A vectorized multiscale compressed decomposition‐based solver for partial element equivalent circuit method

The high level of integration has made the analysis and design of integrated circuits and packages increasingly challenging. Hence, there exists an urgent need to reduce the computational complexity of existing numerical methods. The integral equation‐based method known as the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method naturally generates an equivalent circuit that can be analyzed in both the time and frequency domains. The enforcement of Kirchhoff laws to the equivalent circuit may easily result into a very large set of equations whose solution can be extremely time‐consuming. In this paper, we propose a vectorized version, over the frequency sweep, of the adaptive cross approximation algorithm. Furthermore, the multiscale block decomposition is applied to the PEEC method, powered by a vectorization strategy and an efficient management of the random access memory. It is found that the proposed use of vectorization and compression techniques in the framework of the multiscale block decomposition results in a significant computational speedup of the frequency‐domain analysis of PEEC models. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method are demonstrated through its application to two pertinent problems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Feasibility analysis of specialized PEEC solvers in comparison to SPICE-like solvers

The Partial Element Equivalent Circuit (PEEC) method provides an electric equivalent circuit for a physical geometry. This circuit can be combined with external passive/active lumped elements, enabling the simulation and co-design of combined circuit and electromagnetic (EM) structures. The resulted circuit can be solved in a dedicated solver, or equivalently can be exported to a SPICE-like solver. In this paper, the inclusion of passive and active lumped circuit elements in PEEC method has been studied and a combined solver has been developed. To demonstrate the capability of the solver, three structures are examined. All examples include a transmission line-PEEC model and active components. Results are compared with those from OrCAD, where an analytical model for the transmission line is used. Good agreement between the results shows the feasibility of using PEEC to solve this type of mixed problems. Also, comparison has been made in terms of implementation and feasibility for the aim of developing the optimal EM solver with active elements support. It is shown that SPICE is not a suitable choice to solve the PEEC models and, a specialized solver can solve the system in a much faster way. On the other hand, all the definitions and models of circuit devices e.g. transistors, MOSFETs, etc. should be implemented in the specialized solver, which raises a trade-off between the solution time and the implementation time.     

基于PEEC模型分析的H桥单元直流母线的改进设计

以广泛用于高压大容量功率变换的H桥单元逆变器为研究对象,将其直流母线改进为层叠母排结构,基于部分单元等效电路(PEEC)的方法建立了改进前、后母线的等效电路。对母线PEEC模型的等效参数进行分析表明,改进后母线的等效电感与等效电阻下降了一个数量级,而正负母线之间的等效电容增加了100倍以上。计及直流滤波电容组参数的电路仿真表明,在同样的开关暂态电流激励下,母线结构改进后,暂态电压的上升率和峰值比改进前减小了50%以上。试验与仿真结果符合较好,证明了改进是有效的。     

计及部分电容的接地回路高频电路模型

建立相对精确的接地回路电路模型,研究接地回路的阻抗频率特性,对研究接地回路的传导干扰具有重要意义.首先建立了一个大尺寸的接地回路实物模型,运用PEEC方法求出各部分参数并建立了考虑部分电容作用的等效电路模型.实测和仿真的阻抗频率特性非常吻合,证明用PEEC方法分析研究大尺寸接地回路的高频阻抗特性是可行的,拓展了PEEC方法的应用领域.另外,在用HP4395A阻抗分析仪测量高频阻抗频率特性时,为屏蔽外界电磁干扰,应该对被测模型加屏蔽罩并可靠接地.     

混合电磁结构磁性部分元等效电路建模技术的解析及实验研究

磁性材料在电磁结构中广泛应用,而传统(标准) 部分元等效电路(partial element equivalent circuit,PEEC)方法对包含磁性材料的各种结构进行分析时已无能为力。针对基于几何平均距离和空间磁介质均匀化处理的新型磁性PEEC建模方法(magnetic PEEC,MagPEEC),该文提出使用同轴电缆解析计算以及大型钢板耦合与邻近效应实验对该建模方法进行验证。利用解析法对给定同轴电缆单位长度电阻与电感参数进行了计算,并将计算结果与由MagPEEC建模计算的结果进行了比较;分大型舰船钢板差模回路耦合和共模回路耦合干扰两种情况,对MagPEEC建模计算的耦合阻抗进行了实验验证;利用所研制的钢板地电流测量装置在钢板中部进行测量,并将测量结果和MagPEEC理论计算的结果进行比较,从而实现金属壳体地电流测量和MagPEEC理论计算方法的直接验证。利用该文所提供的解析方法和3种实验方法,对MagPEEC建模技术进行了充分证明,为MagPEEC建模技术的推广使用奠定了基础。     

基于部分元等效电路的外旁通柜寄生参数分析

外旁通柜是ITER整流电源系统中进行过流和过压保护的重要设备。由于寄生参数的存在,会造成并联支路分流不均,导致个别器件过载而影响整个设备的运行。论文利用部分元等效电路（PEEC）方法,对外旁通柜进行了电路建模和寄生参数计算。最后通过仿真和实验对计算结果进行了验证,表明该方法对外旁通柜寄生参数的分析是正确并且有效的。     

渐近波形估算方法在金属导体部分元等效电路模型缩减中的应用

利用部分元等效电路(PEEC)对金属导体进行建模后,通过对角解耦求取系统缩减等效电路时会耗费大量的计算时间和计算机资源.因此,本文根据缩减系统总导纳和原始电路总导纳相等的关系,将两种情况下的总导纳对复频率s进行幂级数展开并令对应的系数相等,得到了以解耦缩减等效电路参数为未知量的非线性方程.在此基础上,利用渐近波形估算方法(AWE)对系统进行缩减处理,给出了考虑集肤效应时独立于频率之外的解耦缩减等效电路模型,得到了对应的电阻及电感参数,并通过算例验证了该缩减方法的正确性.本文研究成果为PEEC方法和AWE模型缩减方法的广泛应用奠定了基础,具有较重要的理论和工程应用价值.     

Application of the partial element equivalent circuit method to tower surge response calculations

This article presents calculations of tower surge responses and insulator voltages of an actual transmission tower including ground wires and phase wires. The partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method is applied as a simulation tool. Surge responses of the tower and insulator voltages calculated by the PEEC method are compared with electro magnetic transients program (EMTP) simulated results and experimental results collected from the literatures. The results calculated by the PEEC method agree well with the experimetal results, not only amplitudes but also waveshapes. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

H桥单元主电路杂散参数对开关暂态过程的影响

以一台H桥IGBT功率单元为对象,基于部分单元等效电路(PEEC)方法建立直流母线的高频等效电路,以基于最小二乘法的曲线拟合提取电容组的等效参数。以单桥臂电路实验中获得的桥臂电压的交流分量作为激励,施加于由母线和电容组模型构成的等效电路上进行仿真,用母线电流的实测波形与仿真波形进行比较验证等效电路的准确性。以此电路为基础,研究了等效电路参数变化对暂态过程的影响。结果表明,变换器的开关暂态过程对主电路寄生电感参数的变化非常敏感     

Generalized Input and Output Equivalent Circuits for Networks with Active Three-Terminal Devices

Any active three-terminal device can be characterized for low-frequency work by means of input and output static characteristic curves. From these curves, the piecewise linear equivalent circuit of the device is then obtained. The active device can be excited by sources connected between each of the three terminals and a reference terminal. Alternately, these sources can be considered to be external Thevenin equivalents between each terminal and the reference terminal. Under this general form of excitation, the complete input and output equivalent circuits, including the effects of terminations, can then be obtained. The results are given in terms of independent sources and hence are easily applicable to any circuit involving active elements.     

Multivariate theory‐based passivity criteria for linear fractional networks

In traditional linear network theory, the positive‐real (PR) criteria are widely used to judge the passivity of elements and networks in the light of the fact that there exists an equivalent relationship between the passivity and the PR property of their immittance functions (matrices). However, the equivalence will no longer hold when the fractional elements are introduced into the network, and the PR criteria are not suitable in complex frequency domain anymore. On the other hand, the rapid development of fractional‐order circuits and systems and the corresponding study in fractional circuit analysis and designs put forward an urgent requirement for the passivity criterion, which can tackle linear fractional networks. Hence, in this paper, we propose new passivity criteria for linear fractional networks by aid of generalized Tellegen's theorem and multivariable PR theory. By using the proposed criteria, the passivity of linear fractional networks can be judged, and the steps of the proposed criterion are illustrated by examples.     

基于部分电感模型的回路耦合干扰分析

电力电子系统中回路之间的电磁场耦合是电磁干扰主要传播方式之一，为了准确预测系统级的电磁干扰，需要对回路耦合干扰进行定量计算。基于部分单元等效电路(partial element equivalent circuit，PEEC)的部分电感理论，建立了典型电力电子系统回路耦合电磁干扰的模型，主要包括导线之间空间磁场形成的互感耦合和接地回路之间共地阻抗耦合的模型。在实验室中构建了物理对象研究平台，分别对差模电流和共模电流产生的回路耦合干扰进行了测试，实验结果与计算结果对比证明了方法的正确性。     

混合电磁结构磁性部分元等效电路建模技术

磁性材料在电磁结构中广泛应用,而传统(标准)部分元等效电路(partial element equivalent circuit, PEEC)方法对包含磁性材料的各种结构进行分析已无能为力。该文提出了基于几何平均距离和空间磁介质均匀化处理的磁性PEEC建模方法(magnetic PEEC, MagPEEC),根据磁性材料边界单元切向磁通密度在边界两边的关系得到了载流磁性材料表面磁化面电流和传导电流的耦合系数矩阵,给出了仅用传导电流表示的系统方程。对矩形单元之间、矩形单元与线单元之间、线单元与线单元之间的各种几何平均距离(geometrical mean distance, GMD)进行了分析,得到了相应的计算公式,在此基础上导出了平均切向磁感应强度的计算公式,并应用于磁性材料的MagPEEC建模。通过有限元(finite element method, FEM)方法对两邻近金属板的新型MagPEEC建模方法进行了验证。     

基于等效电路法的高频继电器建模与研究

通过经典传输线理论及部分元等效电路(partial element equivalent circuit,PEEC)方法,对高频继电器常闭型信号传输路径的分布电容、电感、电阻等参数进行提取,建立信号传输路径的等效电路模型。对其进行仿真分析得到继电器射频(radio frequency,RF)性能曲线,并讨论了影响继电器插入损耗、电压驻波比及隔离度的主要因素。高频继电器RF性能的实验测试结果与等效电路模型仿真结果符合较好,表明了所建立等效电路模型的正确性。     

用于传导电磁干扰分析的接地回路模型与参数

由接地网阻抗所引起的传导：EMI问题已经受到了越来越多的重视。而接地回路的电路模型的建立，对传导干扰的研究十分有意义。该文建立了分析接地回路的电磁干扰的部分元等效电路(PEEC)模型，并针对三种不同结构的电路模型计算出了相应的电感参数。计算得出的回路电感与实测结果十分吻合。结果表明该文采用的电感参数的计算方法与测试方法是可行和有效的。文中利用所建立的接地回路PEEC模型，对接地网两点间的阻抗特性和干扰电流在其上引起的电压降进行了研究，分析了外部电路对其影响的规律。结果表明，在频率较低时接地网以外的电路主要通过互感来影响接地网两接地点之间的电压降。     

CNPDGS在特定长度并联传输线滤波器中的应用

微带线滤波器是射频、微波电路中的重要组成部分.特定长度并联传输线滤波器具有低通和带通滤波特性,但是阻带衰减较小.为了在不增加电路面积的情况下提高并联传输线电路的阻带衰减,使其具有更高的实用价值,本文将一种"哑铃"式组合式非周期性缺陷接地结构应用于特定长度并联传输线滤波器,改善了滤波特性.利用时域有限差分法对微带线构成的特定长度并联传输线滤波器及缺陷接地结构电路进行了仿真,并实际制作了电路.通过实验测量,仿真结果与测量结果一致性较好,基本满足了设计要求.     

高频继电器信号路径分布参数提取方法的研究

高频继电器信号路径的分布参数是影响继电器射频(RF)性能的主要因素。通过对基于分布参数的等效电路进行分析,可以优化继电器RF性能,而分布参数的准确提取是正确建立等效电路的基础。本文对于高频继电器信号路径的均匀区域应用经典传输线理论进行分布参数提取,对于尺寸突变、结构不连续等非均匀区域应用部分元等效电路(PEEC)等方法进行提取,得到了完整信号路径的分布电容、电感、电阻值。对基于分布参数的等效电路进行仿真,得到了继电器插入损耗及电压驻波比(VSWR)曲线。     

含多微型电源的微网小信号稳定性分析

研究了微网中采用 P-f和Q-V下垂控制的多个微型电源同时参与系统频率调节时的微网小信号频率稳定性问题。在考虑控制器单元、功率测量单元以及整个电路网络动态特性的基础上建立了微网的小信号状态空间模型。利用该模型求取了微网在不同稳态工作点的系统特征值,利用系统特征值分析方法和时域仿真方法分析了负荷阻抗变化、等效线路阻抗变化和下垂控制器的下垂增益变化过程中微网的小信号频率稳定性问题。     

Robust sparse network equivalent for large systems: part I-methodology

This paper deals with the calculation of a sparse network equivalent (SNE) for the analysis of electromagnetic transients in large systems. The main feature of the new approach is the enforcement of sparsity, stability, passivity, and accuracy at specific frequencies of the equivalent. The procedure is based on time-domain fitting with quadratic programming to enforce the constraints. The SNE can be interfaced with transient calculation programs directly in time domain. Results are presented in the companion paper.