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以超大型DTU 10 MW单桩式近海风力机为研究对象,通过p-y曲线和非线性弹簧建立桩-土耦合模型,选取Kaimal风谱模型建立湍流风场,基于P-M谱定义不同频率波浪分布,并利用辐射/绕射理论计算波浪载荷,采用有限元方法对不同海况下单桩式风力机进行动力学响应、疲劳及屈曲分析。结果表明:不同海况波浪载荷作用下塔顶位移响应及等效应力峰值远小于风及风浪联合作用,其中风浪联合作用下风力机塔顶位移响应及等效应力略小于风载荷;波浪载荷对风载荷引起的单桩式风力机动力学响应具有一定抑制作用,此外相较于波浪载荷,风载荷为控制载荷;风载荷与风浪联合作用下风力机等效应力峰值位于塔顶与机舱连接处,波浪载荷风力机等效应力峰值位于支撑结构与桩基连接处;仅以风载荷预估风力机塔架疲劳寿命将导致预估不足;随着波浪载荷的增大,风力机失稳风险加大,波浪载荷不可忽略;不同海况下,风浪联合作用局部屈曲区域位于塔架中下端,在风力机抗风浪设计时,应重点关注此处;变桨效应可大幅降低风力机动力学响应、疲劳损伤及发生屈曲的风险。 相似文献
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为研究地震载荷与风载荷联合作用下的大型风力机结构动力学响应,本文研究分别以Wind PACT 1.5 MW和NREL 5 MW风力机为研究对象,采用EI Centro 6.9级地震为输入激励,通过改进版的开源软件FAST(风电载荷仿真软件)计算风力机在正常运行、紧急停机和一直停机3种运行方式下的塔顶振动和塔架结构荷载情况,结果表明:地震载荷极大加剧了塔顶振动,机舱加速度峰值增大2倍以上。紧急停机操作可减小塔尖位移,一定程度上可以保护风力机结构安全。地震载荷主要增大了塔架一阶固有频率及其二倍频的振动。6.9级地震与额定风载荷联合作用下,NREL 5MW风力机塔基弯矩设计需求为159 MN·m,略大于极限风载荷作用。说明地震常发地区,塔架结构强度设计必须考虑地震载荷作用。 相似文献
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以近海DTU 10 MW超大型风力机为研究对象,选用东海实测海床土壤参数构建桩周土水平抗力-桩基形变(p-y)曲线,并基于非线性弹簧单元建立纯砂土、纯黏土及多土层桩-土耦合效应模型,选取实测地震位移数据作为地震载荷,采用有限元方法对比研究了3种桩-土耦合效应下风力机动力学响应特性.结果 表明:多土层桩-土耦合效应下塔顶位移、塔顶前后位移及侧向位移峰值及其波动的剧烈程度小于纯砂土,但大于纯黏土,采用纯砂土或纯黏土构建桩-土耦合效应模型将导致预估响应结果不准确;不同桩-土耦合效应下,塔架一阶模态均被地震载荷诱发;地震作用时纯砂土桩-土耦合效应下塔架屈曲因子最小,多土层次之,纯黏土最大;塔架最大剪应力峰值位于塔架支撑结构处,地震作用时塔架下端易发生局部屈曲,结构设计时应重点关注此处. 相似文献
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为研究湍流风与地震联合作用下风力机塔架动力响应规律,以AOC 50 kW、WindPACT 1.5 MW和NREL 5 MW 3种不同容量风力机为研究对象,考虑土-构耦合模型效应,基于开源软件FAST预留数据接口,编译地震载荷计算模块,建立了湍流风与地震激励实时耦合的动力仿真模型。基于ASCE标准地震反应谱,得到20种不同强度的地震加速度,计算了不同强度地震与湍流风联合作用下的风力机塔架动力学响应。结果表明:地面加速度峰值(Peak Ground Acceleration,PGA)为0.3g时,湍流风与地震联合作用对塔基剪切力和弯矩影响较大;随地震强度的增大,塔架不同高度处的最大弯矩与高度之间的关系逐渐由线性转变为非线性;发现国际电工委员会(International Electrotechnical Commission,IEC)和美国风能协会/美国土木工程师协会(American Wind Energy Association/The American Society of Civil Engineers,AWEA/ASCE)对地震载荷与风载荷共同作用下的载荷预估模型结果误差较大,并提出了新的高精度模型,可为风力机塔架载荷预估及预防地震风险提供一定的参考。 相似文献
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为研究不同土质时地震载荷对大型风力机结构动力学响应的影响,基于Wolf方法建立风力机基础平台与土体的耦合模型,通过FAST软件仿真Wind PACT 1.5 MW风力机在不同土质和不同地震强度时塔架的动力学响应。通过分析不同工况下风力机的结构动力学响应,发现地震载荷对塔顶位移和塔基弯矩的影响不可忽略,尤其是塔顶侧向位移和塔基俯仰力矩。在九级设防烈度地震作用下,相比无地震工况,软土、硬黏土和岩土地质风力机塔顶侧向位移分别增大925%、785%和771%。且由于软土阻尼最小,能量耗散小,所以地震后塔架响应降低的速率最慢。 相似文献
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Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden. 相似文献
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《热能动力工程》2014,(5)
正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%. 相似文献
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The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°, −5°, +5°, +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods. 相似文献
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A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified. 相似文献
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As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied. 相似文献
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The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σred = σ1 β + (1 − β)σi, where: σ1-maximal principal stress, σi-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures. 相似文献
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Jaime Massanet-Nicolau Alan Guwy Richard Dinsdale Giuliano Premier Sandra Esteves 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2010
Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H2 kg−1 VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min−1 successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0 L H2 kg−1 VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production. 相似文献