正丁醇/柴油发动机燃烧排放特性及喷油、燃烧室形状影响

针对某型号直喷柴油机,建立了该柴油机中单缸完整燃烧室及气道三维模型,使用三维计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)分析软件CONVERGE对其进行模拟计算,研究了正丁醇掺混比例对柴油机燃烧排放的影响。结果表明:随着正丁醇掺混比例的提高,峰值缸压、滞燃期和燃烧速度均呈递增趋势,碳烟及CO排放量逐渐减少,NO_x排放量小幅增加。为了进一步改善缸内燃烧情况和降低污染物排放,对正丁醇掺混时喷油策略、燃烧室几何形状的综合影响进行了研究,结果表明:掺混时多次喷油及采用合适的燃烧室模型可以有效改善掺混后缸内油气混合情况,增加缸内湍动能强度,进一步降低碳烟排放量。与纯柴油工况对比,掺混并采用多次喷油策略后碳烟排放明显下降,且通过掺混能够有效简化喷油策略,但弱化了燃烧室形状对碳烟排放量的影响。     

Effect of Diesel/methanol compound combustion on Diesel engine combustion and emissions

This paper introduces a Diesel/methanol compound combustion system (DMCC) and its application to a naturally aspirated Diesel engine with and without an oxidation catalytic converter. In the DMCC system, there are two combustion modes taking place in the Diesel engine, one is diffusion combustion with Diesel fuel and the other is premixed air/methanol mixture ignited by the Diesel fuel. Experiments were conducted on a four cylinder DI Diesel engine, which had been modified to operate in Diesel/methanol compound combustion. Experiments were conducted at idle and at five engine loads at two levels of engine speeds to compare engine emissions from operating on pure Diesel and on operating with DMCC, with and without the oxidation catalytic converter. The experimental results show that the Diesel engine operating with the DMCC method could simultaneously reduce the soot and NOx emissions but increase the HC and CO emissions compared with the original Diesel engine. However, using the DMCC method coupled with an oxidation catalyst, the CO, HC, NOx and soot emissions could all be reduced.     

Improving the performance of dual fuel engines running on natural gas/LPG by using pilot fuel derived from jojoba seeds

The use of jojoba methyl ester as a pilot fuel was investigated for almost the first time as a way to improve the performance of dual fuel engine running on natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) at part load. The dual fuel engine used was Ricardo E6 variable compression diesel engine and it used either compressed natural gas (CNG) or LPG as the main fuel and jojoba methyl ester as a pilot fuel. Diesel fuel was used as a reference fuel for the dual fuel engine results. During the experimental tests, the following have been measured: engine efficiency in terms of specific fuel consumption, brake power output, combustion noise in terms of maximum pressure rise rate and maximum pressure, exhaust emissions in terms of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, knocking limits in terms of maximum torque at onset of knocking, and cyclic variability data of 100 engine cycles in terms of maximum pressure and its pressure rise rate average and standard deviation. The tests examined the following engine parameters: gaseous fuel type, engine speed and load, pilot fuel injection timing, pilot fuel mass and compression ratio. Results showed that using the jojoba fuel with its improved properties has improved the dual fuel engine performance, reduced the combustion noise, extended knocking limits and reduced the cyclic variability of the combustion.     

天然气后喷对高压直喷天然气船机燃烧和排放的影响研究

利用流体动力学软件CONVERGE建立了高压直喷天然气船机的三维仿真模型,基于该模型研究了后喷策略对高压直喷天然气船机燃烧和排放的影响。结果表明:随后喷比例增大,最高燃烧压力略升高,燃烧持续期增长;随着喷射间隔的增大,最高燃烧压力不变,但后喷燃烧相位推迟,燃烧持续期增长。与无后喷算例相比,后喷比例增大到10%和20%时,碳烟排放分别降低了7.7%～13.5%和1.5%～11.5%,NOx排放分别升高了12.0%～15.0%和5.0%～7.0%,指示燃油消耗率分别增大了约0.1%和1.0%;而后喷比例为30%时,碳烟排放升高了2.0%～8.0%,NOx排放降低了5.0%～7.7%,指示燃油消耗率增大了约2.3%。     

Modeling study of soot formation and oxidation in DI diesel engine using an improved soot model

Particulate emission is one of the most deleterious pollutants generated by Diesel fuel combustion. The ability to predict soot formation is one of the key elements needed to optimize the engine performance and minimize soot emissions. This paper reports work on developing, a phenomenological soot model to better model the physical and chemical processes of soot formation in Diesel fuel combustion. This hybrid model features that the effect of turbulence on the chemical reaction rate was considered in soot oxidation. Soot formation and oxidation processes were modeled with the application of a hybrid method involving particle turbulent transport controlled rate and soot oxidation rate. Compared with the original soot model, the in-cylinder pressures, heat release rate and soot emissions predicted by this hybrid model agreed better with the experimental results. The verified hybrid model was used to investigate the effect of injection timing on engine performance. The results show that the new soot model predicted reasonable soot spatial profiles within the combustion chamber. The high temperature gas zone in cylinder for hybrid model case is distributed broadly soot and NOx emission dependence on the start-of-injection (SOI) timing. Retarded SOI timing increased the portion of diffusion combustion and the soot concentration increased significantly with retarding of the fuel injection timing. The predicted distributions of soot concentration and particle mass provide some new insights on the soot formation and oxidation processes in direct injection (DI) engines. The hybrid phenomenological soot model shows greater potential for enhancing understanding of combustion and soot formation processes in DI diesel engines.     

喷油定时对柴油机超多喷孔预混合燃烧影响研究

柴油机低温预混合燃烧能够同时大幅度降低NOx和碳烟(soot)排放,本研究采用大量废气再循环(EGR)实现低温燃烧来降低NOx排放,采用超多喷孔喷油嘴并结合高压喷射来缩短喷油持续期,实现预混合燃烧从而降低soot排放,主要对喷油定时如何影响柴油机超多喷孔预混合燃烧性能进行了试验研究,选定4个试验工况,通过改变喷油定时来测试柴油机性能,结果显示随着喷油始点从上止点前向后推迟,各工况的NOx和soot排放都有不同程度的同时下降,有别于传统燃烧方式,但HC,CO,比油耗(BSFC)有所升高。     

Suitability analysis of advanced diesel combustion concepts for emissions and noise control

During the last years, the preservation of the atmospheric environment has played an increasingly important role in society. The Diesel engine can be considered an environmentally friendly engine because of its low consumption and the subsequent carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions reduction. However, in the near future it will face strong restrictive emission standards, which demand that the current nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and soot emissions are halved. To comply with these restrictions new combustion concepts are emerging, such as PCCI (premixed charge compression ignition), in which the fuel burns in premixed conditions. Combustion noise is thus deteriorated and consequently end-users could be reluctant to drive vehicles powered with Diesel engines and their potential for environment preservation could be missed. In this paper, Diesel combustion is addressed through the analysis of performance, emissions and combustion noise in order to evaluate the suitability of PCCI engines for automotive applications. The results show that PCCI combustion offers great possibilities to fulfill future emission restrictions, but the engine noise is strongly deteriorated. The great sensitivity of users to this factor requires vehicle manufacturers to focus their efforts on the optimization of passive solutions for implementing the PCCI concept in passenger car and light-duty engines, even with the subsequent increase in the cost of vehicle. This aspect is less restrictive in heavy-duty engines, since the great benefits in emissions reduction compensate the deterioration of engine noise.     

Performance and emission studies on port injection of hydrogen with varied flow rates with Diesel as an ignition source

Automobiles are one of the major sources of air pollution in the environment. In addition CO₂ emission, a product of complete combustion also has become a serious issue due to global warming effect. Hence the search for cleaner alternative fuels has become mandatory. Hydrogen is expected to be one of the most important fuels in the near future for solving the problems of air pollution and greenhouse gas problems (carbon dioxide), thereby protecting the environment. Hence in the present work, an experimental investigation has been carried out using hydrogen in the dual fuel mode in a Diesel engine system. In the study, a Diesel engine was converted into a dual fuel engine and hydrogen fuel was injected into the intake port while Diesel was injected directly inside the combustion chamber during the compression stroke. Diesel injected inside the combustion chamber will undergo combustion first which in-turn would ignite the hydrogen that will also assist the Diesel combustion. Using electronic control unit (ECU), the injection timings and injection durations were varied for hydrogen injection while for Diesel the injection timing was 23° crank angle (CA) before injection top dead centre (BITDC). Based on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics, the optimized injection timing was found to be 5° CA before gas exchange top dead centre (BGTDC) with injection duration of 30° CA for hydrogen Diesel dual fuel operation. The optimum hydrogen flow rate was found to be 7.5 lpm. Results indicate that the brake thermal efficiency in hydrogen Diesel dual fuel operation increases by 15% compared to Diesel fuel at 75% load. The NO_X emissions were higher by 1–2% in dual fuel operation at full load compared to Diesel. Smoke emissions are lower in the entire load spectra due to the absence of carbon in hydrogen fuel. The carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions were lesser in hydrogen Diesel dual fuel operation compared to Diesel. The use of hydrogen in the dual fuel mode in a Diesel engine improves the performance and reduces the exhaust emissions from the engine except for HC and NO_X emissions.     

Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with Diesel Premixed Compression Ignition and exhaust gas recirculation

In the present work, diesel was used as a premixed fuel along with the conventional injection of diesel with a premixed ratio of 0.25. The premixed charge was burned in the cylinder along with the fuel directly injected into the cylinder by a conventional injection system. To control nitrogen oxide(s) (NO_x) emissions, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) was adopted and the exhaust gas was varied from 10% to 30% in steps of 10%. The performance and emission characteristics were compared with conventional 100% diesel injection in the main chamber. Based on the experiments conducted on a Compression Ignition Direct Injection (CIDI) engine, it was found that unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and soot emissions increase. Soot emission decreases with up to 20% EGR and increases when EGR was increased beyond 20%. Hence 20% EGR was found to be the optimum use for DPMCI mode with a premixed ratio of 0.25. Due to the lean operation, significant reduction in NO_x was achieved with the DPMCI combustion mode. Brake thermal efficiency was marginally decreased compared to CIDI mode.     

The effect of injection timing and intake valve close timing on performance and emissions of diesel PCCI engine with a full engine cycle CFD simulation

A full-cycle computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation coupled with detailed chemical kinetics mechanism has been used to investigate the effect of start of injection (SOI) timing and intake valve close (IVC) timing on performance and emissions of diesel premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine. By sweeping SOI timing from −35 to −5 °CA ATDC and IVC timing from −140 to −80 °CA ATDC with fixed 50% exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and 1.8 bar intake pressure, the contour plots for ignition timing, nitric oxides (NO_x), soot, hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC), and ringing intensity have been developed. The results indicate that the operating range can be divided into kinetically controlled region and mixing-controlled region, in which the ignition timing is solely controlled by IVC timing and SOI timing respectively. To Minimize HC, CO, NO_x and soot emissions, SOI timing must be carefully adjusted within a limited range. With the retarded IVC timing, the operating range of SOI becomes wider for clean combustion. The IVC timing should be optimized with consideration of ignition timing and combustion efficiency at different SOI timing in order to improve fuel economy. For purpose of avoiding engine knock, the SOI timing around −20 °CA ATDC and early IVC timing are pursued.     

预喷正时对柴油机燃烧与排放影响的试验研究

通过台架试验,分析对比柴油机各参数随预喷正时的变化,研究多次喷射预喷正时对柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响。试验表明,预喷正时决定缸内燃烧的放热始点和放热率,影响缸内的燃烧温度、爆发压力、NOx排放和碳烟的生成,预喷正时为20°时,爆发压力最大;预喷正时为35°时,热效率最高,油耗率和烟度最低;预喷正时为45°时,NOx排放最小。综合分析选择预喷正时40°作为折中优化方案,降低发动机油耗和NOx、碳烟排放,同时提高发动机的热效率。     

燃气预喷对高压直喷天然气船机的影响研究

针对高压直喷(HPDI)天然气双燃料低速船机的燃料喷射系统,研究了不同的天然气预喷策略对发动机燃烧特性及性能的影响,探究了适用于低速船机燃烧系统的天然气喷气规律。利用计算流体力学(CFD)软件Converge建立了HPDI天然气双燃料的单缸机仿真模型,与试验数据进行标定后,计算得到了不同预喷间隔及预喷比例下发动机燃烧性能和排放数据。分析计算结果表明,预喷策略的采用影响了燃烧过程中预混燃烧的比例,从而影响了燃烧放热相位及燃烧等容度。预喷比例相比预喷间隔对燃烧过程的影响更显著,后者在较大预喷比例下才会明显影响缸内燃烧放热过程。合理优化预喷策略可控制预混燃烧程度,从而同时改善NOx排放和油耗。不同的预喷策略使得缸内碳烟分布区域不同;与无预喷算例相比,采用预喷策略的算例最终碳烟排放量偏高。     

柴油机分段喷射下混合气形成及其对燃烧排放的影响

基于数值模拟计算,研究了不同预喷策略下某非道路直喷柴油机混合气形成和燃烧过程,分析了挤流和涡流对主、预喷燃油当量比分布和燃烧的影响。结果表明:适当的主预喷间隔(20°)能够使预喷燃油在挤流带动下进入燃烧室凹坑;适当强度的进气涡流比(1.5～2.0)能使预喷油束偏转并在相邻两束主喷油束之间燃烧。二者都可以改善主喷和预喷油束的重叠,并且可以充分利用预喷燃油的放热量促进主喷燃油的混合和提升燃烧速率。优化喷油策略结合适度的进气涡流可以提高发动机功率,降低碳烟排放,但会使NOx排放增加。     

Hydrogen supplemented natural gas effect on a DI diesel engine operating under dual fuel mode with a biodiesel pilot fuel

In order to slow down the continuing environmental deterioration, regulations for pollutant emissions limitations are increasingly rigorous. The development of new alternative fuels for internal combustion engines is a very interesting solution not only to overcome the pollution problem but also because of the petroleum shortage. In this context, the present work investigates the improvement of a DI diesel engine operating at constant speed (1500 rpm) and under dual fuel mode with eucalyptus biodiesel and natural gas (NG) enriched by various H₂ quantities (15, 25 and 30 by v%). The eucalyptus biodiesel quantity injected into the engine cylinder is kept constant, to supply around 10% of the engine nominal power, for all examined engine loads. The engine load is further increased using only the gaseous fuel (NG+H₂), which is introduced with the intake air. The effect of H₂/NG blending ratio on the combustion parameters, performance and pollutant emissions of the engine is investigated and compared with those of pure NG case. An important benefit in terms of brake specific fuel consumption, reaching a decrease of 4–10% with the 25% H₂ blend compared to the pure NG case, is achieved. Concerning the pollutant emissions, NG enrichment with H₂ is an efficient solution to enhance the combustion process and hence reduce carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and soot emissions at high loads where they are important for pure NG. However for the nitrogen oxide emissions, NG blending with H₂ is attractive only at low and medium loads where their levels are lower than pure NG.     

增压直喷汽油机燃油喷射特性对排放影响的试验研究

基于某1.5L涡轮增压直喷汽油机,搭建试验测试系统,采用试验匹配测试方法研究了喷油模式、喷油时刻、喷油比例、喷油压力等决定燃油喷射特性的关键参数对碳烟排放的影响。试验结果表明:单次喷油模式下在部分负荷时,喷油越提前,碳烟排放越多;在全负荷时,喷油越推迟,碳烟排放越多。在多次喷油模式下,随第一次喷油的推迟碳烟排放降低,随第二、三次喷油的推迟碳烟排放增加。提高喷油压力对部分负荷工况燃烧及排放改善不明显,但外特性工况碳烟排放显著下降,碳氢化合物排放总量也大幅度降低,缸内燃烧速度加快,燃烧稳定性提高,有效燃油消耗率降低约2%。     

Experimental investigation of the performance and exhaust emissions of a swirl chamber diesel engine using JP-8 aviation fuel

An experimental study is conducted to evaluate the use of JP-8 aviation fuel as a full substitute for diesel fuel in a Ricardo E-6 high-speed naturally-aspirated four-stroke experimental engine having a swirl combustion chamber. The study covers a wide range of engine load and speed operating conditions, comprising measurements of cylinder pressure diagrams, high-pressure fuel pipe pressures, exhaust gas temperatures, fuel consumptions, exhaust smokiness and exhaust gas emissions (nitrogen oxides, unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide). Processing of the measurements provides important performance parameters such as maximum combustion pressure, dynamic injection timing, ignition delay, combustion irregularity and knocking tendency. The differences in the measured performance and exhaust emission parameters are determined for engine operation with JP-8 fuel, against baseline engine operation using diesel fuel. The study shows that the exhaust emission levels are not much different for operation with the two fuels. On the contrary, operation with JP-8 fuel increases combustion pressures, combustion intensity and irregularity. This is caused mainly by high pressure fluctuations present in the fuel injection system due to the different physical properties of JP-8 fuel (compared to diesel fuel), which totally change the injection characteristics. Retardation of the static injection timing is one means of improving this situation, while using the same fuel injection equipment. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

进气预混乙醇降低柴油机碳烟与NOx排放的试验研究

通过开发的控制系统在485QDI发动机上研究了不同喷嘴、不同喷油定时、不同喷醇的起点对发动机碳烟、NOx排放和经济性的影响。经过优化供油参数和喷醇起点的喷醇发动机与原柴油机进行的对比试验,证明采用进气预混乙醇发动机在碳烟、NOx排放明显优于原柴油机,经济性也好于原柴油机,并在柴油机燃用可再生的含氧燃料方面做了很多有益的探索。     

The modification of the fuel injection rate in heavy-duty diesel engines. Part 1: Effects on engine performance and emissions

An experimental study has been performed on the effects of injection rate shaping on the combustion process and exhaust emissions of a direct-injection diesel engine. Boot-type injections were generated by means of a modified pump-line-nozzle system, which is able to modulate the instantaneous fuel injection rate. The interest of the study reported here was the evaluation of the effective changes produced in the injection rate at different engine operating conditions, when the engine rotating speed and the total fuel injected were changed. In addition, the influence of these new injection rates was quantified on the global engine performance and pollutant emissions. In particular, the focus was placed on producing “boot-like” injection rate shapes, with the main objective of reducing NO_x emissions.Results show how this system is capable of achieving boot-type injections at different boot pressures and boot durations. Also, even though the general trend of the system is to reduce NO_x and to increase soot and fuel consumption, emissions and performance trade-offs can be improved for some specific boot shapes. On the contrary, the modulation of the injection rate showed to be ineffective at medium engine load, since the increase in soot was greater than the relative decrease in NO_x.The analysis of the modifications produced by these strategies on the combustion process, and on the rate of heat release are the base of a second paper.     

Investigation on soot emissions from diesel-CNG dual-fuel

The burning of diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) is attractive compared to diesel fuel because of the reduction of CO₂ emissions and particulate matter (PM) emissions. While soot emissions from the diesel-CNG combustion can be tested in a real-world single-cylinder engine, the soot formation characteristics cannot be tested in the same way. Therefore, to understand the mechanisms behind soot formation in diesel-CNG combustion, soot evolution must be investigated using a simulation model. In this study, the soot evolution is investigated under different CNG substitution ratios with single and split fuel injection. An AVL 5402 single-cylinder diesel engine was modified to run diesel/CNG dual-fuel to investigate the combustion and soot emissions. A new soot model using KIVA-3V R2 code and integrated with a reduced heptane/methane PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) mechanism was used to simulate soot behavior. For the combustion, the results show that the ignition delay gets extended, the combustion duration gets shorter and the peak pressure can be improved when CNG substitution ratio is increased both with single and split injection. Additionally, a slight increase of pressure is observed when the split injection is used. This is because the split injection is an effective strategy to change the distribution and vaporization of fuel, which results in an incremental increase in combustion efficiency and increase pressure. As the CNG substitution ratio is increased, soot emissions get drastically reduced. The reason is the equivalence ratio distribution of air-fuel becomes more homogenous and the local fuel-rich region shrinks with increasing of CNG substitution ratios. Pyrene is an important intermediate specie to generate soot particles. The results show that pyrene distribution decreases, leading to a reduced generation of soot precursors. As a result, the soot mass of CNG70 is less than the other two cases. The basic reason is the prolonged ignition delay allowed for more time for fuel−air mixing, which reduces soot mass formation.     

Soot processes in compression ignition engines

While diesel engines are arguably superior to any other power-production device for the transportation sector in terms of efficiency, torque, and overall driveability, they suffer from inferior performance in terms of noise, NO_x and particulate emissions. The majority of particulate originates with soot particles which are formed in fuel-rich regions of burning diesel jets. Over the past two decades, our understanding of the formation process of soot in diesel combustion has transformed from inferences based on exhaust measurements and laboratory flames to direct in-cylinder observations that have led to a transformation in diesel engine combustion. In-cylinder measurements show the diesel spray to produce a jet which forms a lifted, partially premixed, turbulent diffusion flame. Soot formation has been found to be strongly dependent on air entrainment in the lifted portion of the jet as well as by oxygen in the fuel and to a lesser extent the composition and structure of hydrocarbons in the fuel. Soot surviving the combustion process and exiting in the exhaust is dominated by soot from fuel-rich pockets which do not have time to mix and burn prior to exhaust valve opening. Higher temperatures at the end of combustion enhance the burnout of soot, while high temperatures at the time of injection reduce air entrainment and increase soot formation. Using a conceptual model based on in-cylinder soot and combustion measurements, trends seen in exhaust particulate can be explained. The current trend in diesel engine emissions control involves multi-injection combustion strategies which are transforming the picture of diesel combustion rapidly into a series of low temperature, stratified charge, premixed combustion events where NO_x formation is avoided because of low temperature and soot formation is avoided by leaning the mixture or increasing air entrainment prior to ignition.