Formaldehyde content of milk in goats fed formaldehyde-treated soybean oil-meal

Formaldehyde is used in ruminant feeding for different purposes including the protection of dietary proteins from ruminal degradation. The formaldehyde content of milk of goats fed various levels of formaldehyde-treated soybean oil-meal has been determined by using a sensitive HPLC method. Results showed a significant linear correlation between ingested formaldehyde and formaldehyde concentration in milk. About 0.02% of ingested formaldehyde was excreted in milk, as free formaldehyde.     

Effects of ruminal exposure on the amino acid profile of heated and formaldehyde-treated soybean meal

Rumen cannulated Holstein steers, fed corn silage and a corn-soybean grain mixture twice a day, were used to compare the effectiveness of heat and formaldehyde treatments in preserving the amino acid profile of soybean meal exposed to ruminal fermentation for 12 h. Formaldehyde treatments were 0, .3, .6, and .9 g/100 g soybean meal. Defatted soybean flakes treated at 250, 250, 215, and 180 degrees C for 30, 20, 20, and 25 min, respectively, and unheated soybean meal comprised the heat treatments. The in situ polyester bag technique was used to obtain estimates of ruminal degradation of the treated and untreated soybean meals and to obtain undegraded residues from the soybean meals following 12 h of rumen exposure. Diaminopimelic acid was used to assess the extent of bacterial contamination. Significant amounts of apparent diaminopimelic acid were detected in unexposed samples (2.0 to 7.6% of soybean nitrogen) and in residues (4.8 to 12.7% of residue nitrogen). Significant differences in amino acid contents were detected between untreated and heat-treated soybean meals and their respective residues. Formaldehyde treatment was effective in preserving the original amino acid profile of soybean meal.     

利用高温脱脂豆粕制备脱脂豆浆工艺的研究

实验以高温脱脂豆粕蛋白溶出率为指标,通过单因素与正交实验比较加热搅拌法与超声波法两种方法处理脱脂豆粕粉制备豆浆的工艺,得到了脱脂豆粕制备脱脂豆浆的最佳工艺参数。加热搅拌法最佳工艺参数为:提取温度60℃,提取时间60min,料液比1:18,蛋白溶出率为80.9%;超声波法最佳工艺参数为:提取温度50℃,提取时间30min,料液比1:16,蛋白溶出率为81.8%。从节能角度考虑,选取超声波法为高温脱脂豆粕制备脱脂豆浆的最佳方法。      

霉变大豆对豆粕质量的影响

大豆霉变后，营养物质含量减少，籽粒变色变味，某些微生物分泌的毒素富集在大豆上可能使籽粒感染上毒素。通过对霉变大豆含量不同的大豆样品和豆粕样品进行油脂含量、粗蛋白含量、氢氧化钾蛋白质溶解度、尿素酶活性、色泽和气味等质量指标的测定，分析和研究霉变大豆对豆粕质量的影响。结果显示，随着霉变大豆含量的增加，豆粕粗蛋白含量有所升高，豆粕氢氧化钾蛋白质溶解度降低，豆粕尿素酶活性降低，豆粕颜色灰暗无光泽，霉变味加重。由此得出。用豆粕蛋白质含量作为评价霉变大豆加工所得豆粕质量的指标是不合适的，而采用豆粕氢氧化钾蛋白质溶解度作为评价指标更为合理。这一结果应在大豆油脂生产和豆粕贸易中受到重视。     

Effects of grass silage and soybean meal supplementation on milk production and milk fatty acid profiles of grazing dairy cows

The effects of supplementation with grass silage and replacement of some corn in the concentrate with soybean meal (SBM) on milk production, and milk fatty acid (FA) profiles were evaluated in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square study using 16 dairy cows grazing pasture composed of ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and white clover. Each experimental period lasted for 3 wk. The 4 dietary treatments were PC, 20 h of access to grazing pasture, supplemented with 6 kg/d of corn-based concentrate mixture (96% corn; C); PCSB, 20 h of access to grazing pasture, supplemented with 6 kg/d of corn- and SBM-based concentrate mixture (78% corn and 18% SBM; CSB); SC, 7 h of access to grazing pasture during the day and 13 h of ad libitum access to grass silage at night, supplemented with 6 kg/d of C concentrate; and SCSB, 7 h of access to grazing pasture during the day and 13 h of ad libitum access to grass silage at night, supplemented with 6 kg/d of CSB concentrate. The concentrate mixtures were offered twice each day in the milking parlor and were consumed completely. Grass silage supplementation reduced dietary crude protein and concentration of total sugars, and dietary SBM inclusion increased dietary crude protein concentration and decreased dietary starch concentration. Milk yield and energy-corrected milk were increased by SBM supplementation of cows with access to grass silage. Milk protein concentration was lower in cows offered grass silage, regardless of whether SBM was fed. Dietary SBM inclusion tended to increase milk fat concentration. Plasma urea N was reduced by silage feeding and increased by SBM supplementation. Supplementation with grass silage overnight could represent a useful strategy for periods of lower pasture availability. Dietary inclusion of SBM in solely grazing cows had no effects on milk production and composition, exacerbated the inefficient capture of dietary N, and increased diet cost. Grass silage supplementation affected milk FA profiles, increasing both the FA derived from de novo synthesis and those derived from rumen microbial biomass, and decreasing the sum of C18 FA (mostly derived from diet or from mobilization of adipose tissue reserves). Milk fat concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid cis-9, trans-11, vaccenic acid (18:1 trans-11), and linolenic acid (18:3n-3) were unaffected by grass silage supplementation, suggesting that partial replacement of pasture by unwilted grass silage does not compromise the dietary quality of milk fat for humans.     

Effects of particle size and formaldehyde treatment of soybean meal on milk production and composition for dairy cows

Twenty-four lactating dairy cattle were used to study the effects of formaldehyde treatment and reduction of particle size of soybean meal on milk production and composition. Cows were fed diets containing one of the following soybean meals: 1) untreated, coarse; 2) untreated, fine; 3) formaldehyde-treated, fine. Formaldehyde reduced the solubility of soybean meal protein from 22.7 to 2.9%. Grinding soybean meal reduced particle size from 842 to 249 micron. Formaldehyde treatment did not affect intake or milk production but resulted in higher efficiency of milk production (1.43 versus 1.46 kg fat-corrected milk/kg dry matter intake). Milk protein (3.08 versus 2.85%) and solids-not-fat (8.51 versus 8.35%) contents were reduced by formaldehyde. Cows fed fine soybean meal had higher dry matter intakes (22.0 versus 20.8 kg dry matter/day) and gained more body weight; however, milk production was not affected by particle size. Grinding soybean meal reduced production efficiency (1.47 versus 1.42 kg milk/kg dry matter intake) and milk fat (3.70 versus 3.33%). Lack of production response and reduced milk protein from formaldehyde treatment suggests possible overprotection of protein. Fine grinding of soybean meal appeared to favor body weight gain rather than milk production.     

黑曲霉发酵豆粕产蛋白酶活性的研究

采用黑曲霉AS3.350发酵豆粕,研究其所产的蛋白酶的活力。运用响应面分析法优化影响发酵的主要因素:接种量、初始pH值、发酵培养基浓度等,采用多元二次回归方程拟和上述3因素与蛋白酶活力间的函数关系,确定了黑曲霉发酵豆粕产蛋白酶的最佳发酵条件,为黑曲霉发酵豆粕产大豆肽的研究提供了相应的工艺参数和一定的理论依据,有利于提高大豆肽的产率。     

凝固型发酵豆浆的研制

以大豆作为原料,经混合乳酸菌发酵制备活性乳酸菌保健饮品。按照正交试验方案,确定了该产品制作的主要工艺参数为豆水比1∶10、接种量4%、培养温度40℃、发酵3h,产品口感细腻、香味浓郁。     

发酵豆乳饮料生产工艺的研究

用豆乳进行乳酸发酵，确定了发酵豆乳饮料的最佳工艺条件为：豆乳浓度50％～60％，嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌之比为3：2，接种量为2％。均质温度65-75℃、压力25-40MPa，发酵温度43℃、时间4～5h，后熟温度4～6℃、时间18～24h。     

Dietary replacement of soybean meal with heat-treated soybean meal or high-protein corn distillers grains on nutrient digestibility and milk composition in mid-lactation cows

Lactation diets dependent on rumen undegradable protein (RUP) sources derived from soybean meal (SBM) products are generally high in Lys and poor in Met. We conducted an experiment to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary RUP and altering digestible AA supply by inclusion of heat-treated soybean meal (HTSBM) or high-protein corn dried distillers grains with soluble (DDGS) on performance in mid-lactation dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein cows (200 ± 40 d in milk and 30.0 ± 3.92 kg/d of milk yield) blocked according to parity, milk yield, and days in milk were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment with 21-d periods. Treatments were (1) control (CON), a diet with 6.0% RUP containing 15.9% SBM as the main protein source; (2) HTSBM, a diet with 6.7% RUP containing 4.4% HTSBM partially replacing SBM; and (3) high-protein DDGS (FP; FlexyPro, SJC Bioenergia), a diet with 6.9% RUP containing 5.34% FP partially replacing SBM and ground corn. Diets had similar crude protein (16.9%) and net energy of lactation. Data were submitted to ANOVA using the mixed procedure of SAS software (SAS Institute Inc.). Treatment differences were evaluated using orthogonal contrasts: (1) increasing RUP (SBM vs. HTSBM + FP) and (2) altering digestible AA supply (HTSBM vs. FP). Cows fed HTSBM and FP had greater intake (values in parentheses represent treatment means of CON, HTSBM, and FP, respectively) of neutral detergent fiber (7.14, 7.35, and 7.69 kg/d), crude protein (4.27, 4.37, and 4.51 kg/d), and ether extract (0.942, 0.968, and 1.04 kg/d) compared with cows fed CON. Feeding FP resulted in greater intake of neutral detergent fiber and ether extract compared with HTSBM. Cows fed HTSBM and FP had lower sorting index for feed particles <4 mm than cows fed CON (1.029, 1.008, and 1.022). Feeding FP resulted in greater intake of feed particles <4 mm compared with HTSBM. Treatments containing HTSBM or FP tended to decrease organic matter digestibility (72.4, 71.2, and 71.1%), but no other effects were detected in digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, crude protein, or ether extract. No evidence for differences among treatments was detected in excretion of purine derivatives in milk and urine. Milk yield was greater in cows fed HTSBM or FP than in cows fed CON (28.0, 28.9, and 28.8 kg/d, respectively). Cows fed HTSBM or FP tended to have greater energy-corrected milk and protein yield compared with those fed CON. Milk protein concentration was greater in DDGS cows than those in the HTSBM group (3.45 and 3.40%, respectively). No differences were detected in milk fat yield and concentration, milk urea nitrogen, feed efficiency, or serum concentrations of urea and glucose. Overall, increasing dietary RUP by feeding HTSBM or FP improved intake of nutrients and milk yield without affecting feed efficiency. Altering digestible AA supply while maintaining similar dietary RUP had negligible effects on performance of cows.     

大豆脱皮工艺和生产等级大豆粕探讨

目前主要存在两种大豆脱皮工艺,即Crown＆Buhler热脱皮和De Smet冷脱皮。按原大豆蛋白含量35%,按不同的含杂和含油量进行不同程度的脱皮,可使大豆粕蛋白含量达47 5%～49 0%。按市场饲用等级豆粕的价值和价格,生产出蛋白含量分别为44%、46%、48%豆粕。比较了等级豆粕两种脱皮工艺特点及参数,认为热脱皮因只一次加热节约能源,对豆粕蛋白变性影响较小。同时对脱皮效果进行了效益分析。     

在豆奶生产中危害分析与关键点控制程序的应用

探讨了在豆奶生产过程中应用质量管理系统的危害分析与关键控制（HACCP），以解决在豆奶生产过程中存在的质量问题，提高豆奶生产过程中质量管理水平。     

Replacing soybean meal with okara meal: Effects on production,milk fatty acid and plasma amino acid profile,and nutrient utilization in dairy cows

Okara meal is a byproduct from the production of soymilk and tofu and can potentially replace soybean meal (SBM) in dairy diets due to its high crude protein (CP) concentration and residual fat. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of replacing SBM with okara meal on feed intake, yields of milk and milk components, milk fatty acid (FA) profile, nutrient utilization, and plasma AA concentration in lactating dairy cows. Twelve multiparous (65 ± 33 d in milk) and 8 primiparous (100 ± 35 d in milk) organically certified Jersey cows were paired by parity or days in milk, and within pair, randomly assigned to treatments in a crossover design with 21-d periods (14 d for diet adaptation and 7 d for data and sample collection). Diets were fed as total mixed ration formulated to be isonitrogenous and isofibrous and contained (dry matter basis) 50% mixed, mostly grass baleage, 2% sugarcane liquid molasses, 2% minerals-vitamins premix, and either (1) 8.1% SBM, 10% soyhulls, and 27.9% ground corn (CTRL); or (2) 15% okara meal, 8% soyhulls, and 23% ground corn (OKR). Dietary CP, ash-free neutral detergent fiber, and total FA averaged 15.4, 35.3, and 3.08% for CTRL and 15.9%, 36.3%, and 3.74% for OKR, respectively. Substitution of SBM with okara meal did not alter dry matter intake but increased intakes of CP and ash-free neutral detergent fiber. Additionally, no significant differences between treatments were observed for yields of milk and milk components, and concentrations of milk fat, lactose, and total solids. However, milk true protein concentration was lower in cows fed OKR (3.76%) versus CTRL (3.81%). Both milk urea N (8.51 vs. 9.47 mg/dL) and plasma urea N (16.9 vs. 17.8 mg/dL) concentrations decreased with OKR relative to the CTRL diet, respectively. Compared with CTRL, feeding OKR lowered the milk proportions of total odd-chain FA, de novo FA, and mixed FA and increased those of preformed FA, total n-6 FA, and total n-3 FA. The milk proportions of trans-10 18:1, trans-11 18:1, and cis-9,trans-11 18:2 were greater with feeding OKR versus the CTRL diet. The apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients, urinary excretion of total purine derivatives (uric acid plus allantoin), and total N were not affected by treatments. Except for plasma Leu, which was lower in OKR compared with the CTRL diet, no other significant changes in the plasma concentrations of AA were observed. The plasma concentration of carnosine was lowest in cows receiving the OKR diet. Overall, our results revealed that okara meal can completely replace SBM without negatively affecting production and nutrient digestibility in early- to mid-lactation Jersey cows. Further research is needed to assess the economic feasibility of including okara meal in dairy diets, as well as the amount of okara meal that maximizes yields of milk and milk components in dairy cows in different stages of lactation.     

低温大豆粕项目降低溶剂消耗的系统性思考及实践

从项目工艺设计与技术装备路线论证选择出发,结合生产工艺、生产实践经验对溶剂消耗进行了系统地分析和阐述。技术改造和技术升级是降低溶剂消耗的有效途径,减少进入溶剂冷凝系统的溶剂量是治本之路;增设湿粕刮板沥干装置是降低进入A筒前的湿粕残溶量的最佳途径。     

白豆片生产的质量控制技术

白豆片是大豆蛋白系列产品（大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白、大豆组织 蛋白、大豆脱脂蛋白粉等）的原料。白豆片质量（如表1）的好坏直接影响大豆蛋白产品质量和得率。如白豆片的氮溶解指数（NSI）值影响大豆蛋白系列产品功能性质,同时直接影响分离蛋白的得率。白豆片的残油量影响组织蛋白的膨化效果（特别是对单螺杆膨化机）,残油量过高则膨化效果差。本文就生产过程中如何控制白豆片质量做一些探讨。     

Blood amino acids and milk composition from cows fed soybean meal, fish meal, or both

Twelve multiparous Holstein cows at 48 +/- 8 d in milk were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square with 21-d periods to determine the effect on feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, and blood amino acids when soybean meal was replaced with fish meal. Fish meal substituted for soybean meal on an isonitrogenous basis at 0, 25, 50, and 100% of supplemental protein. Total mixed diets were (dry matter basis) 25% corn silage, 25% alfalfa hay, and 50% concentrate mix. Intake of dry matter (27.9, 27.8, 26.1, and 25.8 kg/d for diets 1 to 4, respectively) was similar for all diets. Milk yield (37.5, 37.8, 37.2, and 37.7 kg/d) was not affected by diets. Milk protein percentages (3.23, 3.24, 3.31, and 3.35) increased with 100% fish meal supplementation and tended to be higher, with 50% fish meal supplementation compared with 100% soybean meal diet. Milk fat percentages (3.18, 2.99, 3.04, and 2.87) and yields were lower with the 100% fish meal than with the 100% soybean meal diet. Molar proportions of ruminal volatile fatty acids and ammonia were not greatly affected by diet. Fish meal supplementation slightly improved Met status, as shown when blood amino acid data were evaluated. Both extraction efficiency and transfer efficiency of amino acids from the blood by the mammary gland indicated that Met, Lys, and Phe were the most limiting amino acids in all diets. Replacing as much as 50 or 100% of dietary soybean meal with fish meal may improve the amino acid balance and increase the protein content in milk; however, feeding 100% fish meal will likely decrease milk fat percentages.     

响应曲面法优化发酵豆粕的制备

利用响应曲面法研究了不同发酵因素对发酵豆粕制备的影响,以粗蛋白质含量为指标,对粗蛋白质含量的二次回归模型分析采用SAS 9.1.3统计软件.通过优化,发现发酵豆粕生产的最佳发酵条件为发酵温度30℃、料层厚度2.0 cm、基质含水量40％及发酵时间67 h,此条件下发酵豆粕粗蛋白质质量分数可达56.29％,比单因素优化提高了2.92个百分点,而比原始豆粕(46.82％)提高了9.47个百分点.并对各因素之间交互作用及产生原因进行了分析,为发酵豆粕工业化生产的研究提供技术参考与依据.     

发酵酸豆乳碳酸饮料的研制

以大豆为主要原料,研制出一种清凉爽口,高蛋白,具有发酵乳清香和营养水平的发酵酸豆乳碳酸饮料,重点探讨了增稠剂、乳化剂的选择及不同气容量对该饮料的影响。     

温度变化对固态发酵豆粕产大豆肽工艺影响的研究

以豆粕为原料,通过米曲霉的固态发酵生产大豆肽。依据发酵豆粕过程中所产蛋白酶的最适温度以及豆粕最适水解温度,对大豆肽生产工艺进行优化,研究温度变化对固态发酵豆粕产大豆肽工艺的影响。     

酶解及二次发酵豆粕生产富肽蛋白的研究

利用黑曲霉和米曲霉混菌一次固态发酵所得豆粕,通过酶解及二次发酵生产富肽产品,研究酶解及二次发酵条件对生产富肽蛋白的影响。结果表明,一次发酵豆粕补3倍水磨浆、接种1%乳酸菌、活性干酵母1∶1混合菌种,木瓜蛋白酶0.3%,37℃发酵12h,再55℃酶解36h所得富肽蛋白小肽质量分数达到75.40%。