某电厂锅炉烟气参数测试及分析

某火力发电厂计划时2~#锅炉进行低温省煤器改造,为了了解改造前空气预热器出口至除尘器入口烟道内烟气流量分布及温度分布规律,为低温省煤器改造提供设计参考,对2~#锅炉烟气流量进行测试。主要介绍了在2~#锅炉测试过程中烟气参数测量的测点布置、测量方法、试验数据分析及试验结论,为锅炉的低温省煤器改造提供设计参考数据。     

焚烧炉-余热锅炉系统运行性能试验研究

针对现役老旧垃圾焚烧机组效率低、能耗大的技术问题,选取三台同类型垃圾焚烧发电机组为研究对象,试验研究并分析三台机组焚烧炉-余热锅炉性能及烟气净化设备漏风情况,定量计算焚烧炉-余热锅炉效率及各项热损失分布,探索三台机组运行的差异.结果表明:导致老旧机组焚烧炉-余热锅炉效率偏低的直接原因是排烟温度过高,根本原因是燃用的生活...     

基于ASME及GB能量平衡法下锅炉热效率不确定度评定及敏感性分析

研究了ASME PTC4-2013标准和GB10184-2015的热效率计算方法以及不确定度计算理论,分别建立锅炉热效率及不确定度计算的理论模型,并以某350 MW机组超临界煤粉锅炉的热效率试验为例,对热效率结果进行了不确定度评定,研究各因素测量不确定度对锅炉热效率测试不确定度的贡献。结果表明:采用ASME试验标准,锅炉热效率测量试验质量高于GB标准;ASME标准下排烟温度测量不确定度分量、飞灰可燃物不确定度分量所占锅炉热效率合成不确定度权重值大于GB标准;ASME标准下空预器出口氧量测量不确定度分量所占锅炉热效率合成不确定度权重值小于GB标准;无论是ASME标准还是GB标准,排烟温度测量不确定度分量、空预器出口氧量测量不确定度分量均远大于其他测量参数不确定度分量;为了降低锅炉热效率不确定度,提高测试质量的途径应在试验设计与实施阶段优化对重要因素测量仪器的精度选择及测点布置。     

焚烧炉—余热锅炉系统不同负荷下运行能效与分析

针对现役垃圾焚烧发电机组效率低、能耗大的技术难题,现场测试不同负荷下机组主要运行参数,定量分析不同负荷下焚烧炉—余热锅炉能效及热损失分布,根据不同负荷下能效计算结果分析机组存在问题的根本原因。结果表明：100%最大连续出力(MCR)、85%MCR及75%MCR负荷下,焚烧炉—余热锅炉效率均较低,分别为77.44%、76.85%及76.59%,造成焚烧炉—余热锅炉效率偏低的主要原因为排烟温度过高,导致排烟热损失较大。100%MCR、85%MCR及75%MCR负荷下,系统总热量中排烟热损失所占比例分别为19.12%、19.68%、19.76%。针对排烟温度过高的问题,现场测试机组尾部换热设备性能,结果表明：由于机组运行年限较长,机组尾部换热设备换热性能变差。不同负荷下过热器的余热利用率仅为34.91%～37.84%,100%负荷下,实测过热器的余热利用率比设计值低4.58%,实测省煤器的余热利用率较设计值低12.64%。研究结果对焚烧炉—余热锅炉系统运行优化及尾部换热设备的改造具有参考意义。     

电站锅炉风机运行效率试验不确定度分析

电站锅炉风机效率试验是日常工作中常做的一项试验,随着对试验的要求的精细化,试验结果准确程度也越来越被重视.以新疆华电喀什发电有限责任公司4#炉风机效率试验结果为依据介绍了不确定度在实际中的评定方法.计算结果表明影响锅炉风机效率测试结果不确定度的主要有出口动压、出口静压、大气压力、电机功率4个变量.     

电站锅炉风机运行效率试验不确定度分新

电站锅炉风机效率试验是日常工作中常做的一项试验,随着对试验的要求的精细化,试验结果准确程度也越来越被重视。以新疆华电喀什发电有限责任公司4“炉风机效率试验结果为依据介绍了不确定度在实际中的评定方法。计算结果表明影响锅炉风机效率测试结果不确定度的主要有出口动压、出口静压、大气压力、电机功率4个变量。     

垃圾焚烧电厂机组运行性能对比试验研究

为研究3台老旧垃圾焚烧机组的运行性能,现场实测3台机组的主要运行参数,定量计算各项热损失,对比分析3台机组焚烧炉-余热锅炉及烟气净化设备性能。结果表明：A、B、C 3台机组实测焚烧炉-余热锅炉效率分别为77.44%,80.14%和82.70%,效率偏低的主要原因为燃用的生活垃圾热值高于机组设计垃圾热值导致排烟温度过高;机组各项热损失中,排烟热损失所占比例最大,其次为炉渣热损失;3台机组排烟热损失分别占总热损失的84.79%,74.21%及76.58%;B机组半干式反应塔漏风率最大（8.56%）,C机组最小（2.90%）;3台机组布袋除尘器漏风率均偏大,分别为12.12%,6.54%及11.23%,远高于其设计值（2%）。     

330 MW机组加装低压省煤器效果分析

排烟热损失是锅炉最大的热损失,降低锅炉烟气温度是锅炉节能的一个重要途径。通过对1台330 MW机组增加低压省煤器的设计方案进行介绍,并对测试参数进行分析比较发现,在300 MW负荷时,低压省煤器的的运行参数基本达到设计要求,投入低压省煤器比退出低压省煤器可降低热耗率34.82 kJ/kWh,折合降低煤耗约1.32g/kWh,投低压省煤器相对未投低压省煤器,脱硫塔入口平均粉尘浓度降低约50%。燃煤机组通过增加低压省煤器不仅降低烟气温度,降低锅炉煤耗及降低脱硫喷水量,还可以提高除尘器的除尘效率,以适应越来越严格的粉尘浓度要求。     

600MW墙式对冲燃煤锅炉燃烧数值模拟

为了得到精确的SCR脱硝系统烟气参数(如速度、温度和NO_x浓度),建立了从锅炉炉膛到省煤器出口的全系统研究模型,对某600 MW亚临界对冲燃煤锅炉进行了数值模拟,将旋流燃烧器与炉膛作为一个计算域来模拟,过热器、再热器和省煤器等区域的受热面换热采用用户自定义函数(UDF)进行处理,得到了整个锅炉的速度场、温度场、NO_x体积分数以及省煤器出口的烟气参数。结果表明:省煤器出口的烟气参数分布不均匀,采用省煤器出口参数作为SCR脱硝系统设计或优化的条件,有利于提高脱硝效率、降低氨逃逸率。     

1t／h医疗垃圾焚烧炉热力性能研究

本文介绍了处理量为1t／h的医疗垃圾焚烧炉的结构和参数。得到了混合燃料热值和成分、助燃燃料量、烟气停留时间、焚烧炉蒸发量的计算公式。采用校核方法,对垃圾热值变化、水分变化和垃圾处理量变化时焚烧炉的热力特性进行了计算,分析了各参数的变化规律。计算表明,垃圾热值提高,蒸发量、焚烧炉效率提高,理论燃烧温度、管束出口烟温、排烟温度和热空气温度也提高,但提高幅度不同;垃圾水分增加时,焚烧炉蒸发量、效率、理论燃烧温度、管束出lz？烟温、排烟温度和热空气温度降低;蒸发量、焚烧炉效率随垃圾处理量的增加而增加,绝热燃烧温度基本不变,管柬出口烟温、排烟温度和热空气温度略有增加。     

炼油过程余热回收热电联产系统综合用能效率分析

对大连石化公司自备电厂锅炉和汽轮发电机组进行全面的测试,在此基础上进行了锅炉正、反平衡计算,汽轮机机相对内效率、汽轮机械效率和汽机发电机效率的计算,综合各项数据,得出了热电厂余热资源的综合热效率,并分析了热效率低的原因。     

Performance analysis of a double-pass thermoelectric solar air collector

The thermoelectric (TE) solar air collector, sometimes known as the hybrid solar collector, generates both thermal and electrical energies simultaneously. A double-pass TE solar air collector has been developed and tested. The TE solar collector was composed of transparent glass, air gap, an absorber plate, thermoelectric modules and rectangular fin heat sink. The incident solar radiation heats up the absorber plate so that a temperature difference is created between the thermoelectric modules that generates a direct current. Only a small part of the absorbed solar radiation is converted to electricity, while the rest increases the temperature of the absorber plate. The ambient air flows through the heat sink located in the lower channel to gain heat. The heated air then flows to the upper channel where it receives additional heating from the absorber plate. Improvements to the thermal and overall efficiencies of the system can be achieved by the use of the double-pass collector system and TE technology. Results show that the thermal efficiency increases as the air flow rate increases. Meanwhile, the electrical power output and the conversion efficiency depend on the temperature difference between the hot and cold side of the TE modules. At a temperature difference of 22.8 °C, the unit achieved a power output of 2.13 W and the conversion efficiency of 6.17%. Therefore, the proposed TE solar collector concept is anticipated to contribute to wider applications of the TE hybrid systems due to the increased overall efficiency.     

通道式分离器特性的研究

选用玻璃扮作分离物料，对新型通道式分离器在冷态条件下的分离特性进行实验研究，考察了分离器进口风速和物料浓度对分离器分离效率和阻力损失的影响。实验还考察了分级分离效率，在速度19m／s、浓度480g／m^3的条件下，分离器的切割粒径d50约为7．2μm。结果表明：通道式分离器具有结构紧凑、性能优越的特点，适用于循环流化床锅炉。图8表1参4     

工业锅炉能效及其计算方法

本文提出工业锅炉能效的定义及能效计算方法，就国内关于锅炉净效率的计算方法作了归纳，然后通过两个计算示例对工业锅炉热效率、净效率和能效的计算方法及相互关系进行分析讨论，得出几点结论意见     

气冷涡轮效率定义方法探讨

针对气冷涡轮效率定义方法进行了研究,首先介绍了几种常用的气冷涡轮效率定义,即气动热力学效率和涡轮级效率,并对这几种气冷涡轮效率定义进行了比较分析,最后以某一双级高压涡轮为例,分析了不同气冷涡轮效率定义方法对计算结果的影响。     

An estimation of the energy and exergy efficiencies for the energy resources consumption in the transportation sector in Malaysia

The purpose of this work is to apply the useful energy and exergy analysis models for different modes of transport in Malaysia and to compare the result with a few countries. In this paper, energy and exergy efficiencies of the various sub-sectors are presented by considering the energy and exergy flows from 1995 to 2003. Respective flow diagrams to find the overall energy and exergy efficiencies of Malaysian transportation sector are also presented. The estimated overall energy efficiency ranges from 22.74% (1999) to 22.98% (1998) with a mean of 22.82±0.06%$22.82\pm 0.06\%$ and that of overall exergy efficiency ranges from 22.44% (2000) to 22.82% (1998) with a mean of 22.55±0.12%$22.55\pm 0.12\%$. The results are compared with respect to present energy and exergy efficiencies in each sub-sector. The transportation sector used about 40% of the total energy consumed in 2002. Therefore, it is important to identify the energy and exergy flows and the pertinent losses. The road sub-sector has appeared to be the most efficient one compared to the air and marine sub-sectors. Also found that the energy and exergy efficiencies of Malaysian transportation sector are lower than that of Turkey but higher than Norway.     

Energy and exergy efficiencies in Turkish transportation sector, 1988–2004

This study aims at examining energy and exergy efficiencies in Turkish transportation sector. Unlike the previous studies, historical data is used to investigate the development of efficiencies of 17 years period from 1988 to 2004. The energy consumption values in tons-of-oil equivalent for eight transport modes of four transportation subsectors of the Turkish transportation sector, including hard coal, lignite, oil, and electricity for railways, oil for seaways and airways, and oil and natural gas for highways, are used. The weighted mean energy and exergy efficiencies are calculated for each mode of transport by multiplying weighting factors with efficiency values of that mode. They are then summed up to calculate the weighted mean overall efficiencies for a particular year. Although the energy and exergy efficiencies in Turkish transport sector are slightly improved from 1988 to 2004, the historical pattern is cyclic. The energy efficieny is found to range from 22.16% (2002) to 22.62% (1998 and 2004) with a mean of 22.42±0.14% and exergy efficiency to range from 22.39% (2002) to 22.85% (1998 and 2004) with a mean of 22.65±0.15%. Overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the transport sector consist mostly of energy and exergy efficiencies of the highways subsector in percentages varying from 81.5% in 2004 to 91.7% in 2002. The rest of them are consisted of other subsectors such as railways, seaways, and airways. The overall efficiency patterns are basically controlled by the fuel consumption in airways in spite of this subsector's consisting only a small fraction of total. The major reasons for this are that airways efficiencies and the rate of change in fuel consumption in airways are greater than those of the others. This study shows that airway transportation should be increased to improve the energy and exergy efficiencies of the Turkish transport sectors. However, it should also be noted that no innovations and other advances in transport technologies are included in the calculations. The future studies including such details will certainly help energy analysts and policy makers more than our study.     

Experimental determination of energy and exergy efficiency of the solar parabolic-cooker

A simply designed and the low-cost parabolic-type solar cooker (SPC) was made and tested. The energy end exergy efficiencies of the cooker were experimentally evaluated. The experimental time period was from 10:00 to 14:00 solar time. During this period, it was found that the daily average temperature of water in the SPC was 333 K and the daily average difference between the temperature of water in the cooking pot and the ambient air temperature was 31.6 K. The energy output of the SPC varied between 20.9 and 78.1 W, whereas its exergy output was in the range 2.9–6.6 W. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the SPC were in the range, respectively, 2.8–15.7% and 0.4–1.25%.