低碳Cr-Mo系深冲双相钢组织与织构演变

通过组织观察以及TEM与XRD技术研究了低碳Cr-Mo系深冲双相钢组织与织构演变规律。结果表明:奥氏体未再结晶区终轧有利于形成{112}〈111〉织构,冷轧过程中{001}〈110〉,{112}〈110〉与{223}〈110〉织构稳定增加,退火过程中形成有利于深冲性能的〈111〉//ND以及{554}〈225〉与{332}〈113〉织构;820℃与860℃临界区退火后γ纤维织构密度差异较小,但是高温退火增大{111}〈110〉与{111}〈112〉织构的取向密度差值,归因于贝氏体中的固溶碳以及贝氏体相变时的变体选择;高温卷取能诱发热轧板中Mo基碳化物粒子析出,并在退火保温过程中回溶,既能发展再结晶织构,又能促进第二相形成。     

LY12铝合金的再结晶织构及晶界特征分布

利用X射线定量织构分析术和背散射电子衍射花样术,研究了冷轧LY12铝合金的再结晶织构及重位(CSL)晶界的分布.结果表明,高温退火样品的再结晶织构与冷轧样品的织构相似;预回复低温退火具有增强再结晶立方{001}〈100〉织构和降低退火S{123}〈634〉、C{112}〈111〉及B{110}}〈112〉织构组分的作用;高强度的再结晶立方织构和一定强度的S织构共存的样品,∑7重位晶界具有较高的出现频度.     

轧制温度对双辊铸轧硅钢形变与再结晶织构的影响

采用宏微观织构分析相结合的方法,研究了轧制温度对双辊铸轧Fe-2.8%Si-0.8%Al硅钢形变与再结晶织构的影响。室温和200℃轧制样品形变织构均由α(〈110〉∥RD)、γ(〈111〉∥ND)和λ(〈001〉∥ND)纤维织构组成,但200℃轧制显著减弱α、λ形变织构,增强γ形变织构特别是1/4层的{111}〈110〉织构。200℃轧制时,剪切带数量增多、储能增强,从而促进了Goss({110}〈001〉)、Cube({001}〈100〉)再结晶晶粒分别在γ和{111}〈110〉形变基体剪切带的大量形核,γ再结晶晶粒在晶界少量形核以及Goss和Cube再结晶晶粒的增多,有效抑制了γ织构。λ织构的变化由Cube和{001}〈110〉的变化共同决定,在1/4层,Cube织构显著增强导致λ织构的增强;在中心层,Cube略微增强而{001}〈110〉显著减弱导致λ织构的减弱。     

IF钢铁素体区热轧和退火过程中织构的演变

研究了一种Ti—IF（Interstitial—free）钢在铁素体区热轧和退火过程中织构的变化．由于轧制过程摩擦的影响,热轧织构和退火织构在厚度方向上都有很大的差异．在钢板的表层,热轧织构的主要组分是{110}（001）,退火后表层的铁素体晶粒没有发生再结晶,该组分转变为（001）（110）;在试样的中心和1／4面,热轧织构组分主要是较弱的（111）／／ND（板法向）织构和部分（110）／／RD且在{001}（110）处最强;退火后中心面上的晶粒发生了完全再结晶,{001}组分转变为（111）／／ND组分使（111）／／ND织构成为唯一织构组分且在{111}（112）处最强．     

冷轧Al_(0.3)CoCrFeNi高熵合金退火再结晶组织和织构的演变

利用维氏硬度计(HV)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和透射电镜(TEM),研究了90%冷轧Al0.3CoCrFeNi高熵合金在900℃退火过程中的微观组织和织构演变规律。结果表明:退火0.5h合金发生完全再结晶,退火孪晶形成于再结晶面心立方(FCC)晶粒内;经退火1h后,富集Al-Ni原子的有序体心立方(BCC)相优先于FCC相的晶界处形核,且FCC相和BCC相均随着退火时间(1h~10h)的延长而发生晶粒长大。再结晶FCC相的织构组分主要为强{123},〈634〉S织构和强α-{110}纤维织构,{001}〈100〉立方织构随着退火时间的延长也逐渐转化为强织构;再结晶过程的进行使无择优取向的初始BCC晶核选择性长大,{111}〈112〉织构从而演变为强BCC相织构。     

无取向硅钢晶粒长大过程中应力对织构和晶界变化的影响

采用EBSD技术研究了有、无拉应力作用下无取向硅钢在晶粒长大过程中织构转变及晶界变化的规律。结果表明:在晶粒生长期间,无应力作用下的硅钢中,{111}〈112〉,{111}〈110〉织构组分强化,而{100}〈001〉织构组分弱化;与无拉应力作用下的情况相比,施加5MPa的拉应力时,{111}〈112〉,{111}〈110〉织构组分强化的速率下降,{100}〈001〉织构组分变化不明显。对于在晶粒生长期间持续变化的{111}〈112〉,{111}〈110〉和{100}〈001〉织构组分而言,虽然有、无拉应力作用下硅钢的{111}〈112〉和{111}〈110〉织构组分的高取向差角度晶界频率均下降,而{100}〈001〉织构组分的高取向差角度晶界频率则上升,但当有拉应力作用后,{111}〈112〉和{111}〈110〉织构组分的高取向差角度晶界频率下降的速率变小,{100}〈001〉织构组分的高取向差角度晶界频率上升的速率稍有变小。通过对无取向硅钢在晶粒长大过程中织构转变及晶界变化规律的研究,分析了合金原子在晶界的偏聚行为。     

轧制法制备低铁损高磁感6.4%(质量分数)硅钢及其织构演变

采用轧制法制备出具有低铁损高磁感0.23mm厚6.4%(质量分数)Si高硅钢。沿轧制方向的最终磁性能为B8=1.474 T,B50=1.714 T;P10/50=0.30W/kg,P15/50=0.88W/kg。利用X射线衍射及背散射电子衍射(EBSD)技术分析了高硅钢在轧制及退火过程中的织构演变过程。结果表明,通过采用大压下率热轧,确保热轧板次表层中产生更多的高斯织构,随后进行遗传;温轧板中粗大的晶粒有利于冷轧剪切带的形成;冷轧板经脱碳退火后生成强{210}〈001〉织构及次表层较强的高斯织构是在轧向上获得高磁感的原因,归因于其在{111}〈112〉冷轧形变晶粒内的剪切带优先形核并长大;最终退火后虽出现了随机取向,但以{310}〈001〉织构为代表的η织构得以保留并且增强,进一步提高了磁感。随着退火温度的升高及保温时间的延长,高硅钢薄板晶粒尺寸不断增大,铁损明显降低。     

升温速率对冷轧超薄取向硅钢再结晶行为的影响

利用EBSD技术对比分析了升温速率对冷轧超薄取向硅钢再结晶行为的影响.结果表明,冷轧超薄带中再结晶形核位置、再结晶织构类型受升温速率的影响不大,主要取决于形变组织;剪切带、{111}〈112〉取向晶粒晶界、形变带和形变不均匀区均为再结晶的形核位置,剪切带的再结晶形核优势更为明显;再结晶晶粒取向以Goss({110}〈001〉)取向为主,同时存在{210}〈001〉、{310}〈001〉以及一定比例的杂乱取向.然而,升温速率显著影响Goss织构的强度及退火样品的组织均匀性;慢速升温条件下,Goss织构比例和锋锐度降低,说明回复导致不同织构的形变组织储存能差异减小,降低了Goss取向的形核优势;快速升温条件下,剪切带内的Goss晶核具有更大的形核优势,吞并临近的形变组织完成再结晶,形成更强和锋锐的Goss织构.此外,快速升温可提高再结晶完成后的组织均匀性、降低平均晶粒尺寸.     

0.20mm CGO硅钢高温退火Goss晶粒起源及异常长大行为研究

利用X射线衍射织构分析技术和电子背散射衍射微织构分析技术,对0.20mm CGO硅钢薄板在高温退火缓慢升温过程中表层和次表层的织构演变规律进行了研究。结果表明:0.20mm CGO硅钢在高温退火过程中经历了低温回复、初次再结晶、初次再结晶晶粒长大和二次再结晶形成最终锋锐Goss织构的演变过程。Goss取向晶粒最初起源于变形回复基体中残存于{111}〈112〉形变带上少量的Goss晶粒亚结构,600℃保温2h后,Goss取向晶粒率先从变形基体中转变形核,在随后的升温过程中逐渐发生再结晶,Goss取向晶粒在此过程中并不具有尺寸优势,700℃时初次再结晶完成,基体中以γ纤维织构和{112}〈110〉织构为主;随着退火温度的升高,Goss晶粒的含量和平均晶粒尺寸逐渐增加,在900~1000℃之间,Goss取向晶粒迅速"吞噬"其他取向晶粒形成锋锐的Goss织构,1000℃时已经发生了二次再结晶。     

3104铝合金再结晶织构的研究

应用取向分布函数(ODF)研究和分析了3104铝合金经不同工艺退火后的再结晶织构.结果表明:3104铝合金,形变织构由C{112}〈111〉,B{110}〈112〉,S{123}〈634〉织构组分组成;退火温度和保温时间对3104铝合金再结晶织构有重要影响,在低温短时退火时立方织构取向密度较弱,但随温度升高和保温时间的延长,立方织构取向密度逐渐增加,在经350℃60min,400℃60min和450℃15min等温退火后,再结晶基本完成,立方织构取向密度在400℃保温60min退火时达到最大,约为10级,但仍保留有少量冷轧织构;随着退火温度的升高,第二相粒子Al6(Fe,Mn)和Al(Fe,Mn)Si在再结晶过程中起到了粒子促进形核作用(PSN).     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...