稳定塘工艺处理生活污水的主要技术参数及聚酯纺粘长丝布填料在生物接触氧化工艺中的特殊功能 ,认为该工艺在较高负荷下处理生活污水 ,出水可达《生活杂用水水质标准》(GJ2 5 1- 89)。     

石油污染物在滨海潜水层中的迁移预测

以山东滨海某人工填海区的原油储备库为例,选定石油污染组分溶解度为源强浓度,运用单向随流输移和一维扩散模型研究了地下水中石油污染物的运移规律.结果表明:①在单个油罐连续泄漏的情况下,石油污染组分在进入地下水后10 d、1个月、3个月、6个月、1 a、2 a和3 8后的运移距离分别为2.2、4.8、11.2、19.9、36.0、66.7m和96.6m;②石油一旦发生泄漏,在可能的条件下可采取包气带土层换填等措施来切断污染源;③在人工填海区,可以通过增加填埋黏土、加强场地碾压等措施人为改变水文地质条件,避免可能的污染.     

土壤水入渗补给数值模拟——以河北栾城为例

由于通过短时间尺度的土壤水动态监测数据难以准确获得土壤水入渗补给的规律,因此在中国地质科学院栾城试验场开展了长时间尺度(5 a)的土壤水动态监测试验,监测深度为340 cm。利用Hydrus-1D软件的双渗透(基质流区和大孔隙流区)模型进行数值模拟,并采用最小函数法对模型进行参数反演。为克服地表复杂的气象条件可能给模拟结果带来较大误差,选取140 cm深度为模型上边界。研究结果表明,基质流区(m)和大孔隙流区(F)土壤水动力特征参数n_m,n_F,α_m和α_F,大孔隙流区饱和导水系数K_sF对模型入渗补给量的灵敏性最高,并被选取为模型反演参数。 总体上,土壤体积含水量的模拟值能较好地拟合其实测值,其决定系数为0.78。地下水入渗补给速率具有年际变化特征,但在年内具有明显的季节性,即在雨季达到最大,然后缓慢减小。年均入渗补给速率为220 mm/a,其中由优先流引起的入渗补给量为211 mm/a,这表明地下水入渗补给以优先流为主。该研究成果可提高对地下水入渗补给规律的认识,同时可为地下水资源评价与农业节水管理等提供参考。     

Current Practice and Future Challenges in Coastal Aquifer Management: Flux-Based and Trigger-Level Approaches with Application to an Australian Case Study

The control of groundwater abstraction from coastal aquifers is typically aimed at minimizing the risk of seawater intrusion, excessive storage depletion and adverse impacts on groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Published approaches to the operational management of groundwater abstraction from regulated coastal aquifers comprise elements of “trigger-level management” and “flux-based management”. Trigger-level management relies on measured groundwater levels, groundwater salinities and/or ecosystem health indicators, which are compared to objective values (trigger levels), thereby invoking management responses (e.g. pumping cut-backs). Flux-based management apportions groundwater abstraction rates based on estimates of aquifer recharge and discharge (including environmental water requirements). This paper offers a critical evaluation of coastal aquifer management paradigms using published coastal aquifer case studies combined with a simple evaluation of the Uley South coastal aquifer, South Australia. There is evidence that trigger-level management offers advantages over flux-based approaches through the evaluation of real-time resource conditions and trends, allowing for management responses aimed at protecting against water quality deterioration and excessive storage depletion. However, flux-based approaches are critical for planning purposes, and are required to predict aquifer responses to climatic and pumping stresses. A simplified modelling analysis of the Uley South basin responses to different management strategies demonstrates the advantages of considering a hybrid management approach that includes both trigger-level and flux-based controls. It is recommended that where possible, trigger-level and flux-based approaches be adopted conjunctively to minimize the risk of coastal groundwater degradation and to underpin strategies for future aquifer management and well-field operation.     

再生水农业利用现状及其研究进展

水资源严重短缺已经成为制约我国经济社会可持续发展的瓶颈,而且受生态环境用水不断加强的影响,农业用水变的愈加紧张,再生水的农业利用是缓解这种紧张局势的重要举措之一.现详细总结了国内外再生水的农业利用现状,从再生水灌溉水质标准、再生水灌溉对作物生长、土壤及作物生长环境的影响、再生水灌溉技术及灌溉制度等几个方面论述了其研究进展;最后对再生水灌溉存在的问题及今后的重要研究方向进行了分析.     

信息融合型页岩气开采区含水层富水性预测——以凤冈区块为例

页岩气在开采过程中不但容易污染地下水资源,而且还需要大量的水资源来保障水力压裂技术的用水量,因此预测页岩气开采区的地下水富水性对于合理保护和利用页岩气开采区的地下水资源具有重要的意义。在总结岩溶地区含水层富水性主要控制因素的基础上,利用层次分析方法(AHP)建立了融合多源信息的含水层富水性评价模型,确定了因素权重,然后利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术的信息处理和空间展示功能制作了各富水性影响因素专题图,并对各专题图进行了信息融合叠加,最终完成了凤冈页岩气开采区的含水层富水性评价预测。基于GIS技术的信息融合型含水层富水性评价方法可以有效地反映含水层富水性这一受控于多因素影响且具有非常复杂形成机理的非线性动力现象,可为页岩气开采区的地下水资源利用与保护提供依据。     

Existence of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Tertiary Treated Urban Wastewater that is Utilized for Reuse Applications

Research on the effects of chemical pollution in the environment that is related to urban wastewaters?? discharge and reuse until recently was focused almost exclusively on conventional pollutants. During the last several years though there has been a growing level of concern related to the hypothesis that various chemicals may exhibit endocrine disrupting effects. In addition, thousands of tons of pharmacologically active substances are used annually ending up in the wastewaters. In many countries facing prolonged droughts and implementing wastewater reuse schemes for irrigation and groundwater discharge, the existence of xenobiotic compounds in the tertiary treated wastewaters constitutes a new concern. This study describes the application of a recently developed multi-residue method for the determination of 29 multi-class pharmaceuticals using off line solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography?Ctriple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC?CMS?CMS). The method was applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical residues at three sewage treatment plants in Cyprus serving major coastal Mediterranean cities. The presence of 19 pharmaceuticals was confirmed. For some of the compounds high concentrations were obtained for the final effluents (e.g. ofloxacin: 4.82 ??g/L, diclofenac: 5.51 ??g/L, carbamazepine: 27.27 ??g/L, metoprolol: 9.59 ??g/L). Concerning the elimination potential, what was derived from the study is that the biological treatment step contributes the most to the removal of the compounds while sand filtration and chlorination steps reduce slightly the residual concentrations.     

炼油废水的处理和回用进展

总结了国内外炼油废水深度处理和回用的研究与生产应用的现状及近 10年来处理炼油废水回用深度处理的一些新的工艺、技术和工业化应用的进展 ,指出了我国炼油废水回用的发展趋势     

CRI技术在污水资源化氨氮降解中的试验研究

随着城镇化水平的提高,城市杂用水量激增,污水资源化过程中传统的除氮成本又难以承受.试验采用人工快滤(CRI)技术,运用室内土柱模拟的方法,得出3种湿干比(3 h/9 h,6 h/18 h,8 h/40 h)条件下,渗滤介质不同的两土柱对氨氮的去除率分别为73.61％、69.68％、67.59％和79.57％、75.27％、71.38％;同一土柱相同湿干比条件下,运行时间越短氨氮去除率越高.试验结果对比得出人工土壤配比柱2优于柱1,说明选择合适的介质对污染物去除的重要性,而缩短运行周期对去除率的影响不很明显.     

CRI技术在污水资源化氨氮降解中的试验研究

随着城镇化水平的提高,城市杂用水量激增,污水资源化过程中传统的除氮成本又难以承受。试验采用人工快滤(CRI)技术,运用室内土柱模拟的方法,得出3种湿干比(3 h/9 h,6 h/18 h,8 h/40 h)条件下,渗滤介质不同的两土柱对氨氮的去除率分别为73.61%、69.68%、67.59%和79.57%、75.27%、71.38%;同一土柱相同湿干比条件下,运行时间越短氨氮去除率越高。试验结果对比得出人工土壤配比柱2优于柱1,说明选择合适的介质对污染物去除的重要性,而缩短运行周期对去除率的影响不很明显。     

Assessing Economic Feasibility of Managed Aquifer Recharge Schemes: Evidence from Cost-benefit Analysis in Poland

Water Resources Management - Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) schemes are promising solutions in water management. It is important to ensure the economic feasibility and viability of MAR schemes....     

A Spatial Non-Stationary Based Site Selection of Artificial Groundwater Recharge: a Case Study for Semi-Arid Regions

Water Resources Management - In this study, a methodology was developed for AGR assessment, including site selection, non-stationary kriging, numerical modeling, and the long-term supply and demand...     

Identification of the Saline Zone in a Coastal Aquifer Using Electrical Tomography Data and Simulation

A novel approach that borrows methods commonly used in environmental geophysics was developed for obtaining the estimates of the aquifer parameters. Specifically, estimates of hydraulic conductivity were obtained from field measurements of the electrical resistivity while accounting for the karsticity of the geological formations in the area of study. Geophysically determined hydraulic conductivity estimates were introduced to a 3-D groundwater numerical simulator (Princeton Transport Code – PTC) to compute the hydraulic heads distribution of the area of interest. The calibration of the numerical model was obtained matching the hydraulic-heads predicted by the simulator with the hydraulic-heads measured at specific well locations. Simulated hydraulic-heads were used with the Chyben-Herzberg equation to approximate the position of the sharp freshwater/saltwater interface of the base of the water supply aquifer. The existence of the faults impacts the groundwater flow and the distribution of the freshwater/saltwater interface.     

Problems of Management and Reuse of Waste Water in Agriculture

ABSTRACT

Responsibility for water resources is shared between the federal and provincial governments. Education is primarily a provincial responsibility, but the federal government does provide financial support to colleges and universities and is a major source of research funds for the Universities.

Training for water technicians is provided at community colleges. In universities, education programs oriented to water are available in engineering, science and social science. At the undergraduate level, students are introduced to a variety of water problems, but are not able to specialize in water. Specialization normally occurs during graduate programs. Several interdisciplinary graduate programs and research centres or institutes provide alternative ways for students and faculty to address water problems.

Water research attracts interest from the federal and provincial governments, the universities, and the private sector. The federal government provides nearly 75% of the funding for water research, and in turn consumes about 50% of available research funds. Measured in constant dollars, research funding for water has been decreasing in Canada during the 1980's. Water quality and protection was receiving over 50% of all research funds by the mid 1980's. Second in importance was research on the water cycle, although funding for that aspect of water research has fallen by over 20% since the mid 1960's.

The reality of fragmentation of responsibility for water and education, and the presence of diverse interests, suggests that a national strategy for water resources research is needed if resources are to be allocated and used effectively. The federal government needs to show initiative if a national strategy is to be developed.     

浙江省城市污水处理与回用战略对策

从浙江城市用水紧张与城市污水处理及回用设施水平整体滞后的实际出发 ,论述了城市污水处理及回用工程的基本思路 ,为浙江城市社会经济的可持续发展提出了不同时期的发展目标 ,并且进一步探索了推进城市污水处理及回用工程建设与发展的对策措施。     

造纸中段废水的循环利用研究

采用双段曝气过滤与气浮、快滤组合工艺对造纸中段废水的循环利用进行了工业性试验。并对曝气过滤的效果及稀土瓷砂和石英砂、无烟煤混合滤料的性能进行了试验研究。结果表明 ,该流程切实可行并具有良好的处理效果。