三峡左岸电站蜗壳保温保压系统施工研究

三峡左岸电站厂房蜗壳二期混凝土采取保温保压的方法浇筑,即施工时,蜗壳内水体保压水头为70 m,水温控制在16℃～22℃.介绍了保温保压系统的工作原理、设备配置、保温保压控制措施及实测蜗壳变形控制效果,总结了三峡左岸厂房蜗壳保温保压浇筑混凝土的成功经验,对其他类似工程有一定的参考价值.     

三峡水电站蜗壳保温保压施工介绍

三峡水利枢纽左岸厂房蜗壳是由国外厂家设计制造，采用混凝土与蜗壳联合受力的方式。在蜗壳进行混凝土浇筑时，要求蜗壳内部压力为70m水头，水温要求在16C～22℃保温保压混凝土浇筑。由于蜗壳内部的容量5700m^3，最低气温低于0℃，最高气温超过40℃，故蜗壳温度的测量和控制是蜗壳保温保压浇筑混凝土的难题。     

厂房蜗壳二期混凝土保温保压设计研究

随着高水头、高转速、大容量的水轮机蜗壳的出现,蜗壳与周围的二期混凝土需要共同承担水头压力,因此二期混凝土的浇筑不但需要保压,还需要考虑保温措施,蜗壳与二期混凝土才能更好地共同承担水头压力。目前一般水电站工程只要求保压,很少要求保温浇筑。通过工程实践,提供了一个保温保压从设计到施工的工程实例,以便其他工程借鉴。     

三峡电站厂房蜗壳外围混凝土结构设计综述

三峡电站厂房是三峡工程三大主要建筑物之一,是三峡枢纽的重要组成部分,电站装机容量大,机组台数多,结构复杂.电站厂房蜗壳外围混凝土,为大尺寸的异形钢筋混凝土结构,电站初期运行的上游水位与永久运行的上游最高水位相差40 m,采用保压浇筑蜗壳外围混凝土的方式施工.要使钢蜗壳在低水头运行时不会与外围混凝土结构间产生过多的间隙影响机组安全运行,在高水头运行时钢蜗壳也不至于过多地将内水压力传递给外围混凝土结构,对混凝土结构的安全不利,这便给该结构的受力分析、结构设计以及施工等都带来一定的难度,要保证水轮发电机组在各种工况下稳定运行,对蜗壳外围混凝土结构有许多需要认真对待和深入研究的问题.     

水电站蜗壳保压浇混凝土结构的三维仿真分析

三峡工程水电站厂房蜗壳采用保压浇外围混凝土的结构形式。为研究钢蜗壳与外围混凝土交界面的接触性态，分别对冬季和夏季浇混凝土情况进行了模拟施工过程的三维有限元仿真计算，给出了交界面在不同季节不同水位运行期的传力和间隙，结果表明温度对传力的影响显著。对冬季浇筑情况，研究了通过提高保压水温来减小高温季节高水位运行期的传力；对夏季浇筑情况，研究了通过降低保压水头来减小蜗壳混凝土在低温季节低水位运行期的间隙。     

三峡水电站左岸厂房水轮机蜗壳保温保压后运行监测成果分析

对三峡水电站左岸厂房蜗壳在充水保温保压进行外包二期混凝土浇筑后,设计低水头运行的情况下的监测资料进行了简要分析,通过对蜗壳的钢板应力、钢筋应力、应变等监测资料在蜗壳运行期间充、放水的变化,结合数理统计模型与应力分布图,简述了三峡蜗壳钢板及外包混凝土的不同工况下的变化规律,为工程运行和保温保压进行二期混凝土浇筑工艺的效果提供了参考依据.     

马鹿塘水电站一期工程厂房蜗壳设计探索

马鹿塘水电站一、二期水头相差112 m,一期工程蜗壳钢筋混凝土结构采用与钢蜗壳联合受力的结构形式,而蜗壳最大设计水头又要按二期建成后的450 m设计,因此在一期设计水头运行时,蜗壳内的水压力小于保压值,则保证蜗壳运行稳定性是设计的难点;同时因蜗壳混凝土结构分担内水压力较大,仍按传统的抗裂设计配筋,钢筋用量太大,对保证蜗壳混凝土的质量难度大,这次蜗壳设计突破传统设计方法,采用按限裂设计配筋,最大限度的减少钢筋量用量,易保证混凝土浇筑质量。     

关于三峡二期工程几个技术问题的意见

1关于水轮机蜗壳外围混凝土浇筑方式对于单机容量为70万kw的大型水轮机蜗壳，建议采用打压并保压88m水头进行外围混凝土浇筑，压水试验可以取消。可以适当减少外围混凝土的配筋量。从目前我们所掌握的国外资料来看，单机34万kw以上的都是打压浇筑混凝土的。国内李家峡水电站单机容量40万kw，不用打压浇筑混凝土，在蜗壳上部加垫层，但尚未经过高水头运行的考验。设计单位很后悔没有采用打压浇筑混凝土。俄罗斯的萨杨诺水电站，单机64万kW，也不打压，也没有加任何垫层，而是将混凝土直接浇筑在蜗壳外围。由于技术保密，详细的情况我们并不…     

糯扎渡水电站地下厂房蜗壳混凝土浇筑质量控制

针对糯扎渡水电站地下厂房机组单机容量大,工作水头高,水头变幅较大,蜗壳混凝土保温、保压浇筑要求等特点,分析了蜗壳浇筑质量控制的重点。蜗壳浇筑时产生的座环抬动、“阴角”部位的浇筑、温控防裂、浇筑强度高等是施工控制的重点、难点,经分析蜗壳混凝土采用“象限法”分层浇筑较为有利。根据拟定的浇筑方案,并采取其他相关措施,保证了蜗壳混凝土浇筑质量。     

院士来信

《人民长江》编辑部 :　　您们好 !贵刊 2 0 0 3年第 1期发表文章《三峡电站厂房蜗壳外围混凝土结构设计综述》 ,读后有以下认识。国外 70 0MW机组 ,一般需要进行高压试验 ,即最高运行水压加 50 % ,试验其焊缝的安全。三峡水电站主厂房过小 ,不能安装裹头 ,要放到副厂房 ,影响施工进度。所以 ,虽然很多专家要做高压试验 ,我认为蜗壳焊接应是可靠的 ,所以同意不做高压试验 ,而坚持做保压浇筑外围混凝土 ,采用最小水头以下的水头进行保压浇筑。这是国外通用的经验。从而在低水头运行时 ,蜗壳与外围混凝土可以紧密接触 ,对机组运行稳定是有利…     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Desiccation and recolonization of phytobenthos in a regulated desert river: Colorado River at Lees Ferry,Arizona, USA

We tested the recolonization of the phytobenthic community in the tailwaters of Glen Canyon Dam following long- and short-term experimentally induced desiccation. The response of Cladophora glomerata, Oscillatoria spp., miscellaneous phytobenthos species and periphyton was studied over 18 weeks using three treatments: (1) undisturbed control cobbles from the submerged zone; (2) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the submerged zone; and (3) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the varial zone. Periphyton density and compositional response resulting from these treatments were also examined. Desiccation treatments were significantly different in biomass from controls throughout the study. The biomass of desiccated and replaced river cobbles averaged <30% of the controls for C. glomerata and periphyton during the 18-week recolonization period. In contrast, the biomass of the control Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species averaged only 3 and 50% of that in the desiccation treatments, respectively. Cladophora, the dominant alga, comprised 77% of the phytobenthic biomass. A significant positive relationship between discharge, Cladophora and periphyton biomass was present in all treatments, while there was a negative relationship with discharge for Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species. There was a significant inverse correlation, as well as a pattern of separate biomass dominance, between C. glomerata and Oscillatoria. Cladophora was the dominant phytobenthos species on cobbles below the baseflow and Oscillatoria was dominant on cobbles in the varial zone. In general, the Cladophora biomass decreased under intermittent drying conditions, while Oscillatoria declined under permanently wet conditions. Diatom composition was not significantly different between treatments; however, their density was lower on desiccated cobbles. Diatom density on desiccated cobbles in the submerged and varial zones averaged 69 and 42% of that of the controls, respectively. Recovery and maintenance of benthic resources are hindered by fluctuating flow regimes driven by electricity and irrigation requirements. Repeated desiccation of the phytobenthos has major effects on the bottom-up interactions in the Colorado River ecosystem. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.