冷气掺混对涡轮叶栅气动性能影响试验研究

为分析冷气掺混对涡轮叶栅气动性能的影响,对某船用燃气轮机高压涡轮导叶开展了带冷气条件下的扇形叶栅吹风试验,结果表明:冷气掺混对叶片型面压力分布有较大影响,且在吸力面表现尤为突出;在冷气流量比小于7%工况下,叶栅能量损失较无冷气喷射时增加(9%),甚至在Ma=1.05时能量损失较无冷气喷射时还小;当冷气流量比大于7%时,叶栅能量损失随冷气流量比的增大而迅速增加(最大可达26%);平均出口气流角随着出口马赫数的增加而增大,变化范围为17.7°～18.1°,且在同一工况下冷气喷射会使平均出口气流角增大。     

气膜冷却对高压涡轮叶栅损失特性的影响研究

为获得全气膜气冷涡轮叶栅的损失特性,采用试验及数值仿真方法,研究了不同冷气流量、不同叶栅出口马赫数条件下冷气射流对叶栅损失的影响。通过叶栅槽道静压云图及叶片表面压力分布等试验及数值仿真结果对比,验证了通冷气叶栅性能仿真分析方法的准确性。结果表明：同一冷气流量比下,通冷气叶栅能量损失系数随着马赫数的增大先减小后增大,在设计马赫数附近损失最低;通冷气叶栅能量损失系数随着冷气流量的增大而增大,且前后腔均通冷气时能量损失系数最大,前腔单独通冷气时能量损失系数最小;通冷气叶栅能量损失系数随着冷气与主流温比增大而增大。     

尾缘造型及冷气喷射对跨声速涡轮叶栅损失的影响

通过对不同尾缘造型、不同尾缘冷气喷射量下某跨声速涡轮叶栅的数值模拟,初步得出了尾缘劈缝冷却对尾缘损失以及叶栅能量损失影响的规律。其主要表现为:从减小叶栅能量损失角度来讲,尾缘冷气喷射流量存在最佳值,且随劈缝长度增加,此最佳冷气喷射流量越小;从减小尾缘激波强度角度来讲,较大的冷气流量以及较长的尾缘劈缝有利于减小激波损失,但会消耗过多冷气并增加掺混损失,导致总损失增加。     

扩压叶栅中端壁附面层抽吸对流场品质调控的研究

为调控平面扩压叶栅流场品质、使测量结果满足二维性,在叶栅端壁增加附面层抽吸装置。采用试验校核的数值方法,分析了不同抽吸位置、不同抽吸流量、不同冲角时端壁附面层抽吸对平面扩压叶栅出口气流角、轴向密流比和总压损失系数等参数的影响。结果表明：在抽吸位置上,位于叶片中前部的抽吸方案对扩压叶栅流场品质的改善效果相对最好。随抽吸流量增加,流场品质进一步改善,抽吸流量为原型进口流量的3%可使冲角为0°时的轴向密流比降低至0.995,主流区出口气流角偏差小于0.1°;抽吸流量为原型进口流量的2.25%可使计算冲角范围内轴向密流比均降低至1.05以下,主流区出口气流角偏差小于0.2°。冲角在-5°,-3°和0°时端壁抽吸使50%相对叶高位置处平均总压损失降低,冲角在2°,4°时使50%相对叶高位置处平均总压损失增加,损失冲角特性更接近理想二维叶栅。     

变几何涡轮可调叶栅过渡态特性研究

变几何涡轮使发动机在变工况下的性能得到提升,为了更透彻地了解变几何涡轮导叶转动过程中参数的变化情况,通过数值模拟及试验方法探究可调叶栅过渡态特性。将变几何涡轮导叶进行调节,导叶调大范围为0°~6°,导叶调小范围为0°~-5°,观察过渡态参数变化规律。试验研究表明：导叶在调大及调小过程中,导叶出口质量流量、绝对气流角和绝对马赫数随转角接近线性变化,导叶出口总压损失系数和熵增接近抛物线变化;导叶从0°向-5°转动过程绝对出口马赫数减小了2.2%,总压损失系数增加了37.3%;导叶从0°向6°转动过程中,导叶出口马赫数增加了1.5%,导叶出口总压损失系数减小了15.8%;在导叶转角和二次流改变的影响下,吸力侧和压力侧来流在导叶尾缘后掺混改变,沿叶高分布的出口绝对气流角不同程度地偏离几何出口角;导叶转角调大,上部通道涡沿叶高上移,泄漏涡和通道涡相互削弱,总压损失系数减小。     

高负荷涡轮扇形叶栅变攻角气动试验研究

为了探究不同出口马赫数、进口攻角对涡轮叶栅气动性能的影响,本文在进口气流偏离轴向23°的条件下,试验出口马赫数分别为0.7、0.8、0.9,并在出口马赫数为0.8的条件下,攻角分别为0、±7.5°与±15°,对某型涡轮扇形静叶栅进行了吹风试验。试验结果表明:随着出口马赫数的增加,叶片载荷增大,出口总压损失增加,出口气流角减小;随着进口气流攻角从负到正的变化,叶片前缘压力载荷增加,出口气流角增加,总压损失先减小再增大,且攻角为0时,总压损失最小。     

考虑变比热的冷却涡轮弯曲叶栅流场的数值模拟

对采用弯曲叶片的某型高压涡轮导向器有／无冷气喷射时的栅内流场进行了数值模拟。应用了以冷气源项反映冷气掺混影响的三维变比热计算方法。结果表明,弯曲叶栅内的冷气喷射导致了马赫数和温度的变化;叶片表面和端壁得到有效的低温保护;在相同冷气流量下,压力面附近温度降低较吸力面明显,冷却气膜的作用也更为有效;栅内二次流对冷气分布有影响。     

小叶片对大转角扩压叶栅出口流场的影响

采用五孔探针分别测量了6~26°不同攻角下,大转角高扩压度叶栅及增加小叶片后叶栅的出口流场。结果表明:大小叶片叶栅中,小叶片改善了设计工况下叶栅内部流动,抑制了大叶片吸力面及端壁角区流动损失向叶栅中部的发展;在较大与较小攻角时,叶栅流动损失明显增加;大攻角时大小叶片叶栅出口中部区域速度场得到明显改善,其余工况通流能力变化不大;大小叶片叶栅在所有工况下,出口截面上气流转角整体平均约增加3~5°,表明气动负荷有一定提升。     

不同冲角端壁翼刀控制压气机叶栅二次流的实验研究

对不同冲角下端壁翼刀安装在不同周向位置的压气机叶栅进行的实验研究,结果表明,叶栅总损失随翼刀位置的变化趋势是远离吸力面时损失降低,靠近吸力面时损失升高,冲角变化时叶栅总损失降低的最佳翼刀位置发生变化;在距离吸力面位置70%相对节距处安装翼刀后叶栅总损失在一定的冲角范围内(-9°~+6°)仍然比常规叶栅低。在负冲角下,安装翼刀对流道内流动的影响有随冲角的增大而减小的趋势;在正冲角下,安装翼刀对流道内的影响有随冲角增大而加强的趋势。     

变几何低压涡轮级多工况气动性能研究

为明确变几何低压涡轮级在多转角工况下气动性能变化情况,通过RANS方法并结合SST湍流模型,研究了可调导叶转角分别为-6°,-3°,0°,3°和6°条件下低压涡轮级的气动性能变化。结果表明：可调导叶旋转角度的变化会明显改变导叶叶顶及动叶通道内的流动情况,角度变大会增加涡轮级流量,并使导叶叶顶处负荷后移,上端区二次流强度增加,叶顶泄漏情况减弱,还会减小动叶进口相对气流角,使动叶压力面出现明显分离;角度变小对低压涡轮级流场的影响与之相反。当导叶转角从-6°变化到+3°时,涡轮级等熵滞止效率提升了约6.7%;当导叶转角从+3°变化到+6°时,涡轮级效率却下降了约0.19%。     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Methods of creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials

We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5 μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optionally) strongly backscatter NIR radiation, and by adding an NIR-reflective basecoat (e.g., one colored with titanium dioxide rutile white) if both the topcoat and the substrate weakly reflect NIR radiation. Coated steel and glazed clay-tile roofing products achieved NIR reflectances of up to 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, using only cool topcoats. Gray-cement concrete tiles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.60 with coatings colored by NIR-scattering pigments. Such tiles could attain NIR reflectances of up to 0.85 by overlaying a white basecoat with a topcoat colored by NIR-transparent organic pigments. Granule-surfaced asphalt shingles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.45 when the granules were covered with a white basecoat and a cool color topcoat.     

Thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body with application to thermal energy storage

The thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body contained in a tank was studied. Analytical solutions (including a group-theoretic solution) were obtained for the one-dimensional heat conduction equation with heat loss from the sides of the tank. The convective heat transfer coefficient was assumed not to be constant over the surface of the tank but to vary with space and time. A very good agreement was obtained between the group-theoretic solution and a numerical solution using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference scheme. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

秸秆燃烧中温度对钾转化与释放的影响

通过对稻秆原料进行常规特性分析和EDX元素含量分析,发现钾在稻秆无机元素中占有重要地位。参考原料化学分馏法和土壤中钾的分类与测试方法,给出了对生物质原料及其燃烧产物中钾的定性与定量简易方法。通过程序控温型固定床对稻秆先进行缓慢氧化,然后以100℃为间隔从400～900℃进行成灰,并分别测试其成灰率、有效钾和全钾的份额。结合稻秆原料及其灰中钾的份额分析,进行了稻秆灰中有效钾转化与释放的计算,发现有效钾在700～800℃之间有快速的释放和形态转变。稻秆灰的XRD分析结果表明秸秆灰中钾主要以KCl、K_2SO_4形式存在,得到了钾以盐的形式进行转化与释放的机理。该文中燃烧温度对钾转化与释放的影响规律对设计秸秆电厂时的炉型选择和燃烧参数确定有一定参考价值。