Optimal capacitor placement for enhancing voltage stability in distribution systems using analytical algorithm and Fuzzy-Real Coded GA

Two algorithms for optimal capacitor placement, with a view to enhance voltage stability are introduced. In the analytical algorithm the nodes, whose voltage stability index values are lower than a threshold value, are ranked in ascending order as the candidate nodes for compensation. The additional reactive power compensation to be provided at a node is obtained by solving linearized VSI formula. The maximum compensation at each node is limited to the initial reactive power delivered by the respective node prior to compensation for avoiding over-dimensioning of the capacitor banks. However, capacitor placement based on voltage stability index has proven less than satisfactory and not always indicated the appropriate placement.As an alternative a fuzzy expert system is used for extracting suitability of capacitor location from power loss reduction index and improving the voltage profile within voltage constraints. A combination of fuzzy expert system for capacitor placement and real coded GA for capacitor sizing, with a view to enhance voltage stability is proposed for optimal capacitor placement. The result is enhancement of the overall system stability index and potential achievement of maximum net money savings due to power and energy loss reduction vs. expenditure in capacitors.The overall accuracy and reliability of the proposed Fuzzy-Real Coded GA algorithm has been validated and tested on 33-node radial distribution system. Comparison of obtained results with those in recent publications showed that the Fuzzy-Real Coded GA algorithm is capable of producing high-quality solutions with good performance of convergence, and demonstrated viability.     

单相桥式整流滤波电容的设计

讨论了单相桥式整流滤波电容选择过大存在的问题,分析了单相整流电路充、放电过程,并根据在稳态时电容两端电压波动图形,得出最小的电容值相应的计算和设计依据.以便工程技术人员选择和设计滤波电容参数.     

An efficient hybrid method for solving the optimal sitting and sizing problem of DG and shunt capacitor banks simultaneously based on imperialist competitive algorithm and genetic algorithm

Nowadays due to development of distribution systems and increase in electricity demand, the use of distributed generation (DG) sources and capacitors banks in parallel are increased. Determining the installation location and capacity are two significant factors affecting network loss reduction and improving network performance. This paper, proposes an efficient hybrid method based on Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) and genetic algorithm (GA) which can greatly envisaged with problems for optimal placement and sizing of DG sources and capacitor banks simultaneously. The objective function is power loss reduction, improving system voltage profile, increasing voltage stability index, load balancing and transmission and distribution relief capacity for both utilities and the customers.The proposed method is implemented on IEEE 33 bus and 69 bus radial distribution systems and the results are compared with GA/Particle swarm optimization (PSO) method. Test results show that the proposed method is more effective and has higher capability in finding optimum solutions.     

一种新型高增益双输入DC-DC变换器

针对新型分布式光伏发电系统输入源模块多、输出电压低的缺点,提出一种新型高增益双输入直流变换器。在双输入交错并联Boost变换器的后级增加了三个电容和三个二极管,构成了电容串并联结构。电容的有效充放电使变换器具有高电压增益和低开关器件电压应力的特点。此外,变换器还具有电路结构对称、控制简单、灵活实现各输入源功率分配等优点。首先,本文详细分析了变换器的工作原理和电路稳态特性,给出了电感和电容的参数设计过程。最后制作了一台400 W实验样机,实验结果验证了电路的有效性。     

Study on an Audible Noise Reduction Measure for the Filter Capacitors in the HVDC Converter Station Based on the MPP Absorber

Audible noise of the filter capacitors in the HVDC converter station is severe and as loud as the converter transformer and, therefore, needs to be reduced. A microperforated-panel (MPP) absorber can be used because of its fibre-free nature and attractive appearance. In this paper, based on the mechanism of sound generation of capacitors and the electroacoustical equivalent circuit model of the MPP absorber, the MPP absorber for noise reduction of the filter capacitor in the HVDC converter station is first proposed, and then it is designed and installed at the bottom of the capacitor. An audible noise experiment of the capacitor with the MPP absorber is performed and compared with a regular capacitor's. The results validate that the MPP absorber is effective to reduce audible noise of the filter capacitors.     

具备直流故障清除和自均压能力的MMC移位全桥子模块拓扑

模块化多电平换流器（MMC）可通过改进子模块拓扑实现对直流故障电流的清除,但大多数子模块不具备电容电压自均衡能力。在全桥子模块的基础上,推导了一种兼具故障电流自清除能力和模块电容电压自均衡能力的新型子模块：移位全桥子模块（OCFBSM）。该子模块由2个全桥子模块通过移位组合构成,正常工作时根据2个电容的连接关系运行在旁路、串联和并联3种状态,可不依赖于外加均压控制自动实现模块内电容电压均衡。发生直流短路故障时,OCFBSM通过将2个电容反向接入故障回路可自动清除直流故障电流。基于MATLAB/Simulink的仿真结果验证了OCFBSM在直流故障电流清除和自均压方面的有效性,且故障闭锁后各子模块电容电压均衡,有利于MMC重启。     

三相四开关APF的SVPWM优化策略研究

针对三相四开关并联型有源电力滤波器(TFSAPF)的直流侧电容电压变化问题,通过分析不同开关模式的电路结构,总结了直流侧电容电压变化的原因,并给出了TFSAPF4个模值不全相等的有效空间电压矢量对直流侧电容电压的影响。提出了通过检测电容电压差值和电容电流方向来选择不同的等效零矢量以平衡直流侧电压的SVPWM优化策略。针对直流侧中点电位偏移问题,设计了一种基于检测电容中点电流平均值的直流侧电压偏置补偿器。相关的仿真与实验结果均证明了该SVPWM优化策略的可行性和有效性。     

An efficient optimal capacitor allocation in DG embedded distribution networks with islanding operation capability of micro-grid using a new genetic based algorithm

Capacitor banks are commonly used in electric distribution networks as a kind of reactive power sources. These sources are located in distribution networks for power factor correction, loss reduction, and voltage profile improvement. For these purposes optimal capacitor placement is needed to determine capacitors types, sizes and locations. Distribution system with Distributed Generation (DG) can have micro-grid that it will operate in both grid-connected and islanded modes of operation. The aim of this paper is to provide a method for optimal capacitor (fixed and switchable) placement in such a distribution network. The effect of different operation modes of DGs on the network is also investigated. The proposed method can guarantee the benefits of capacitor installation at different load levels. It is based on genetic algorithm (GA) with new coding and operators. Switching table of the allocated capacitors can be found through the proposed structure of the chromosome. Some case studies developed to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method.     

三电平直流变换器的交错式PWM方法

三电平结构可将开关管的电压应力箝位于输入电压的一半,因此在高输入电压场合得到了广泛应用。为保证三电平变换器的正常运行,输入分压电容和隔直电容上的电压必须基本平衡,而实际电路中驱动电路延时不一致等问题可能导致电压失衡。本文提出了一种具有更强均压能力的脉冲宽度调制PWM(pulse width modulation)方法 ,该方法通过交错使用两种传统的PWM方法实现。交错式PWM方法将隔直电容电压与输入分压电容电压解耦,同时保证前者一直维持在理想值附近,大大简化了采样电路和均压策略,因此只需要调节驱动信号间的相位差便可以实现电压平衡。实验结果验证了所提调制方法和均压策略的有效性。     

Performance and maximum load capacity of uninterruptible power system using double‐layer capacitor

Power service interruptions cause problems in various facilities. Even an instantaneous voltage drop may give rise to serious problems in computer systems or electronic equipment. The uninterruptible power system (UPS) has been used to compensate for the power service interruptions. Also, the instantaneous voltage drop compensator using the electrolytic capacitor has been developed for the instantaneous voltage drop. Recently, the double‐layer capacitor has been considered as a new energy storage element. This capacitor has many advantages such as no maintenance, long lifetime, and quick charge/discharge characteristics with large current and it has higher energy density than the electrolytic capacitor. Therefore, we developed the UPS using the double‐layer capacitor. In this paper, the performance of the UPS using the double‐layer capacitor is shown by simulated and experimental results. Furthermore, the discharge characteristics of the double‐layer capacitors are investigated on the basis of the equivalent circuit including the capacitors and a voltage booster. Finally, the maximum load capacity to compensate is clarified for the system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(3): 73–81, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20190     

一种单相双输入九电平逆变器及其调制策略

由于传统多电平逆变器存在电路结构复杂、功率器件多、控制复杂等缺点,提出一种单相双输入九电平逆变器,通过2个直流输入电源与电容的串并联实现九电平输出,拓扑结构简单,能够以较少的功率器件和电容数量产生更多的输出电平,谐波含量低,并且其多输入结构适用于分布式发电和微电网等领域。首先给出逆变器的电路结构和工作原理,然后设计逆变器调制策略,并分析电容充放电过程及其对电压波动的影响,实验结果验证了所提九电平逆变器及其调制策略的有效性和可行性。     

Numerically established correlation in electrical responses ofpolymer film capacitors to ac and pulsed voltages

In this paper, an equivalent circuit model is used to simulate electrical responses of metalized polymer film capacitors to either ac voltage or pulsed voltage stresses, in particular electric field induced on the electrode coating surface and power dissipation within the film capacitor. Electrode segmentation patterns are taken into consideration by means of arrays of interconnected lumped surface resistors, and the film capacitance is modeled by a set of shunt capacitors distributed across the length of the capacitor film. Voltage magnitude and waveform characteristics are studied in great detail for their effects on surface electric field and power dissipation. Through numerical examples, surface electric field and dissipated power induced by one type of external stress (ac or pulsed) at one frequency are shown to correlate with those at a different frequency. Further correlation is also established to relate surface field and dissipated power induced by one type stress (e.g. ac) to those by the other (pulsed), provided the waveform. characteristics of the two different stresses are specifically related. These numerically established correlations can permit significant reduction in development time of metalized film capacitors     

高压并联电容器箱壳爆裂及其对策

分析了高压并联电容器在运行中发生箱壳爆裂的起因和必要条件,认为只有当具备电容器的内部发生贯穿性击穿、电容器接入处系统有足够大的短路容量或并联电容器容量足够大及故障电容器的端子与系统或与并联的完好电容器间具有1条低阻抗放电通道这3个条件时才会发生箱壳爆裂,提出了为防止高压并联电容器在运行中发生箱壳爆裂事故所应采取的对策和...     

半桥变换器与多变压器次级串联的超级电容均压

针对于超级电容串联储能系统中单体电压不均衡的问题,介绍了一种基于半桥变换器和多变压器次级串联的均压电路,可利用多次级绕组减小因变压器单元漏感误差而引起的超级电容单体电压不均衡。该电路结构简单,还可以均衡超级电容器的电压,恒定开关频率和占空比时不需要反馈控制环节。通过分析半桥变换器每个工作模态,建立了输出电压方程,推导了串联超级电容电压均衡方程。根据电路特性,分析了变压器匝比设计方程及实现软开关变压器原边漏感要求。仿真及实验结果表明此均压电路具有均压速度快且均压效果好的特点。     

基于有源箝位的功率器件串联均压技术

功率器件串联的关键技术挑战是如何实现串联器件的动、静态均压。提出一种基于有源箝位的器件串联均压电路及其控制方法。所述均压电路仅由1个辅助开关管和1个箝位电容串联而成,该电路与各主功率管并联。主功率管的关断电压可自动被箝位电容电压箝位,从而将器件串联均压问题转化为各箝位电容电压均衡问题。提出了一种箝位电容均压方法,利用负向电流回收箝位电容电能,并能保证辅助开关管实现零电压开通。所提均压技术具有结构简单、损耗低、模块化等优点。此外,通过调整箝位电容放电时间差异,形成阶梯型桥臂电压,以减小桥臂电压的瞬时变化率dv/dt。搭建一台 3 kV/750 V 30 kW 谐振型直流变压器样机,每个桥臂采用6个SiC MOSFET串联。实验结果表明所提均压方法在各个工况下均能实现串联器件的动、静态均压,不均压度小于3 %,且在3 kV输入电压下峰值效率达98.4 %。     

串联超级电容器组的均压控制分析与研究

超级电容器作为一种高功率型储能装置,在生活中得到越来越广泛的应用,但是由于电容器单体电压较低,实际储能系统使用中必须通过串并联的方法构成超级电容器组.针对在应用过程中超级电容器串联存在的电压不均衡问题,文章提出了一种改进后的电容器均压控制电路.该电路由电容器、开关管以及变压器构成,通过反馈控制,简化参数计算,提高电压的一致性.最后在MATLAB/Simulink平台仿真验证了该控制电路下电压均衡速度快、误差小、且易于扩展,在电容器储能系统的使用中具有较高的应用价值.     

Optimal Allocation of Distributed Generation and Shunt Capacitors for the Reduction of Total Voltage Deviation and Total Line Loss in Radial Distribution Systems Using Binary Collective Animal Behavior Optimization Algorithm

This article presents a novel binary collective animal behavior algorithm to solve the problem of optimal allotment of distributed generation sets and shunt capacitors in radial distribution systems. Simultaneous sizing and placement of distributed generation units and shunt capacitors in distribution systems is a very complex optimization task, because it is a problem of combinatorial analysis with mixed-integer and binary variables and hard restrictions. With the objective of optimal allotment of shunt capacitor banks and distributed generations, a binary collective animal behavior algorithm optimizes the total line loss, or the total voltage deviation separately in a distribution system, by optimally and simultaneously allocating capacitor banks and distributed generations of optimal ratings, considering the topology of a radial distribution network. The binary collective animal behavior algorithm is applied on various balanced IEEE radial distribution networks. The results are compared to those of a conventional binary particle swarm optimization algorithm to establish the optimization superiority of binary collective animal behavior algorithm.     

动态规划法在配电网电压无功控制中的应用

提出利用动态规划法解决配电网电压无功控制问题。基于对主变每时段的负荷、馈线每部分的负荷和主变高压侧电压的预测值，利用动态规划法（DP法）确定主变分接头、并联电容器和馈线电容器的优化动作方案，从而使配电网的网络损耗最小，主变低压倒电压与其理想值的偏差最小，主变的功率因数尽可能的高，约束条件包括主变分接头、电容器一天内最大操作次数，馈线电压允许范围，主变功率因数的允许值。为了说明这种方法的有效性，我们将其应用到沧州电力公司某变电站的部分系统中进行无功电压控制。     

基于精确线性化理论的超级电容储能系统的非线性控制算法

针对超级电容及DC-DC电路的非线性特性,设计了超级电容储能系统的非线性控制算法。通过分析电路的工作状态,建立了电路仿射非线性系统标准型,利用状态反馈精确线性化理论推导出电路状态量与占空比函数间的关系,进而设计相应控制算法,并证明了系统的内动态稳定性,实现了超级电容恒流充电与恒压放电的控制目标。在Matlab/Simulink仿真平台中搭建仿真模型,对所提控制算法进行验证,并在实验室中搭建实验电路,比较了非线性控制算法与PI算法的控制效果。结果表明,在超级电容储能系统中采用非线性控制算法相比于传统PI算法能明显提高系统的动态性能,保证系统稳定运行。     

高压脉冲电容器电容量漂移的研究

针对高压脉冲电容器的稳定性即电容量随贮存时间延长而增大导致产品失效的问题,对其电容量漂移进行了跟踪研究,发现在自然贮存条件下,其电容量的变化存在“保持-激增-再保持”几个特征明显不同的变化阶段。贮存初期,高压脉冲电容器的电容量变化<0.5×10-3,贮存中期,电容量激增,贮存后期,电容量逐渐趋于稳定。该结构的理论计算和分析表明:贮存初期电容量的变化主要原因是吸油和溶胀及应力调整等物理变化;贮存中期电容量的激增是由电容器内部的化学反应造成;贮存后期各种反应达到动态平衡状态,电容量缓慢增长。故提出高压脉冲电容器在使用前应进行8~12个月的自然贮存调整,以保证使用时其电容量的稳定性。