超临界流体技术制备聚乳酸组织工程三维多孔支架实验研究

理想三维支架的构建是组织工程化人工器官成功的前提条件。以聚乳酸为模型材料,二氯甲烷为溶剂,利用超临界流体诱导相分离过程制备具有外部三维立体结构和内部三维互通的组织工程支架,考察了过程制备的可行性,分析了操作参数如操作压力、温度和溶液浓度对孔的形态、结构和孔壁的影响。结果表明,利用超临界流体诱导相分离过程可成功制备孔径分布均匀、互通性好、孔隙率高的组织工程用三维多孔支架,且制备周期短,工艺简单。随操作压力、温度和溶液浓度的增加,支架孔径均逐渐减小。但过程中温度太低,压力或初始溶液浓度太高均会导致聚合物富相内聚乳酸的快速结晶析出从而形成由纳米级聚乳酸颗粒粘结在一起的支架孔壁。本实验范围内较优的操作参数为:高压釜压力10 MPa,温度45℃,溶液浓度20%(质量分数)。     

聚乳酸和聚己内酯共混物多孔支架超临界流体技术制备

以二氯甲烷作为聚合物溶剂,利用超临界CO_2诱导相分离-循环干燥过程制备了质量比为1∶1的聚乳酸和聚己内酯混合物组织工程用多孔支架,同时考察了过程操作压力和温度、溶液浓度、CO_2流量及循环干燥时间等操作参数对孔径大小和形态的影响。结果表明,溶液浓度、操作压力和温度及CO_2流量对孔结构的影响较大。溶液浓度增大、操作温度升高均会引起混合物支架孔径的减小。操作压力升高,混合物多孔支架孔径逐渐增大,孔径分布越来越不均匀。随CO_2流量升高,混合物支架的孔径不断减小。循环干燥时间虽然对混合物支架的孔结构影响不大,但对超临界CO_2诱导相分离-循环干燥过程的可实现性有重要的影响。实验范围内,当混合物溶液浓度为25%(质量分数),循环干燥用CO_2流量为31kg/h,操作压力和温度分别为12 MPa和45℃的操作条件下,制备的混合物多孔支架更有利于组织工程的应用。     

超临界CO2中制备聚乳酸/羟基磷灰石复合支架材料

利用盐析/超临界CO2复合方法制备了一系列的PDLLA/HA三维多孔支架材料.利用这种方法可以避免使用有机溶剂、较高温度和降低常规气体发泡法所需的较长时间.制备的三维多孔支架的孔隙率最高达91%,孔与孔之间相互连通,孔分布均匀,孔径大小为100～300μm,抗压强度明显增加.详细研究了CO2压力、温度、浸润时间以及致孔剂含量等条件的变化对复合材料形貌和孔隙率的影响.     

污水处理用多孔载体超临界流体技术制备实验研究

生物膜载体是生物膜法污水处理的关键核心部分,载体性能的优良与否直接影响着生物膜法处理污水的效果。采用超临界流体诱导相分离-循环干燥工艺,以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)为溶质,丙酮为溶剂,超临界CO_2为非溶剂,制备了PMMA污水处理多孔载体,采用扫描电镜对载体内部结构进行表征,考察了PMMA初始浓度、CO_2压力、CO_2温度、保压时间t_1、干燥时间t_2、卸压时间t_3等操作条件对多孔载体内部结构的影响。结果表明,利用该工艺可成功制备污水处理用PMMA多孔载体,且载体孔径分布均匀、孔间连通性好、孔隙率高。实验最优操作条件为PMMA初始溶液浓度20%(质量分数),CO_2压力10MPa、温度45℃,t_1 90min,t_2 90min,t_3 90min。     

利用超临界二氧化碳制备聚己内酯/聚乙二醇多孔支架材料

采用超临界二氧化碳技术与聚合物共混相结合的方法,制备了组织工程多孔支架。通过熔融共混的方法制备具有共连续结构的聚己内酯/聚乙二醇(PCL/PEG)共混物,在超临界二氧化碳中对PCL/PEG共混物进行粗化处理,最后选择蒸馏水作为刻蚀溶剂选择性刻蚀得到多孔支架。系统研究了温度、压力、时间对支架孔径的影响。实验结果表明,随着处理温度、压力的提高以及时间的延长,多孔支架的孔径增大。由于超临界二氧化碳的引入,可以在更低温度下实现PCL/PEG共混物的退火处理,有利于降低材料的降解。并且由于选用了水溶性聚合物作为刻蚀相,在支架的制备过程中完全避免了有机溶剂的使用。     

超临界CO_2诱导相分离法工艺条件对左旋聚乳酸多孔支架孔形貌和结构的优化调控

采用超临界CO_2诱导相分离法制备了左旋聚乳酸多孔支架材料,研究了原料的分子量、超临界CO_2的压力和温度对制备多孔材料的孔结构如孔隙率、大孔孔径及内连通孔径的影响和优化调控。与传统方法所制得的材料相比较,制备的多孔材料杂质少,分布均匀,孔洞表面粗糙,而且在大孔之间布满了直径为5~20μm的微孔。同时通过SEM、FT-IR以及DSC对优化条件制备的产品表面及截面结构、形貌及理化性质进行了系统分析研究。结果表明,制备的支架材料的孔结构和形貌可以通过对左旋聚乳酸原料的分子量、处理样品的压力和温度等工艺参数优化选择来对产品结构进行优化调控而适合不同生物及医学应用需要。     

超临界CO_2发泡法制备聚己内酯组织工程支架

利用超临界二氧化碳(SC-CO_2)辅助的无有机溶剂发泡方法,制备了可用于组织工程的聚己内酯(PCL)多孔支架。研究了PCL分子量、发泡压力、温度以及保压时间等参数对支架性能的影响。结果表明,PCL分子量越大,泡孔孔径越小且孔径分布变窄。高压力下容易形成泡孔密度大的微孔支架;聚合物处于高粘弹性时,随着温度升高泡孔尺寸增大,而进一步升高温度时,泡孔会出现塌缩现象。降低泄压速率,泡孔间出现合并成大孔的现象。SC-CO_2发泡法可以实现132～700μm范围内孔径可控的PCL多孔支架材料的制备。通过力学试验,发现这些支架的弹性模量在10 MPa以上,符合组织工程支架的应用要求。     

采用聚醚酯制备多孔支架的条件控制

采用热致相分离(TIPS)结合冷冻干燥技术制备了聚醚酯(聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯-co-聚对苯二甲酸环己烷二甲醇酯-b-聚乙二醇)(PTCG)多孔支架,研究了聚合物质量浓度、粗化温度和溶剂组成等相分离参数对多孔支架形貌结构的影响.结果表明,制备出的多孔支架孔间相互贯通,支架表面(与空气接触面)的孔径大于底面(与玻璃接触面)的孔径;随着聚合物质量浓度的增大,支架的孔径和孔隙率减小.由于分相过程中热力学推动力增大和相区融合阻力增加的相互作用,孔径随着粗化温度的降低呈现先升后降的趋势,并在0℃时出现最大值.在DO中加入不良溶剂H2O,溶液分相温度的升高导致多孔支架孔径的增大.通过控制相分离参数可以制备不同形貌结构的PTCG多孔支架.     

聚己内酯多级孔径支架的相分离/盐析复合工艺研究

采用相分离和盐析复合工艺,通过改变冷却温度、溶液浓度、溶剂/水比例、造孔剂用量等工艺制备聚己内酯多孔支架,通过扫描电镜观察支架形貌,采用压汞仪测量支架孔隙率及孔径,研究各工艺条件对支架多级孔径结构的影响.研究表明冷却温度-70℃、PCL溶液浓度10%、溶剂/水比例95/5、80%质量含量的粒径100～200μm NaCl造孔剂为最佳实验条件,可制备出具有100～350μm大孔、5～30μm小孔及＜10nm微孔的聚己内酯复合多级孔径支架,孔隙率高,连通性好,可应用于骨组织工程支架.     

用超临界CO2法制备聚乳酸三维多孔支架材料

在超临界CO2(SC—CO2)条件下制备了生物相容性良好的聚乳酸(PLA)多孔材料，研究了PLA的分子量、SC—CO2的压力、温度和处理时间对多孔材料的结构形态、孔隙率和玻璃化温度的影响。结果表明：支架材料的孔洞分布、结构形态和孔隙率不仅与聚乳酸的分子量有关，而且与处理样品的压力、温度和时间关系密切；经超临界CO2处理后材料的玻璃化温度(Tg)有所升高，与传统的方法所制得的材料相比较，多孔材料不仅杂质少，孔径孔率分布均匀，孔洞表面粗糙，而且在大孔之间几乎布满了直径为10—20μm的微孔，该结构提供了营养物质和新陈代谢的通道，且细胞和生长因子也能通过。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...