短链菊粉对玉米磷酸酯双淀粉热力学特性的影响

通过添加不同比例的短链菊粉（inulin,I）,研究其对玉米磷酸酯双淀粉（maize distarch phosphate,MDP）质构、糊化特性和热力学性质的影响。采用质构仪、Brabender黏度计和差示扫描量热仪（differentialscanning calorimeter,DSC）分别测定了菊粉、MDP及两者复配物的凝胶质构特性、黏度特性、糊化及相变特性等参数。结果表明：菊粉的添加增加了玉米磷酸酯双淀粉的凝胶强度、黏附力、硬度、回复性及糊化起始温度（To）、峰值温度（Tp）和终止温度（Tc）,当I和MDP质量比为3∶7时,复配物凝胶的黏附力、硬度和回复性较MDP依次增加了33%、145%和650%,To和Tp值分别增加了5.06%和5.10%;菊粉的添加降低了MDP的峰值黏度、崩解值、回生值及糊化吸热值,当I和MDP质量比为3∶7时,峰值黏度、崩解值和回生值较MDP依次降低了73.43%、87.35%和79.32%。综合来看,菊粉增强了MDP凝胶的稳定性和强度,提高了MDP的糊化温度、糊液黏度和糊液稳定性,同时有效抑制了MDP的回生。     

菊粉取代玉米磷酸酯双淀粉对香肠质构和感官特性的影响

本文以鸡肉和猪肉为原料,在香肠的生产过程中用短链菊粉按照0%(对照组)、10%、30%、50%、70%、100%的比例取代玉米磷酸酯双淀粉,探索对香肠品质的影响。试验采用质构仪和色差计分别测定香肠的质构特性和色泽,同时进行感官评价,并计算蒸煮损失。结果表明:菊粉取代玉米磷酸酯双淀粉后,各组香肠的弹性与对照组差异不显著(p0.05),而硬度和咀嚼性显著降低(p0.05),香肠口感评分值提高;含菊粉香肠的红色值(a*)、黄色值(b*)降低,除取代比为70%的香肠亮度增加外,其它各组香肠的亮度差异不显著(p0.05);菊粉的添加降低了香肠的蒸煮损失,说明香肠的出品率得到提高。综合各项分析,当菊粉取代玉米磷酸酯双淀粉的比例为70%时,香肠的评分值最高且品质有显著提高。     

大豆分离蛋白对玉米磷酸酯双淀粉性质影响

以玉米磷酸酯双淀粉为原料,研究不同大豆分离蛋白添加量对玉米磷酸酯双淀粉性质影响。结果表明,随大豆分离蛋白添加量增加,玉米磷酸酯双淀粉糊化温度、峰值粘度、谷值粘度、末值粘度和衰减值相较于原淀粉显著升高;大豆分离蛋白添加量为25%和50%时,淀粉凝胶硬度、粘度和咀嚼性降低;但随大豆分离蛋白添加量继续增多,硬度、粘度和咀嚼性增大。且添加25%和50%大豆分离蛋白后,样品凝胶孔变得大小不均匀;添加75%和100%大豆分离蛋白,样品凝胶孔明显大于玉米磷酸酯双淀粉凝胶孔,且孔壁较厚。     

大米淀粉及其磷酸酯的理化性质研究

对大米淀粉进行酯化,通过改变温度得到不同取代度的大米淀粉磷酸酯,使用扫描电子显微镜、质构仪、快速黏度分析仪、流变仪对大米淀粉及其不同取代度的淀粉磷酸酯的理化性质进行了测定。结果显示:大米磷酸酯淀粉的硬度、回复性、胶性和咀嚼性要低于大米原淀粉,凝聚性和黏着性要高于原淀粉,取代度越大硬度、回复性、胶性和咀嚼性越小,凝聚性和黏着性越大;大米淀粉磷酸酯的开始糊化温度要小于大米原淀粉,峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、崩解值、消减值要小于大米原淀粉,取代度增大,开始糊化温度降低,峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、崩解值、消减值增大。大米淀粉经过磷酸酯变性后,黏度增加了,不易回生,稳定性加强了,凝沉性减弱了,且取代度越高,这些性质越明显;大米淀粉磷酸酯和大米淀粉属于剪切稀化流体,在相同剪切速率下,取代度越大的大米淀粉磷酸酯表观黏度越大。     

羟丙基和磷酸酯化对不同玉米杂交种淀粉糊化特性的影响

采用了实验室方法提取了高直链、糯性和普通玉米杂交种的淀粉，并分别进行了羟丙基化和磷酸酯化反应。采用快速粘度分析仪（RVA）和差示扫描量热仪（DSC）分别分析了淀粉的糊化和热力学性质。结果表明：羟丙基化和磷酸酯化反应都不同程度地降低了所有淀粉的热焓值和糊化温度，缩短了出峰时间，增加了峰值粘度。二者相比，羟丙基化更显著地降低了原淀粉的糊化温度和热焓值，缩短了出峰时间；而磷酸酯化则更明显地提高了原淀粉的峰值粘度和终粘度．     

食品成分对淀粉糊性能的影响

用Ｂｒａｂｅｎｄｅｒ淀粉粘度仪研究分析了一些食品成分如食盐、蔗糖、柠檬酸以及琼脂等对玉米淀粉和玉米淀粉磷酸酯糊的粘度性质的影响，结果表明：柠檬酸、食盐、蔗糖、琼脂对玉米淀粉和玉米淀粉磷酸酯的粘度、老化都有影响。玉米淀粉经磷酸脂化后，老化速率减慢。食盐（浓度＜１％）、柠檬酸可减缓玉米淀粉的老化，却使酯化淀粉更易于老化。琼脂可以减缓玉米淀粉和玉米淀粉磷酸脂的老化，蔗糖却加速了这两种淀粉的老化。     

玉米磷酸酯淀粉对鸡肉火腿肠制品质构的影响

研究了添加不同取代度玉米磷酸酯淀粉对鸡肉火腿肠品质的影响。鸡肉火腿肠的全质构分析结果表明,在使用一定的添加量时,玉米磷酸酯淀粉P2对制品的效果明显优于玉米原淀粉,能明显的改善制品的硬度、弹性、粘聚性和咀嚼度等质构性质。      

不同取代度玉米淀粉磷酸酯理化性质的研究

目的:对不同取代度的玉米淀粉磷酸酯的理化性质进行系统研究。方法:以尿素为催化剂,利用磷酸二氢钠与淀粉反应制备玉米淀粉磷酸酯,测定其取代度、溶解度、膨润力、透光率、表观粘度、抗老化性和冻融稳定性。结果:随着反应时间的延长,所得玉米淀粉磷酸酯的取代度逐渐增大;与原玉米淀粉相比,不同取代度玉米淀粉磷酸酯的溶解度、膨润力、透光度、表观粘度、抗老化性和冻融稳定性都有明显提高。结论:根据不同取代度的玉米淀粉磷酸酯的理化特性,可将其应用于不同的食品生产中,以提高食品的质量。     

玉米磷酸酯淀粉对鸡肉火腿肠制品质构的影响

研究了添加不同取代度玉米磷酸酯淀粉对鸡肉火腿肠品质的影响。鸡肉火腿肠的全质构分析结果表明,在使用一定的添加量时,玉米磷酸酯淀粉P2对制品的效果明显优于玉米原淀粉,能明显的改善制品的硬度、弹性、粘聚性和咀嚼度等质构性质。     

黄原胶对玉米淀粉糊化性能的影响

将黄原胶引入到淀粉浆料中,采用快速黏度分析法(RVA)研究了黄原胶的加入对玉米淀粉糊化性能和浆液表观黏度的影响,讨论了黄原胶与玉米淀粉分子之间的相互作用.结果表明:黄原胶可促进淀粉糊化,降低淀粉的糊化温度,缩短糊化时间;随着黄原胶质量分数的增加,淀粉的糊化峰值黏度增加,表现了2种高分子的相互作用;黏度衰减值随黄原胶增加...     

Effect of ionic gums and dry heating on physicochemical,morphological, thermal and pasting properties of water chestnut starch

Starch from water chestnuts (Trapa natans) was isolated and modified by dry heating and hydrocolloids [carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) and sodium alginate]. Native and modified starches were evaluated for their physicochemical, pasting, thermal and morphological properties. Pasting and thermal properties were studied using Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) respectively. Morphological properties were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Modification of the starch by dry heating with and without gums reduced paste clarity and increased the water and oil binding capacity; solubility and swelling power decreased. Dry heating of native starch increased peak viscosity; however, with addition of CMC, peak viscosity decreased. Starch modified with CMC and 4 h heating exhibited lowest gelatinization temperature (T₀). Pasting characteristics of native water chestnut starch were largely affected by the addition of gums and/or heat treatment. Overall onset gelatinization temperature reduced with heat treatment and addition of gums. Morphological studies revealed no significant variation in starch granule size. Starch granules were seen agglomerated because of leaching of amylose and granule interspacing decreased with addition of gums.     

两种亲水性胶体和两种变性淀粉对青稞-小麦面团流变学特性的影响

将青稞面粉与小麦面粉以7∶3比例混合,制成青稞-小麦基础粉。将黄原胶（XG）、瓜尔豆胶（GG）和马铃薯乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯（ADP-PS）、木薯乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯（ADP-CS）按不同比例分别添加到该基础粉中,利用Mixolab混合实验仪研究两种亲水性胶体和两种乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯对青稞-小麦基础粉面团流变学特性的影响。结果表明:两种水溶性胶体和乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯均可改善青稞-小麦基础粉面团的流变学特性。对于吸水率而言,GG和ADPCS可以更显著地降低青稞-小麦基础粉面团的吸水率（p<0.05）。就缩短面团的形成时间而言GG和ADP-PS的效果更明显。ADP-PS对增加面团稳定时间方面有略微地改善。在蛋白质的弱化、淀粉的糊化、淀粉糊化胶的热稳定性及淀粉的回生特性方面两种胶体都可以达到减弱的作用,并且ADP-CS在这些方面的减弱作用较ADP-PS更明显。根据这两种亲水性胶体和乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯在青稞-小麦面团的流变学性质中表现出的特点以及面条用粉的标准可选用GG和ADP-CS作为改良剂更好地用于青稞面条的制作中。      

食用胶对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响

将不同添加量的卡拉胶、亚麻籽胶、黄原胶和魔芋胶添加到猪肉肌原纤维蛋白溶液中,通过测定肌原纤维蛋白的乳化能力、凝胶质构特性、保水性和凝胶白度,研究食用胶对肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响。结果表明:与未添加食用胶的对照组相比,四种食用胶均可显著提高肌原纤维蛋白的乳化能力、凝胶硬度和弹性以及保水性(p<0.05),且添加量越高,增加的幅度越大;但添加食用胶后,肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶白度略有下降。因此,卡拉胶、亚麻籽胶、黄原胶和魔芋胶对肌原纤维蛋白的功能特性具有显著的影响。      

追氮对夏玉米淀粉含量及其糊化特性的影响

以郑单958为材料,研究玉米随追氮量增加玉米籽粒淀粉含量、淀粉相关酶活性及其淀粉糊化特性的影响,研究结果表明玉米籽粒淀粉及直链淀粉含量随追氮量的增加先升高后略有下降;腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADPG-PPase)、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UDPG-PPase)及束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)的活性随追氮量的增加先升高后降低。可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)的活性随追氮量的增加先降低后升高;随追氮量的增加淀粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度及崩解值先升高后降低,峰值时间以及糊化温度先降低后升高。     

Influence of modified starches on properties of gluten-free dough and bread. Part I: Rheological and thermal properties of gluten-free dough

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of chemically modified starches (HDP and ADA) and high amylose corn starch (HACS) on the rheological and thermal properties of gluten-free dough based on corn and potato starches with pectin and guar gum. The results indicate that the dough with the addition of modified starch behaves as weak gel, the value of storage modulus G′ significantly depends on the frequency and the values of tan δ = G″/G′ range from 0.32 to 0.49. Significant influence of hydroxypropylated distarch phosphate (HDP) on the viscoelastic properties of dough was observed. The share of modified starch in the system caused a decrease of the instantaneous and viscoelastic compliance. It also influenced the retardation time and zero shear viscosity. The application of modified starches (HDP and ADA) for dough preparation did not have much impact on the pasting characteristics. However, significant reduction of the onset and end viscosities were found for high amylose starch (HACS). Thermograms obtained for individual dough systems were characterized by the presence of two peaks, associated with the existence of two different starches in the system. No significant effect of modified starch on the onset temperature (T_O) and only a slight effect of HACS starch on gelatinization enthalpy were observed. However, the level of addition of individual starch affected peak and end (T_E) temperatures, depending on the type of preparation.     

Pasting and rheologic properties of potato starch and maize starch mixtures

This study characterized the pasting and rheologic behavior of potato/maize starch mixtures of various ratios. Pasting analysis using a Brabender Viscograph indicated that most important pasting parameters did not show a linear change that reflected the ratio of starches. A significant effect on final viscosities and setback was evident. The diameter distribution of starch granules that were heated to 70°C was determined by a laser particle size analyzer. The result suggested that the swelling of starch granules in the mixtures was reduced at the onset of gelatinization. Measurement of dynamic viscoelasticity measurement demonstrated that the mixtures showed slightly higher loss modulus than those seen for the control at small measuring frequencies. The mixture pastes with a high proportion of potato starch exhibited more pseudoplasticity and had a more significant thickening effect than either control paste. Nonadditive behavior was found by mixing potato and maize starch. This suggests that an appropriate blend of starches from diverse botanical origins may provide a simple practical avenue for manipulation.     

羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯对鲜湿方便米粉品质的影响

选用羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯(HPDSP)/大米粉质量比0.0%,5.0%,7.5%,10.0%,15.0%制作米粉,通过测定鲜湿方便米粉的长期老化、断条率及蒸煮损失,反映HPDSP对米粉老化、蒸煮品质的影响,研究结果表明:HPDSP能显著降低米粉老化特征峰强度与相对结晶度,降低回生焓,抑制米粉的老化;抑制老化效果随HPDSP添加量的增加而增强;微观结构显示添加HPDSP后的老化米粉表现为多孔状蜂窝结构;硬度结果进一步证明了HPDSP有抗米粉老化的作用。蒸煮试验表明,HPDSP添加量为0.0%~10.0%时能显著改善米粉储藏过程中的品质劣变,但添加15.0%HPDSP对米粉蒸煮品质有损害。     

Physicochemical and pasting properties of maize as affected by storage temperature

Maize grains are used as raw material in various food products. In countries where the production is seasonal, the grains must be stored throughout the year in order to provide sufficient maize supply for the food industries and consumers. During storage, the environmental temperature is considered as one of the most critical variables that affects grain quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of various storage temperatures (5, 15, 25 and 35 °C) on the proximate composition, pH, fat acidity, percentage of grains infected by molds, grain color, protein solubility and pasting properties of maize stored for 12 months. Grains stored at 35 °C during the 12 months period showed the greatest decrease in grain yellowness, pH, protein solubility and breakdown viscosity. An increase in disulfide bonds within the protein structure and interaction between starch and non-starch components seems to be responsible for the changes in protein solubility and pasting properties determined in maize during the storage period. Fat acidity and the percentage of grains infected by visible molds were concluded to be very dependent of moisture content. The result of this study demonstrated that the minimum temperature of 5 °C was able to maintain the quality of maize stored for up 12 months.