基于DMM加工图的Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V合金热塑性变形参数优化识别

通过Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V（TA15）合金多组试样热物理模拟压缩实验获得温度1073～1323K、应变速率0.01～10s-1下的真实应力-应变数据,以此作为计算应变速率敏感指数m、功率耗散系数η、失稳判据ξ三重指标的底层材料模型。以一组3D曲面形式揭示了应力、应变速率、温度、应变量的共同作用诱导的多种变形机制的转化及同时存在所引起的应变速率敏感系数m的剧烈响应,并通过m值的正负初步识别变形稳定区和失稳区。进一步绘制能量耗散图并识别出η值为负的不稳定变形区,以及η值为正的稳态变形区。在此基础上最后通过失稳判据分布图识别出ξ〉0的稳定变形区、ξ≤0的失稳变形区。最后将不同应变下的功率耗散图和失稳图叠加以构造最终所需的含应变影响的系列加工图。综合识别后,具有较高m值水平、较高η值水平、较高ξ值水平的稳定变形参数区间为优先推荐,具有负m值水平、负η值水平、负ξ值水平的失稳变形参数区间为避免推荐。     

2124铝合金的热压缩变形和加工图

采用热模拟实验研究2124铝合金在应变速率为0.01~10s-1、变形温度为340~500℃条件下的流变应力行为。结果表明:2124铝合金热变形过程中的流变应力可用双曲正弦本构关系来描述,平均激活能为170.13kJ/mol。根据动态材料模型,计算并分析2124铝合金的加工图。利用加工图确定热变形的流变失稳区,并且获得了实验参数范围内的热变形过程的最佳工艺参数,其热加工温度为450℃左右,应变速率为0.01~0.1s-1。     

TA12钛合金热变形微观组织演变及变形参数优化

在应变速率为0.01~10 s-1,变形温度为870~1 070℃,最大变形量为80%的条件下,利用Gleeble-3800热模拟机对TA12合金高温压缩变形行为进行研究。依据实验结果绘制真应力-应变曲线,分析变形参数与组织的关系。同时把应力-应变曲线作为计算应变速率敏感指数m、功率耗散因子η、失稳判据ξ的底层数据,研究应变速率、变形温度、变形量共同存在对应变速率敏感指数m、功率耗散因子η的影响,绘制失稳图对失稳区域进行识别,并将功率耗散图和失稳图叠加构建热加工图。结果表明,在变形温度较低时,温度的影响主要表现为α相形态和数量的变化,在变形温度较高时,主要表现为β晶粒粗化;应变速率的影响主要表现在变形时间上;较高的η和ξ区域为良好加工区域,较低的η和ξ的失稳变形参数区域为加工避免区域。本批次合金适宜加工参数为温度910~970℃,应变速率0.01~0.3 s-1。     

7075铝合金热压缩过程变形行为和载荷研究

采用MMS-300多功能材料试验机对7075铝合金在变形温度300-450℃、应变速率0．01～40s^-1下单道次压缩过程进行了实验研究,并根据其流变曲线对热压缩过程进行了数值模拟,分析了变形速度、温度和摩擦对变形栽荷的影响规律。结果表明：7075铝合金变形过程发生了动态再结晶,应力-应变曲线表现出波浪形,波动周期大致相同,振幅随着应变增加逐渐减小;变形速度较小时,变形速度增加,临界应变增加,变形速度增加到一定程度时临界应变反而降低。随着变形速率增加和变形温度降低,载荷增加,而摩擦对7075铝合金热压缩过程的栽荷影响不大;当变形速率增加到一定值时,载荷值对速度敏感度降低。     

基于热加工图的锻造斗齿用钢热加工工艺参数

目的制定一种锻造斗齿用新型低合金耐磨钢的热加工工艺参数。方法采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机对实验钢进行高温压缩,在变形温度为1173~1473 K,应变速率为0.01~10 s~(-1)条件下,压缩变形60%,得到其真应力-真应变曲线。依据压缩实验数据,基于动态材料模型,建立材料的热加工图,分析实验钢在不同热变形条件下的变形特点。结果该锻造斗齿用低合金耐磨钢在不同应变下的热加工图呈现相近特征,能量耗散系数η随变形温度的升高而增大,随着应变速率的减小而减小;当应变值大于等于0.3时,在变形温度为1173~1440 K,应变速率为0.32~10 s~(-1)范围内,热加工失稳区域随着变形温度的升高而减小,随着应变速率的减小而减小。结论该锻造斗齿用低合金耐磨钢适宜的热加工工艺参数范围:变形温度为1185~1373K,应变速率为0.01~2 s~(-1);最优参数范围:变形温度为1330~1340 K,应变速率为0.2~0.5 s~(-1)。     

AA7021铝合金热变形行为及微观组织演变机理的研究

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对AA7021铝合金在变形温度为350～490℃、应变速率为0. 01～10 s~(-1)的热变形条件下进行热压缩试验。建立基于应变的本构方程以及材料热变形特征的热加工图,并对热加工图中安全区和失稳区的显微组织进行分析。结果表明,在安全区有形变诱导析出;在变形失稳区内,当变形温度较低、应变速率较高时,由于应变热效应的作用,形成了绝热剪切带。另外,在应变速率大于1 s~(-1)的区域中发现导致铝合金热加工性能变差的原因有局部流变、大粒子破碎脱粘、微观裂纹等。在热变形过程中,随着温度的升高,铝合金的动态软化机制由动态回复转向动态再结晶。AA7021铝合金在中温、高温热压缩过程中共存着多种软化机制,但动态回复占主导地位。     

Ti−6Mo−5V−3Al−2Fe−2Zr合金热变形行为及热加工图

目的 建立近β钛合金Ti−6Mo−5V−3Al−2Fe−2Zr(质量分数)的热变形本构方程,绘制热加工图,确定该合金的流变失稳区和适宜加工区,为其在工业生产中热加工工艺参数的制定提供指导。方法 在变形温度700~ 850 ℃、应变速率0.000 5~0.5 s⁻¹、真应变0.7的条件下,对近β钛合金Ti−6Mo−5V−3Al−2Fe−2Zr进行热压缩实验;基于Arrhenius方程建立该合金的热变形本构方程,并对方程进行验证;根据Prasad失稳准则,构建该合金的热加工图。结果 该合金的流变应力随着变形温度的升高而减小,随着应变速率的增大而增大;其热变形激活能为226.29 kJ/mol,本构方程为;通过热变形本构方程得到的峰值应力计算值与实验值平均误差为4.21%。结论 建立的热变形本构方程预测了流变应力,描述了该合金的热变形行为;通过叠加合金的能量耗散图和流变失稳图,获得了该合金的热加工图。基于热加工图确定该合金的流变失稳区为变形温度700~755 ℃与784~850 ℃、应变速率0.5~0.05 s⁻¹,最佳加工区为变形温度836~850 ℃、应变速率0.000 5~0.005 s⁻¹。     

7075Al/SiCp复合材料的热压缩变形流变应力和组织行为

采用圆柱试样在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对喷射沉积7075Al/SiCp复合材料进行高温压缩变形实验,实验条件为:变形温度300～450℃,应变速率0.001～1s-1.结果表明:7075Al/SiCp复合材料的流变应力大小受到变形温度和应变速率的强烈影响,流变应力随应变的增加而逐渐增加,出现一峰值后逐渐下降;流变应力随变形温度的升高、应变速率的降低而降低.可用Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲正弦形式来描述7075Al/SiCp复合材料高温压缩变形流变应力.随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低,7075Al/SiCp复合材料热变形过程中SiCp的分布逐渐均匀化,有利其热加工性能的改善.     

316LN钢的高温本构模型与热加工图

目的 研究316LN钢的高温变形行为,确定最佳加工区间并优化工艺参数。方法 利用Gleeble热模拟实验机在变形温度为1 000～1 150℃、应变速率为0.001～10 s^-1条件下对316LN钢进行热压缩实验。根据实验数据分别绘制不同变形温度和不同应变速率下的流变应力曲线。在传统Arrhenius双曲正弦关系的基础上,考虑应变量的影响,通过五次多项式拟合建立316LN钢的改进型本构模型,基于动态材料模型及Prasad塑性失稳判据计算得到材料的能量耗散图和流变失稳图,将二者叠加得到316LN钢的热加工图。结果 流变应力曲线呈现典型的动态再结晶特征,且随着应变速率的增大和变形温度的升高,316LN钢的压缩应力逐渐减小,耦合应变量的本构模型预测值与实验值的相关系数达0.9888,吻合度较高。通过建立热加工图并对比金相组织发现,316LN钢在“安全区”能量耗散效率较大的区域更容易发生动态再结晶行为。结论 高变形温度、低应变速率条件更有利于软化机制的发生,改进型本构模型精度较高,可对316LN钢热变形过程中的流变应力进行准确预测。通过构建热加工图确定了316LN钢的最佳...     

Al2O3弥散强化铜合金轧制性能试验研究

通过热模拟试验机对Al2O3弥散强化铜合金在不同温度、不同应变速率、相同变形量条件下进行热压缩试验,分析了Al2O3弥散强化铜合金应力-应变关系,依据动态材料理论和试验数据绘制弥散铜热加工图,并选取了3组试验温度进行热轧试验验证.结果表明,不同的应变速率变形机制不一致,分别通过不连续屈服和动态再结晶实现塑性变形;轧制试验验证了该合金最佳变形区温度为750~850℃、应变速率为1~10s-1.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.