循环流化床气体-颗粒团聚物两相流体动力特性的研究

基于气固两相流体动力学,建立循环流化床内气体-颗粒团聚物两相流动模型,模拟计算循环流化床内气固两相流动.理论预测得到循环流化床内颗粒团聚物的形成,得到颗粒"环-核"流动结构,模拟计算颗粒相浓度和速度以及气相速度分布与前人实验结果的趋势基本吻合.     

循环流态化：（Ⅲ）气,固流动模型

根据气、固两相流动的基本特征,循环流态化气、固两相流动模型可分为局部流动结构模型及整体流动结构模型两类。局部流动结构模型主要描述床内稀相及絮状物相的局部分布及变化,而整体流动结构模型主要描述床中空隙率。颗粒速度以及气体速度轴、径向分布及变化,其中根据实用层次不同,整体流动结构模型可分为一维、一维两区及两维模型。本文对循环流态化气、固流动模型进行了分类评述,供循环流化床反应器设计时参考。     

双流化床反应器间气体泄漏规律的数值模拟

建立了描述双流化床化学链燃烧反应器内气固两相流动的数学模型,采用计算流体动力学方法,模拟考察了提升管和鼓泡床相耦合的双流化床内不同单元之间气体泄漏产生原因和影响因素。化学链燃烧系统压力平衡的分析结果表明,反应器间的气体泄漏主要发生在溢流装置和鼓泡床之间;增大溢流装置表观气速,气体泄漏增大,而增大提升管或鼓泡床表观气速时,气体泄漏会随之减小;化学链燃烧系统内颗粒总藏量增加时,气体泄漏会减小;颗粒粒径减小后反应器之间气体泄漏降低。其研究结果对其他循环流化床反应器的设计与工程放大也有一定的借鉴作用。     

CFB密相区内颗粒横向扩散对燃烧的影响

循环流化床(CFB)床内燃料颗粒的扩散、混和，特别是复杂的密相区内的混和特性在很大程度上影响了燃烧状况，密相区颗粒横向扩散的规律，对于循环流化床的设计具有重要意义，在循环流化床密相区颗粒横向扩散实验研究的基础上，总结了密相区内颗粒横向扩散系数的经验公式，以此为基础，研究了密相区内碳的分布规律，并建立了相应的燃烧模型，模型包括两个子模型，即密相区二维流动及燃烧子模型、稀相区一维流动及燃烧子模型。通过模型定性模拟了流化风速、给料点布置对床内燃烧的影响，有效地反映了实际情况，并确认了将密相区颗粒横向扩散规律引入现有循环流化床燃烧模型的重要意义。     

循环流态化：（Ⅳ）气,固混合

气、固混合过程的研究与预测,是循环流化床反应器设计和模型化的关键之一。本文分析了循环流化床内气、固混合的机理。表明由于颗粒的聚集与解体以及气固两相在床内轴径向流动的不均匀性,因此在循环流化床内气固两相无论在局部,还是在整体上均存在着明显的混合。目前,在循环流化床基础研究中,气、固混合的研究是一个比较薄弱的环节。已有的研究结果之间尚存在不够统一、甚至相互矛盾的问题,需要进一步大量系统地工作。     

气固流化床内宽筛分硅粉颗粒流化特性的数值模拟

为了探索气固流化床内宽筛分硅粉颗粒的流化特性,作者利用计算流体力学CFD软件,采用Eulerian气固多相流模型及SIMPLE算法,模拟了二维气固流化床内不同粒级硅粉颗粒在不同操作件下的气固流化特性;分析了气泡生成、长大和破裂的过程,研究了床内气固两相的流动特性.结果表明:模拟计算值与实验值吻合较好,最大相对误差为10...     

循环流化床脱硫器气固两相流动的数值模拟

以双流体模型为基础,结合颗粒动力学理论,对下部装有文丘里气体分布器的新型循环流化床脱硫反应器内气固两相流动特性进行了数值模拟.为全面描述气固两相的相互作用以及固相的出现对气相湍流作用的影响,模型中引入了物理意义上更加合理的源项公式,并与实验值进行了比较,模拟计算值与实验值吻合良好,验证了双流体模型方程的适用性.计算结果表明:由于文丘里管特殊结构的影响,流化床提升管内颗粒浓度分布非常不均匀,颗粒速度沿提升管高度发生强烈变化,流动非常复杂,研究结果为进一步优化循环流化床脱硫反应器入口结构打下了基础.     

循环流化床颗粒浓度波动信号多重分形测度分析

由于循环流化床气－固两相流动规律相当复杂，使得至今对其流动规律的认知仍不足以直接用于循环流床的工业设计与放大。近十多年来，确定性混沌理论已被用于循环流化床动力学特性的研究，与其密切相关的分形理论也被用于流化床流动特性的研究。然而，这些研究所用均是采用单分形理论，而单分形理论对解释循环流化床复杂的非线性气－固流动行为显得能力不足。为了探讨循环流化床内颗粒流体系统非线性、非均匀性和混沌特性机理。本文引入不同测试多重分形分析的方法，用小波变换模极大值与多重分形测度分析方法相结合，检测循环流化床颗粒浓度波动信号奇异性并得出多重分形奇异谱。结果表明循环流化床颗粒浓度波动信号具有明显的多重分形特性。小波变换多重分形方法可以用来描述床内颗粒流动特性，为探讨循环流化床颗粒流体系统非均匀机制提出了一种新的方法。     

气—固流化床颗粒的内循环流动

从多尺度范围考察了气－固流化床内尾涡颗粒流和乳化相颗粒流的运动规律，将分散的尾涡颗粒流和乳化相颗粒流连续介质化，从流变学角度定义了颗粒洗粘度，用流体力学方法建立了内循环流动结构的多尺度，连续介质流模型，较好地揭示了颗粒循环循环流动的规律。实验观测支持模型预测结果。     

颗粒旋转对鼓泡流化床内气固两相流动特性影响的数值模拟

运用考虑颗粒自旋转流动对颗粒碰撞能量交换和耗散影响的颗粒动理学方法,建立鼓泡流化床气固两相Euler-Euler双流体模型,数值模拟流化床内气体颗粒两相流动特性。分析表明,颗粒平动温度与旋转温度之比是法向和切向颗粒弹性恢复系数和摩擦系数的函数。与不考虑颗粒旋转效应计算结果相比,考虑颗粒旋转效应后床内较容易形成气泡,颗粒自旋转运动将导致床内非均匀结构更明显。并且床层平均空隙率和床层膨胀高度增加,床中心区域颗粒轴向速度提高,床内颗粒平动温度下降。考虑颗粒旋转效应后预测的颗粒轴向速度和颗粒脉动速度与文献实验结果基本吻合。考虑颗粒旋转效应后获得的气泡直径更接近于前人经验关联式。     

A two-dimensional model for gas mixing in the upper dilute zone of a circulating fluidized bed

Based on measurements in a circulating fluidized test unit with a riser of 0.4 m i.d., a two-dimensional two-phase model for gas mixing has been developed. Radial gas dispersion and gas backmixing caused by dense clusters falling countercurrently to the main flow of a lean gas/solid suspension are considered. The model has successfully been compared with experimental data over a wide range of operating conditions. The model accounts for the main mixing phenomena and may be applied to calculations of chemical reactions in CFB risers.     

16m高气固提升管中的压力梯度与流动行为研究

在较宽操作条件范围对16m高提升管中气－固两相流（空气－FCC颗粒）的压力梯度进行了实验测试,进一步揭示了快速流态化和密相气力输送这两种流动形态的动力学特征及其与操作参数的关系。结果表明,在表观气速增大的过程中气固提升管中的轴向压力梯度并非总是不断趋于均匀分布;提升管高度对快速流态化到密相气力输送状态的过渡有重要影响,对于给定的表观气速,提升管高度增加将使过渡点所应的颗粒循环量和床层颗粒浓度都减小。本实验条件下所有过滤点对应的床层颗粒浓度较为一致,平均为0．0104,并由此得到过渡点操作参数Ug与Gs的关联式。本文研究表明,在以往工作基础上进一步研究提升管高度对流动行为的影响极有必要。     

A MODEL FOR A DENSE PHASE CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED

A model for a dense phase circulating fluidized bed (DPCFB) is proposed. The model incorporates a new approach to the modelling of the riser and gas cross-flow between interconnected sections around the circulation loop. It is found that gas leakage is inevitable and must be incorporated in the modelling of solids circulation. Model predictions compare well with experimental results from a compartmented DPCFB.     

Flow patterns in high-velocity fluidized beds and pneumatic conveying

Four flow patterns are identified for gas-solids vertical upward flows. Homogeneous dilute phase flow is characterized by the absence of both radial and axial solids segregation. Heterogeneous dilute phase flow (also called core-annulus flow) is characterized by the absence of axial solids segregation, with solids carried upward in the core and travelling downward near the outer wall due to the formation of particle streamers. Collapsed flow with a lower dense region and an upper dilute region is also referred to as the fast fluidization regime. In this case, the flow structure in the upper dilute region is similar to that in heterogeneous dilute phase flow, while the lower dense region resembles that in a turbulent fluidized bed. Dense phase flow can be reached when the riser is completely occupied by a relatively dense suspension with little axial density variation and no net solids downflow near the riser wall. The transition from fast fluidization to dense phase flow is still not clearly defined.     

高密度下行床相结构分析

在自行设计的一套高密度下行循环流化床中（80 mm ID, 高5.6 m）,对下行床内相结构进行了实验研究.实验结果显示：稀密两相时间分率的径向分布中心区域比较均匀,变化范围在10%～20%之间;轴向密相尺寸在十几毫米之间,密相内颗粒平均浓度为床层浓度的1.7倍,稀相颗粒浓度约为平均浓度的40%.在下行床中,稀密两相的转变是一渐变过程,而提升管内两相的转变是突变.通过比较高密度下行床与高密度提升管内密相特性,发现下行床内的密相因停留时间短、尺寸小和密度低而难以观察到.     

提升管内气固流动特性的离散元模拟

采用离散单元法模型对二维提升管内气固流动特性进行了数值模拟。利用标准k-ε模型模拟气相的湍流流动,考虑了颗粒间的van der Waals力和滚动摩擦的作用。通过对颗粒和气体流动行为的分析,得到了颗粒浓度、速度、温度及气体速度等的分布,研究了表观气速和颗粒循环速率对颗粒流动的影响。结果显示:颗粒在提升管内呈现边壁浓、中心稀的环核流动及上稀下浓的流动结构;气固两相都存在一定程度的返混现象;增加表观气速,使颗粒浓度降低、速度增大,颗粒分布更均匀;增加颗粒循环速率,使颗粒浓度增大,而颗粒速度对颗粒循环速率的变化不敏感,颗粒分布的不均匀性更强。模拟结果与文献中实验定性吻合。     

Experimental validation of the gas-solid flow in the CFB riser

In this paper, an experimental study is performed to investigate the flow structure in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB). The typical core-annulus structure and small amount of back-mixing of particles near the wall of the riser were observed. The axial solid concentration distributions contain a dilute region towards the up-middle zone and a dense region near the bottom and the top exit zones. Furthermore, the solid concentration decreases with the increase of the superficial gas velocity, and increases with the increment of the circulation rate at the same height position. The total pressure drop of the main bed represents a linear relationship with the solid flux rate. In the dense phase zone, the solid concentration increases linearly with the augmentation of the solid flux, however, the change of the solid concentration is slight, even unchangeable at the up zones. In addition, based on the Energy-Minimization Multi-Scale (EMMS) method, a revised drag force model is proposed, which is coupled in the Eulerian two-fluid model for simulating the flow structure in the riser. Numerical results are consistent with the experimental data, which indicate the revised drag force model is very successful in simulating flow structure of the dense gas-solid two-phase flow.     

Hydrodynamic modelling of the axial density profile in the riser of a low‐density circulating fluidized bed

The axial density profile is an important characteristic of the CFB riser and a key parameter in the CFB design. A simple, but reliable model is needed to predict the density profiles. Elutriation‐based models treat the dense phase at the bottom of the riser as a dense bubbling bed whereas the dilute phase higher up can be looked upon as the entrainment zone above the dense bed. The elutriation model, as originally presented by Rhodes et al. (1986) and based on Wen et al. (1982) is extensively studied and modified. In spite of the modifications, the use of entrainment models has certain clear limitations due to a wide range of predictions as evident from Table 1. Elutriation rates are calculated based on the hydrodynamic phenomena in the dense bed and a fitting procedure for the entrainment decay constant (σ) was performed.     

Computational fluid dynamics of a circulating fluidized bed under various fluidization conditions

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to simulate the hydrodynamics of gas-solid flow in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser at various fluidization conditions using the Eulerian-Granular multiphase model. The model was evaluated comprehensively by comparing its predictions with experimental results reported for a CFB riser operating at various solid mass fluxes and superficial gas velocities. The model was capable of predicting the main features of the complex gas-solids flow, including the cluster formation of the solid phase along the walls, for different operating conditions. The model also predicted the coexistence of up-flow in the lower regions and downward flow in the upper regions at the wall of the riser for high gas velocity and solid mass flux, as reported in the literature. The predicted solid volume fraction and axial particle velocity were in good agreement with the experimental data within the high density fast fluidization regime. However, the model showed some discrepancy in predicting the gas-solid flow behavior in the riser operating in dense suspension up-flow and low density fast fluidization regimes.