Sensory Quality of Selected Sweeteners: Unbaked and Baked Flour Doughs

Sucrose, fructose, aspartame, acesulfame K, sodium saccharin, and calcium cyclamate were studied in unbaked and baked shortbreadtype cookies. Sweeteners were evaluated for initial, maximum, and residual sweetness intensity and nonsweet aftertaste for effects of lemon and vanilla flavor on sweetness character. Type of sweetener influenced sweetness quality in unbaked and baked cookies. Intensities and sweetness profiles for the six sweeteners differed between unbaked and baked cookies, particularly for aspartame. Sweetness of sucrose and saccharin were perceived similarly in baked cookies, but they differed in quality and intensity of nonsweet aftertaste. Flavor did not affect initial, maximum, or residual sweetness but nonsweet aftertaste was less intense in lemon and plain unbaked cookies than in vanilla-flavored unbaked cookies.     

Sensory Characteristics of Sucralose and other High Intensity Sweeteners

The sensory characteristics of the high potency sweetener sucralose were studied relative to sucrose, aspartame, saccharin, and acesulfame-K in a simple aqueous system. Trained panelists provided sweetness intensity estimates for each sweetener at six concentration steps using magnitude estimation. Taste profiles were obtained using category scaling procedures. Results indicated that (a) sucralose, aspartame, and sucrose had similar taste properties, (b) the psychophysical sweetness function of sucralose was similar to the other sweeteners studied, and (c) sweetness potencies of all sweeteners were concentration dependent with sucralose having the highest potency values ranging from 400–700 times the sweetness of sucrose on a weight basis.     

Time-Intensity Parameters of Selected Carbohydrate and High Potency Sweeteners

Time-intensity (TI) sweetness curves were generated and ten TI parameters were determined for selected carbohydrate and high potency sweeteners. Samples were evalutated by trained panelists at 5% sucrose equivalency (SEV) in water for sucralose, sucrose, fructose, aspartame, cyclamate, acesulfame-K and saccharin and at 9% SEV in water and a buffered model beverage system for sucralose, sucrose, fructose, aspartame and cyclamate. When compared within each system, differences in temporal properties appeared to be concentration and media dependent. No differences in onset characteristics were observed among equisweet groups. Aftertaste characteristics differed among sweeteners only .at 9% SEV in water where high potency sweeteners tended to have somewhat longer aftertaste than nutritive sweeteners.     

羊肉熏制感官品质属性评价模型的建立

主要探讨不同品种、部位羊肉熏制后感官品质的差异,为羊肉加工利用提供数据支持,采集了10个品种肉羊的米龙、通脊部位肉,烟熏后进行感官属性测定,并采用方差分析、相关性分析、层次分析的方法对数据进行处理。结果显示:米龙与通脊熏制后,盐池滩羊的总体可接受性得分最高。品种对米龙熏制感官评价得分的影响大于通脊。同一品种米龙与通脊熏制羊肉的感官评价得分无明显差异(p>0.05)。最终筛选出外观、多汁性作为熏制羊肉感官品质评价的主要指标,得到熏制羊肉的感官评价模型:总评分=0.596外观+0.633多汁性-1.487(R²=0.811)。本结果既为熏制羊肉工业化生产提供依据,又为消费者理性选择熏制羊肉提供技术参考。     

食品感官质量满意体系的模型研究

食品的感官评价对于企业的综合竞争能力有着极其重要的作用,通过正确地建立和运用感官质量评价模型,企业可以找出自身的优势与薄弱环节,从而调整产品性能,以增强企业的竞争能力。     

Selected Quality Factors and Sensory Attributes of Cured Ham as Influenced by Different Phosphate Blends

In each of four replications, 32 packer-style hams were randomly allotted to one of eight treatment groups in which the curing brine formulated for a 10% pump contained: (1) No phosphate; (2) 100% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP); (3) 5% sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) + 95% STP; (4) 10% SHMP + 90% STP; (5) 5% Quadrafos (SQ) + 95% STP; (6) 10% SQ + 90% STP; (7) 10% tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) + 90% STP; or (8) 20% TSPP + 80% STP. Raw hams were subjectively evaluated for quality, samples were removed for analysis, and hams were processed according to commercial procedures. Processing losses and cooking losses were calculated, and physical and sensory properties of the processed, cooked hams were measured. The 20% TSPP blend was least effective in reducing processing shrinkage; whereas, the 5% SHMP blend was the most effective. Nonphosphate treated hams had greater cooking losses and were scored lowest for all sensory attributes. Greater drip cooking losses occurred as amounts of SHMP and SQ increased in the phosphate blends.     

真空沟帮子烧鸡贮藏中脂肪氧化及感官品质的变化

研究2种品牌真空包装市售沟帮子烧鸡在贮藏中脂肪氧化和感官品质的变化。测定了烧鸡在室温贮藏过程中的硫代巴比妥酸反应值、过氧化物值、pH值的变化情况,并对烧鸡进行感官评定。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的增加,烧鸡的硫代巴比妥酸反应值、过氧化物值呈现上升趋势,pH值则呈现先下降后上升的趋势,感官品质保持较好。真空包装沟帮子烧鸡在常温贮藏条件下,其品质至多可保持15个月,逾期则不利于食用。     

糖添加量对广式腊肠脂质氧化稳定性及感官品质的影响研究

研究了不同糖添加量(3%、6%、9%、12%,m/m)对广式腊肠脂质水解酶活、脂质氧化稳定性及产品感官品质的影响规律。结果表明中性脂肪酶、酸性脂肪酶和磷脂酶活力在加工过程中呈下降趋势(p0.05)。中性脂肪酶活力高于酸性脂肪酶和磷脂酶活力。糖添加量显著影响三种脂肪酶活力在加工过程中的变化,高糖添加组的三种脂肪酶活力略高于低糖添加组;糖添加量为3%时,烘烤结束后中性脂肪酶、酸性脂肪酶和磷脂酶活力分别下降77%、81%和96%,而添加量为12%时,其分别下降67%、65%和78%。烘烤结束后低糖添加组的过氧化值、羰基值和己醛含量较高,表明糖添加量的降低导致脂质氧化的加剧。感官分析表明糖添加量的降低致使咸味更加突出且出现一定的脂质哈败味,降低了广式腊肠产品的接受度。     

Oil Coating Affects Internal Quality and Sensory Acceptance of Selected Attributes of Raw Eggs during Storage

Four (coconut, palm, rice bran, and soybean) edible oils and glycerol were applied on eggshell. All noncoated and coated eggs were stored for 5 wk at 25 ± 2 °C and drawn weekly for quality evaluation. All oil coatings were more effective in preserving internal quality of eggs than was glycerol coating. As storage time increased, the preservative effects of edible oil coating on weight loss, and albumen and yolk quality were significantly noticed. Oil‐coated eggs had significantly lower weight loss (<0.43%) than did noncoated (3.87%) and glycerol‐coated (3.73%) eggs after 5 wk of storage. Based on the Haugh unit, oil‐coated eggs maintained AA grade up to 3 wk. After 5 wk of storage, noncoated, glycerol‐coated, and oil‐coated eggs changed from AA grade to below B, below B and A grade, respectively. The albumen pH of noncoated and glycerol‐coated eggs considerably increased from 8.23 to 9.51 and 9.42, respectively, while those of oil‐coated eggs either maintained or slightly increased to 8.32. The albumen viscosity of all eggs decreased with increased storage time. Consumers (N = 120) could differentiate surface glossiness of oil‐coated eggs from uncoated eggs (R‐index of 81.42% to 86.99%). All oil‐coated eggs were acceptable for surface glossiness (liking scores of 6.22 to 6.77) and surface odor (liking scores of 6.20 to 6.55) with overall liking scores of 6.34 to 7.03. Overall, this study demonstrated that edible oil (coconut, palm, rice bran, and soybean) coating could preserve internal quality of eggs (maintaining grade A) at least 4 wk longer than noncoated eggs. Practical Application: Freshness is a major contribution to the egg quality. The internal quality of eggs begins to deteriorate after they have been laid due to loss of moisture and carbon dioxide via the eggshell pores. Refrigeration is very effective in preserving egg quality. Surface coating is an alternative method to preserve egg quality, although it is much less effective than refrigeration. This study demonstrated that coconut, rice bran, soybean, and palm oils, which are abundant and commonly consumed in many parts of the world, could preserve the internal quality and reduce weight loss of oil‐coated eggs during room temperature storage.     

Lipid Stability of Beef Model Systems with Heating and Iron Fractions

Catalytic effects of different temperatures (55, 70, 85, and 100°C) on lipid oxidation were studied in aqueous- and chloroform/methanol-extracted beef model lipid systems containing iron forms inherent in beef (water-extractable, diffusate, nondiffusate, ferritin, myoglobin, hemoglobin), hematin, FeCl₂, or FeCl₃. Heating increased thiobarbituric acid and peroxide values in both systems. All forms of iron catalyzed lipid oxidation in aqueous systems, with greatest oxidation by heme and low molecular weight iron fractions. Oxidation in lipid extracts was not increased by ferritin, FeCl₂, or FeCl₃, but heme iron was the major oxidation catalyst. Lipid stability decreased with addition of any iron forms inherent in beef or with increased heating, which helps understanding of rapid oxidation of meat during refrigerated storage or after cooking.     

Effect of Sweeteners and Stabilizers on selected Sensory Attributes and Shelf Life of Ice Cream

Guar and locust bean gums were combined with sucrose, 36 DE corn syrup and/or 42 high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) in a minimum fat (10%) ice cream formulation. A total of 27 combinations were evaluated for sweetness, iciness, chewiness and vanilla intensity. Replacing 50% of the sucrose with 42 HFCS did not significantly affect sweetness or vanilla intensity. Chewiness was enhanced when high corn syrup levels were combined with a high guar to locust bean gum ratio. Storage study data showed that ice creams containing high levels of HFCS became objectionably icy earlier than ice creams containing low levels or no HFCS. With a high guar to locust bean gum ratio ice creams became both detectably and objectionably icy sooner than if a low ratio of these gums was used.     

强化高温风干成熟对中式培根脂质氧化和感官品质的影响

以猪五花肉为原料,采用强化高温风干成熟工艺制作中式培根,研究强化高温风干成熟工艺对中式培根脂质氧化和感官品质的影响。结果表明：采用65℃强化高温处理可以显著激活脂肪氧合酶活力(P＜0.05),产品的硫代巴比妥酸值(0.17mg MDA/kg)比对照组降低26.1%、过氧化值降低了45%(P＜0.01),感官评分提高14.0%,说明强化高温可以促进脂质氧化和风味物质积累,降低产品氧化指标;以硫代巴比妥酸值和感官评分为目标函数的综合回归优化工艺结果为强化温度65℃、风干成熟温度18～29.5℃(每天升高1.5℃)、风干相对湿度72%～68.5%(每天降低0.5%)、风干时间8d,此时产品的盐分与水分含量分别为3.56%、52.2%,与感官分析结果有良好的一致性。     

Interaction Between Potassium Sorbate and Aspartame in Aqueous Model Sugar Systems

ABSTRACT: The interaction between potassium sorbate and aspartame in aqueous model sugar systems of 0.97 water activity and pH 3.0 was studied. Aspartame addition showed a protective effect over sorbate destruction in an aqueous system of approximately a_w 1, as well as in a system containing glucose; but, in the presence of sucrose, it enhanced degradation. In all systems studied, addition of K sorbate and depression of water activity to 0.97 increased aspartame destruction. The combined use of K sorbate and aspartame exhibited strong nonenzymatic browning potential. The study demonstrated that nonenzynmatic browning can limit shelf life; and it is not recommended to use potassium sorbate together with aspartame.     

Effect of Sweeteners on the Quality and Acceptability of Yogurt

Sweetened low fat plain and Swiss-style fruit-flavored yogurts were manufactured using cream and reconstituted nonfat dry milk. The Swiss-style yogurt was manufactured by adding commercial blueberry or strawberry fruit flavorings to the sweetened yogurt base. Sweeteners used in the study were sucrose, 36 dextrose equivalent corn syrup solids, and 42, 55, and 90% high fructose corn syrup. Varied combinations of sweeteners were used at 0, 2, 4, and 6%, by weight.Evaluations were conducted during incubation and after packaging. Analyses included rate of acid development (time required to reach pH 4.4), microbiological profile, and expert organoleptic evaluation. A consumer panel was used to compare yogurt made with sucrose with that utilizing 90% high fructose corn syrup.As amount of sweetener increased, the time required to get to breaking pH of 4.4 increased. There also appeared to be a preference for yogurt made with 90% high fructose corn syrup, especially in the strawberry yogurt. Most preferred was 4% added sweetener.     

传统腊肉低温熏烤过程中脂质氧化及物理化学、感官品质指标的变化

以重庆传统腊肉为对象,分析测定其低温熏烤加工过程中水分、酸价、过氧化值(POV)、苯并(α)芘、亚硝酸盐含量等理化指标,研究其质构特性和感官指标变化规律。结果表明：长时间低温熏烤的重庆腊肉成品水分含量较低、硬度较大,具有良好的色泽和风味;成品的酸价和过氧化值分别为3.02mg /g 脂肪、0.0273g/100g 脂肪,亚硝酸盐和苯并(α)芘含量分别为7.23mg/kg 和4.6μg/kg,均符合国家标准。长时间低温熏烤的重庆传统腊肉具有较高的食品安全性,熏烤加工的时间也有望减少到20d。