燃煤机组超低排放改造对汞排放的影响

针对超低排放课题下汞排放的研究,采用标准安大略法对浙江某发电厂两台燃煤机组实施烟气超低排放改造并对改造前后进行汞排放测试,着重分析了超低排放改造后污染控制设备的协同脱汞作用。结果表明总汞脱除率得到了显著提高,主要是改变了烟气汞形态分布,提升了Hg~(2+)比例;SCR(催化还原脱硝)影响汞的形态分布,但不改变总汞含量;ESP(电除尘)能够大量地降低汞浓度;WFGD(温法脱硫)对气相中氧化汞的脱除效果较好,WFGD对Hg~0没有脱除效果。从测试结果来看,两台机组总汞脱除效率平均提升了13.9%,Hg~(2+)比例平均提升153.9%。证实了利用超低排放技术改造后污染物控制设备(除尘装置、脱硝装置、脱硫装置)协同脱汞是比较经济有效的措施。     

静电除尘器和湿法烟气脱硫装置对烟气汞形态的影响与控制

利用安大略标准方法和在线汞监测技术对6套典型燃煤电站锅炉静电除尘器(ESP)和湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)装置前后烟气汞的浓度及形态进行了测试,并研究了2种装置对烟气汞形态转化的影响及其汞控制能力.结果表明:ESP对飞灰的捕获直接降低了烟气中颗粒汞的比例,从已测试的典型燃煤锅炉来看,ESP前的燃煤烟气中颗粒汞的平均比例在30%左右,经ESP后颗粒汞所占比例降至5%左右;经WFGD装置洗涤后,烟气中汞的形态发生了较大的改变,二价汞基本被捕获,进入WFGD装置的烟气中二价汞的比例越高,WFGD装置对烟气汞的脱除效率也越高.配置有选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝装置+ESP+WFGD尾部烟气处理装置的燃煤电厂,能够很好地控制燃煤烟气汞的排放.     

燃煤电厂脱硫系统的脱汞特性研究

作为未来潜在的多污染物排放控制装置,烟气脱硫系统对汞赋存价态和脱除效率的影响成为目前汞污染控制研究的热点.对2种具有代表性的脱硫系统[湿法脱硫(WFGD)和新型整体一体化脱硫(NID)]进行了汞测试.试验结果表明:WFGD系统对烟气中氧化态汞的脱除效率达到74.68%,但对烟气中单质汞的脱除效率很差,氧化态汞在全汞中所占的比例是决定WFGD全汞脱除效率的关键因素;NID系统对烟气中单质汞的脱除效率高达99.97%,对氧化汞的脱除效率为79.03%,对总汞的脱除效率是83.52%,这说明NID系统可以非常有效地控制燃煤电厂汞的排放.     

基于多物流测试的循环流化床锅炉汞迁移和排放特性研究

在某额定蒸发量为410t/h的循环流化床(CFB)锅炉上对Hg的迁移排放特性进行了研究。采用OHM法对静电除尘器(ESP)前、后和湿法脱硫塔(WFGD)后烟气中的Hg进行了取样分析,分别对各电厂的入炉燃料、底渣、飞灰、石膏、脱硫废水、新鲜浆液和清洗水等进行了多物流取样测试,并建立了质量平衡。结果表明:Hg的质量平衡率为101.10%~117.58%,测试结果具有良好的可靠性;迁移至飞灰中的Hg最多,占总排放Hg的70.95%;有27.37%的Hg排放到大气环境中,且以气相元素Hg为主;ESP和WFGD对Hg的脱除效率分别为58.1%和36.2%,CFB电厂配备的ESP+WFGD装置对烟气中Hg的排放有很好的控制能力。     

湿法烟气脱硫系统的脱汞性能研究

通过测量湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)系统进出口烟气中汞的浓度,考察了采用NH3·H2O、NaOH、Na2CO3、Ca(OH)2、CaCO3等5种脱硫荆时系统的脱汞性能,并在脱硫液中添加KMnO4,Fenton试荆、K2S2O8/CuSO4、Na2S进行试验.结果发现:燃煤烟气中气态总汞主要成分是单质汞,二价汞所占比例不超过40%;常规WFGD系统能高效脱除烟气中的气态二价汞(Hg2+),脱除效率高达81. %～92.60%,而对气态总汞的脱除效率仅为13.27%～18.26%,经WFGD系统后单质汞略有增加;脱硫剂种类对脱汞效果影响不明显,提高液气比有利于提高WFGD系统的脱汞效率;KMnO4、Fenton试剂、K2SzO8/CuSO4和Na2S等添加剂均可提高脱汞效率,但不同添加剂的效果有所不同,其中Na:S效果最为显著,脱汞效率最高可达67%.     

超低排放机组协同脱汞效益研究

采用安大略法对3台典型工艺路线的机组烟气汞浓度进行测试,研究超低排放机组汞排放水平和电除尘器、高效湿法脱硫装置、湿式电除尘器及烟气冷却器等污染物控制设备的协同脱汞效果.研究结果表明:超低排放改造后,燃用低汞煤的机组汞排放浓度为1.06～3.13μg/m3,总汞脱除效率为67.9％～88.7％;电除尘器的总汞脱除效率为24.5％～33.3％,其中颗粒汞和氧化汞的脱除效果较好,元素汞的脱除效率相对较低;湿法脱硫装置的总汞脱除效率主要取决于烟气中氧化汞的占比,测试机组脱硫系统总汞脱除率为52.6％～63.1％;湿式电除尘器的脱汞效率为59.2％,其中氧化汞具有较好的水溶性而几乎全部被脱除;烟气冷却器在回收冷凝水的同时,也有一定的协同脱汞效果.     

SCR氮氧化物脱除系统对燃煤烟气汞形态的影响

通过标准安大略方法测试分析了某300唧机组的选择性催化还原(Selective Catalvtic Reduction,SCR)脱硝系统前后烟气汞形态分布,结合SCR反应脱除氮氧化物(NOx)的化学原理,着重研究了SCR系统对燃煤烟气汞形态的影响.研究表明,SCR催化荆(V2O5-WO3(MoO3)/TiO2)对烟气中的汞的吸附作用较小,不影响烟气总汞浓度.但经SCR后,气态汞的形态发生了较大的改变,Hg0浓度从49.01%降至7.30%;而Hg2+浓度由38.96%上升至82.67%SCR系统中的NH3对汞形态转化没有作用,主要通过系统催化作用下的Cl-Deacon反应弄口中间体(氧化汞)完成HCl对Hg0氧化,最终形成HgCl2.     

300MWCFB锅炉配套半干法烟气脱硫的汞排放试验研究

某300 MW循环流化床(CFB)锅炉采用炉内脱硫、SNCR、预电除尘器和烟气循环流化床半干法脱硫装置实现了超低排放。对不同工况下不同位置的烟气汞浓度和灰渣等固体副产物中的汞含量进行测试分析,研究结果表明:燃煤在循环流化床锅炉燃烧产生的汞主要以气态汞和颗粒汞形式存在;锅炉负荷提高,烟气中气态汞和颗粒汞浓度均有所提高,炉内脱硫对原始汞排放特性几乎没有影响;烟气循环流化床半干法脱硫装置可脱除71%～77%的气态汞和86%～88%的颗粒汞;采用预电除尘器与烟气循环流化床半干法脱硫结合的超低排放路线,总汞脱除率可达到82%～87%,使烟囱排放的汞浓度不高于1.5μg/m~3。副产物分析结果表明,烟气中脱除的汞主要富集于粉煤灰和半干法脱硫灰中。     

燃煤电厂现有污染物控制设备对汞形态转化和脱除研究

概述了目前燃煤电厂主流的污染物控制设备SCR脱硝装置、除尘设备和湿法脱硫装置中汞形态转化及污染物控制设备对汞的脱除的研究现状.指出SCR催化剂促进元素态汞的氧化,除尘设备和湿法脱硫装置对汞有一定的脱除作用.认为在除尘设备上游喷入低廉而高效的脱汞吸附剂和发展WFGD脱硫脱汞吸附剂是2015已建成电厂脱汞具有前景的烟气污染物控制技术.     

混燃石油焦CFB锅炉汞排放特性研究

为研究烟煤与石油焦混燃的循环流化床锅炉汞的迁移排放特性,采用安大略法(OHM)对机组布袋除尘器(FF)前后和湿法脱硫装置(WFGD)后的烟气进行取样,并同时对入炉燃料、飞灰、脱硫浆液、清洗水、石膏和脱硫废水进行了取样并分析。通过汞的质量平衡核算得到了汞在燃煤副产物中的分配比例以及汞的迁移排放特性。结果表明:飞灰中排放的汞占总汞排放的62.31%,大约30.38%的汞排放到大气中。FF可以高效地脱除颗粒态汞,对总汞的脱除率可达67.36%。WFGD对可溶性的二价汞脱除性能较好,对总汞的脱除率达24.24%。单质汞的排放因子远大于氧化汞,说明电厂大气汞的排放主要以单质汞为主。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.