W12Mo3Cr4V3N钢的机械性能

研究了W12Mo3Cr4V3N超硬型高速钢(即“V 3 N”钢)的静弯曲和冲击(夏氏、无缺口)性能与热处理工艺方法和参数之间的关系。用硬度-强度和硬度-静弯或冲击功的配合水平衡量工艺的合理性。当硬度要求为HRC 62以上时,应采用二次硬化(560℃回火)工艺。“低淬低回”仅在硬度要求HRC62以下时才适用。当要求HRC 69或更高时,可采用冷处理,使达到超高硬度时脆化程度最小。贝氏体等温处理和正常淬火后的中温(350℃左右)回火并不是提高综合性能的有效方法。测定了不同温度回火后的弹性模量,发现在二次硬化初期(500—520℃回火)有一个E 值最低区间。最后,给出了工业电弧炉生产的V 3 N 钢的硬度和强度、韧性范围。     

淬火温度和回火工艺对4Cr5Mo2V钢高温耐磨性能的影响

将4Cr5Mo2V钢在1 000～1 090℃下淬火,并通过不同温度2次回火处理将相同淬火温度下试验钢的回火硬度分别调整至55,52 HRC,研究了淬火温度和回火工艺对显微组织、冲击韧性和高温(350℃)耐磨性能的影响。结果表明：回火硬度相同时,淬火温度过高或过低均会降低试验钢的韧性而加剧磨损表面材料剥落,从而降低耐磨性能;相同回火硬度下,1 030℃淬火条件下试验钢的韧性和高温耐磨性能最好,1 090℃淬火条件下最差;淬火温度相同时,较低温度回火试验钢因具有较高回火硬度,能够起到支撑表面氧化层的作用,其耐磨性能比较高温度回火时好;4Cr5Mo2V钢的推荐热处理工艺为1 030℃×30 min油淬+560℃×2 h×2次回火。     

稳定处理对8Cr4Mo4V钢及M50钢力学性能的影响北大核心

对国产8Cr4Mo4V钢和国外M50钢采用相同的真空淬火+回火工艺处理,再进行稳定处理后测量2种钢的力学性能,结果表明:稳定处理提高了8Cr4Mo4V钢的硬度,而M50钢的硬度变化不大;稳定处理后8Cr4Mo4V钢和M50钢的硬度均能满足不小于60 HRC的轴承使用标准要求;稳定处理对8Cr4Mo4V钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度影响较小,小幅度提升延伸率,稳定处理可以提高M50钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度,但小幅度降低延伸率;稳定处理对8Cr4Mo4V钢的冲击功影响较小,可提高M50钢的冲击功;稳定处理可提高8Cr4Mo4V钢和M50钢的旋转弯曲疲劳极限强度,提高幅度分别为43.2%,22.7%,稳定处理后8Cr4Mo4V钢的旋转弯曲疲劳极限强度大于M50钢;淬回火后8Cr4Mo4V钢中的碳化物析出量要少于M50钢,但稳定处理后8Cr4Mo4V钢中的碳化物析出量增加,而M50钢中的碳化物数量不变;稳定处理后2种钢的碳化物数量和尺寸相当,残余奥氏体含量降低。     

CW6Mo5Cr4V2钢与W6Mo5Cr4V2钢的性能比较

比较了CW6Mo5Cr4V2钢与W6Mo5Cr4V2钢的性能。试验表明,在相同淬火温度下,CW6Mo5Cr4V2淬回火硬度和红硬性明显高于W6Mo5Cr4V2,淬火晶粒比W6Mo5Cr4V2粗,冲击功比W6Mo5Cr4V2低。CW6Mo5Cr4V2在1160-1200℃淬火可获得优良的综合机械性能。在1220℃以上淬火,CW6Mo5Cr4V2过热倾向显著,冲击功急剧下降。碳和钨钼含量的变化对CW6Mo5Cr4V2淬火温度的影响很大。要使CW6Mo5Cr4V2淬火易于控制,必须收窄CW6Mo5Cr4V2主要成分范围。CW6Mo5Cr4V2较适合于切削速度较高的刀具。     

热处理工艺对SDC90新型冷作模具钢组织与性能的影响

为了确定SDC90新型高强韧冷作模具钢的热处理工艺,采用光学显微镜、洛氏硬度计和冲击试验机等对其显微组织、硬度和冲击性能进行了研究,并与Cr12MoV钢进行了对比。结果表明:SDC90钢中的莱氏体、碳化物比Cr12MoV钢的更细小、分布更均匀;经1 040℃淬火和210℃回火后,其硬度与Cr12MoV钢的相当,而冲击功却是它的2倍;该钢经1 080℃淬火和540℃回火后,其硬度和冲击功均高于Cr12MoV钢的;该钢的高硬度与良好的强韧性配合可大大提高模具的使用寿命。     

双淬火+深冷处理工艺对Cr12Mo1V1模具钢组织和性能的影响

对退火态Cr12Mo1V1模具钢分别进行一次淬火+回火、双淬火+回火、一次淬火+深冷+回火、双淬火+深冷+回火等工艺处理,其中一次淬火工艺为1 030℃×0.5 h油淬,双淬火工艺为1 050℃×0.5 h油淬+1 030℃×0.5 h油淬,深冷处理工艺为-60℃×1 h+-120℃×1 h,对比研究了双淬火+深冷处理对试验钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:与一次淬火+回火工艺相比,双淬火+回火工艺可以改善共晶碳化物分布均匀性,使碳化物形态趋于球状;增加深冷处理对改善共晶碳化物形态和均匀度的效果不明显,但可降低残余奥氏体含量。双淬火+回火工艺处理后试验钢的硬度与一次淬火+回火处理后相近,但冲击吸收能量和抗弯强度分别提升22%和12%;增加深冷处理对试验钢硬度、冲击韧性和抗弯强度影响不大。     

镁合金压铸机用高钴高铬热作模具钢的热处理工艺

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射仪等研究了不同淬火和回火工艺对新型镁合金压铸机用X20CoCrWMoV10-9热作模具钢显微组织和硬度的影响,以确定其热处理工艺。结果表明:该钢较佳的热处理工艺为840℃×8 h退火预处理+1 100℃×1 h淬火+700℃×2 h回火;该钢经较佳工艺处理后,其显微组织由回火马氏体、金属间化合物μ相和合金碳化物M_(23)C_6、M_6C组成;在1 100℃×1 h淬火后其硬度达到最大值51.5 HRC;在500～650℃回火时析出了较多弥散分布的金属间化合物和碳化物,具有较高的回火抗力和明显的二次硬化效应。     

G115Cr14Mo4V和8Cr4Mo4V淬回火工艺及性能研究

采用不同淬回火工艺对高温不锈轴承钢G115Cr14Mo4V和高温轴承钢8Cr4Mo4V进行热处理,观察两者的显微组织,检测淬火、回火后的硬度和残余奥氏体含量,并对高温硬度、冲击功和滚动接触疲劳寿命进行测试。结果表明：淬回火后G115Cr14Mo4V钢的室温硬度稍高于8Cr4Mo4V钢,两者的残余奥氏体含量都可控制在3%以内;在高温硬度和滚动接触疲劳额定寿命L10方面,G115Cr14Mo4V钢优于8Cr4Mo4V钢;在冲击功方面,8Cr4Mo4V钢优于G115Cr14Mo4V钢。     

不同介质淬火对W6Mo5Cr4V2刀具材料组织及力学性能的影响

采用经验算法对W6Mo5Cr4V2工具钢加热及冷却时的实际相变温度Ac1、Ac3、Ms和Bs进行计算,利用Jmat-pro对该工具钢的热处理性能进行模拟计算并获得CCT曲线,结合计算的相变温度与CCT曲线选择锭子油、高压氮气对试样进行淬火。综合分析了不同淬火介质下W6Mo5Cr4V2工具钢淬火后的微观组织、硬度及耐冲击等力学性能,探讨了不同淬火介质对W6Mo5Cr4V2工具钢的组织及力学性能的影响。试验结果表明:在高压氮气淬火后,组织为均匀分布的细小针状马氏体,其硬度达62.5HRC,磨损量仅为0.23g,淬硬性优于锭子油。     

热处理工艺参数对G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V钢晶粒度及性能的影响

采用不同的热处理工艺对G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V钢进行处理,采用金相显微镜、洛氏硬度计、冲击试验机分别对晶粒度、硬度及冲击功进行测试分析.结果表明,随着淬火温度的升高及保温时间的延长,G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V钢的晶粒度级别降低,硬度升高,冲击功降低.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.