马铃薯淀粉的交联-聚合体化学修饰途径

The crosslink reaction is in fact from a commercial perspective the most reward ing reacting there is.It is used to adjust viscosity or rheology parameter in a large number of applications like p. e. the food or adhesives and textile printing. Crosslinked starches bind water in drilling fluids and meat products. Furthermore it gives food stuffs the desired texture. This is connected to the reinforcement of the granular structure when the crosslinking is carried out in suspension. This reinforced granule is now capable of withstanding process conditions and as such it gives the derivatives stability.     

马铃薯交联淀粉的研究进展

综述了马铃薯单一交联淀粉与复合交联淀粉的种类及性质特点,探讨今后制备马铃薯交联淀粉的趋势。     

谷氨酸制备马铃薯交联淀粉研究

以谷氨酸作交联剂制备马铃薯交联淀粉,对其制备条件进行研究,考察影响其交联效果因素。结果表明,谷氨酸制备马铃薯交联淀粉工艺条件为:谷氨酸用量5%、pH为8、反应温度45℃、反应时间90 min,在该条件下,制备马铃薯交联淀粉交联度最高。     

马铃薯交联淀粉的制备与结构表征

以三偏磷酸钠为交联剂,水分散法制备了马铃薯交联淀粉,应用红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和偏光显微镜等分析测试方法,观察和研究了不同取代度马铃薯交联淀粉的颗粒形貌及其结晶结构。结果表明,产物取代度随交联反应时间的延长而增大;交联反应主要发生在淀粉分子的无定形区,在结晶区也有一定程度的反应;随着取代度的增大,淀粉中受侵蚀的颗粒增多,颗粒表面的小凹痕数量明显增加,部分颗粒表面变粗糙,颗粒内部出现凹陷甚至爆裂;交联淀粉的偏光十字清晰易见;1 017.08cm-1的吸收峰强度加强,证实在淀粉中引入了磷酸根基团。     

马铃薯交联淀粉的制备及性能研究

以马铃薯淀粉为原料,以环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,通过正交实验研究了交联剂用量、NaOH用量、反应温度、反应时间对溶胀度的影响;并对不同的交联度产品进行了黏度热稳定性、耐酸性、耐碱性和抗剪切能力的测定。结果表明:交联剂用量是影响反应的最主要因素;交联改性能显著提高淀粉的黏度热稳定性、耐酸性、耐碱性和抗剪切能力。     

马铃薯交联淀粉的制备工艺条件优化

以马铃薯淀粉为原料,六偏磷酸钠为交联剂,制备了低交联度的马铃薯交联淀粉。通过单因素试验和正交试验确定了马铃薯交联淀粉的最佳制备工艺条件。试验结果表明:马铃薯交联淀粉交联度的影响因素从大到小依次为:反应温度、反应时间、马铃薯淀粉质量分数、六偏磷酸钠用量。最佳工艺条件为六偏磷酸钠质量分数0.3%,反应温度55℃,马铃薯淀粉质量分数20%,反应时间160min,此条件下可制得沉降积为2.32ml的马铃薯交联淀粉。     

高交联马铃薯淀粉非晶化特性研究

研究了以三氯氧磷为交联剂的高交联马铃薯淀粉的制备方法,报道了高交联马铃闰随反应承代度增加而逐渐非晶化的现象,同时,采用偏光显生镜和广角Ｘ－射线衍射对其由多晶态向非晶态的渐变过程进行了研究,提出主交联马铃薯淀粉存在着不同于原淀粉多晶颗粒态的只含无定形结构的非晶颗态。对非晶颗粒态高交联马铃薯淀粉颗粒的粒度分布的进一步研究还表明,此时的淀粉颗粒发生了轻度有限的膨胀。     

高交联马铃薯淀粉非糊化特性研究

研究了以三氯氧磷为交联剂制备非糊化的高交联马铃薯淀粉的方法，测定了反应的取代度和布拉班德粘度曲线，研究了在沸水中受热后非糊化淀粉的颗粒形貌及粒度分布等特性。提出高交联非糊化马铃薯淀粉存在着不同于原淀粉颗粒的沸水中只发生轻度有限溶胀的非糊化颗粒态。     

微波法制备马铃薯交联淀粉的工艺研究

以马铃薯淀粉为原料,六偏磷酸钠为交联剂,微波法制备了低交联度的马铃薯交联淀粉。通过单因素试验确定微波功率420 W,对其他因素进行了正交试验优化,得到了微波法制备马铃薯交联淀粉的较佳工艺条件。试验结果表明：马铃薯交联淀粉交联度的影响因素从大到小依次为：马铃薯淀粉质量分数、pH值、六偏磷酸钠质量分数、微波时间;最优工艺条件为马铃薯淀粉质量分数30%,pH11,六偏磷酸钠质量分数0.6%,微波时间40 s,在此条件下可制得沉降积为4.18 ml的马铃薯交联淀粉。     

琥珀酸酯化低交联马铃薯淀粉的性质研究

本文对自制的琥珀酸酯化马铃薯淀粉、琥珀酸酯化低交联马铃薯淀粉和马铃薯原淀粉的RVA图谱、透明度、凝沉稳定性、冻融稳定性和显微形态进行对比研究.结果表明:同单纯酯化相比较,交联后再酯化有利于稳定其糊化温度和粘度,可提高马铃薯淀粉的透明度、凝沉稳定性和冻融稳定性,酯化反应对淀粉颗粒的损伤主要产生在淀粉表面.     

反相悬浮法红薯淀粉/丙烯酸接枝反应工艺研究

采用反相悬浮法以淀粉接枝丙烯酸合成吸水性树脂;探讨单体与淀粉质量配比、交联剂、引发剂、油水体积比、单体中和度等因素对树脂吸水率影响,通过单因素和正交实验得到最优工艺条件:单体与淀粉质量配比5∶1、交联剂用量0.122 g、引发剂用量1.3 g、油水体积比1.3∶1、单体中和度70%;聚合物在自来水中最大吸液倍率为95 g/g,且产品具有良好吸水速率。     

三偏磷酸钠高交联马铃薯淀粉非糊化特征研究

研究了以三偏磷酸钠为交联剂制备非糊化的高交联马铃薯淀粉的方法;测定了反应的取代度和布拉班德粘度曲线,提出高交联马铃薯淀粉与原淀粉颗粒不同,在沸水中只发生轻微溶胀,呈非糊化颗粒态。     

马铃薯交联酯化变性淀粉在酸奶中的应用

本文研究的马铃薯交联酯化变性淀粉成为酸奶的重要添加剂,会起到增加黏稠度,增强滑爽感,增加乳固形物和防止乳清分离作用,具有类脂质地,黏稠度稳定,添加工艺简单,跟其它亲水胶类比较成本低等优点.此种交联酯化淀粉是专门为酸奶量身定做的一种化学变性淀粉,可以耐酸奶的加工条件和运输贮存过程对酸奶的破坏.通过不同程度的变性淀粉和不同来源的变性淀粉的应用实验证明此种马铃薯变性淀粉的优越性.     

马铃薯交联酯化变性淀粉在酸奶中的应用

本文研究的马铃薯交联酯化变性淀粉成为酸奶的重要添加剂,会起到增加黏稠度,增强滑爽感,增加乳固形物和防止乳清分离作用,具有类脂质地,黏稠度稳定,添加工艺简单,跟其它亲水胶类比较成本低等优点.此种交联酯化淀粉是专门为酸奶量身定做的一种化学变性淀粉,可以耐酸奶的加工条件和运输贮存过程对酸奶的破坏.通过不同程度的变性淀粉和不同来源的变性淀粉的应用实验证明此种马铃薯变性淀粉的优越性.     

氯化钠和蔗糖对甘薯淀粉磷酸单酯性质的影响

研究了氯化钠和蔗糖对甘薯淀粉磷酸单酯糊性质的影响,结果表明,氯化钠会使糊的透明度降低,凝沉倾向显著增加,冻融稳定性变差,表观粘度明显降低;而蔗糖则使糊透明度提高,凝沉性减弱,冻融稳定性显著提高,表观粘度有不同程度增大。     

Substituent distribution within cross-linked and hydroxypropylated sweet potato starch and potato starch

Revealing the substituents distribution within starch can help to understand the changes of starch properties after modification. The distribution of substituents over cross-linked and hydroxypropylated sweet potato starch was investigated and compared with modified potato starch. The starches were cross-linked with sodium trimetaphosphate and/or hydroxypropylated with propylene oxide. The native and modified starches were gelatinized and hydrolysed by pullulanase, β-amylase, α-amylase and a combination of pullulanase, α-amylase and amyloglucosidase. The hydrolysates were analysed by HPSEC, HPAEC and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Cross-linking had only a slight effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis, where hydroxypropylation evidently limited the enzymatic hydrolysis. The results obtained suggest that the hydroxypropyl substituents are not distributed regularly over the starch chains. Although the average substitution was around 2 hydroxypropyl groups per 10 glucose units, in the enzyme digests of hydroxypropylated starches, oligomer fragments of 10–15 glucose units, carrying 5–8 hydroxypropyl groups, were identified. It is hypothesised that higher levels of substituents are present in the amorphous regions and periphery of clusters of starch granules. This is the first time that the location of hydroxypropyl groups within sweet potato starch has been examined in this detail. Despite significant differences in granule architecture between starches from potato and sweet potato, similar patterns of hydroxypropylation have been found.     

The effects of acetylated potato starch and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose on the quality of instant fried noodles

The objective of this study has been to investigate the effects of two ingredients i) acetylated potato starch (APS) and ii) sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the textural attributes and eating quality of instant noodles. Using low-protein soft wheat flour (Australian Soft) as the base material, samples of noodles incorporating varying proportions of APS and CMC were evaluated for product texture, colour and fat uptake. The variables were studied using a central composite design and textural characteristics were assessed using the TA-XT2, colour by the Minolta Chroma Meter. The results were analyzed by response surface methodology and showed that the two variables enhance the hardness and reduce adhesive values of cooked instant noodles. Electron microscopy also demonstrated the development of a more continuous network structure within the noodles. The addition of CMC had weakened the noodle inner structure and reduced the cohesiveness values of the cooked instant noodles. In contrast, APS provides hardness but does not affect cohesiveness. Marginal observable difference was found in product colour for the various treatment combinations, with a slightly dull appearance, viz less white and less yellow compared with the control. Trials to produce the lowest fat uptake rating indicated that 10% APS was optimal. The results may provide a basis for modifying formulations for use with low-protein soft wheat flours to provide eating quality and colour attributes to meet the preferences of specific customer groups. The conclusion of this study is that the combined use of APS and CMC primarily affects the textural attributes of hardness and adhesiveness rather than the other quality parameters of instant noodle that have been assessed. In addition, APS has the potential to enhance the performance of low-protein soft wheat flours for instant noodle manufacture.     

Utilization of rice starch with gums in Asian starch noodle preparation as substitute for sweet potato starch

Starch noodles were produced using a medium grain rice starch in the presence of various gums, and physical properties of the noodles were compared with sweet potato starch noodle. Pasting viscosity of the rice starch was lower than that of sweet potato starch (830 vs. 1,618 cp as peak viscosity). The peak viscosity, however, was increased by the addition of gums (0.1% based on dispersion), and especially xanthan was the most effective in increasing the peak viscosity (1,478 cp). The cooking loss for the rice starch noodles (1.5 mg/mL), greater than that for the sweet potato starch noodle (0.2 mg/mL), was effectively reduced to 0.8 and 0.9 mg/mL, respectively, by the addition of locust bean gum (LBG) and curdlan. The addition of LBG or gellen gum also increased the hardness of the rice noodles. Aging (extended retrogradation) the noodles was effective in reducing the cooking loss and improving the textural properties of the rice starch noodles. The combination of the gum addition (like LBG) and aging of the rice starch noodle might be useful for utilizing rice starch as a substitute for sweet potato starch in Asian noodle preparation.     

Biosynthesis of starch; identification of potato starch enzymes

Two important starch enzymes, granule-bound starch synthase and branching enzyme, were purified from potato tubers and characterized by immunological comparison with the corresponding enzymes of other plants. Granule-bound starch synthase was identified as a 60-kd protein homologous to the corresponding enzymes of maize and amaranth; the enzyme was missing in amylose-free potato starch granules. Branching enzyme of potato tubers was purified as a single protein species of 79 kd which appeared to be homologous to maize branching enzyme I, but much less to branching enzymes IIa and IIb.