小麦粉替代玉米对藏羊羔羊肠道组织形态、消化酶活性、抗氧化能力和肉品质的影响

本实验旨在评估在精料补充料中用10%小麦粉替代玉米对高原型藏羊小肠形态发育、消化酶活性、抗氧化功能以及肌肉氨基酸含量的影响。选取60只体重相近且发育良好的2～3月龄高原型藏羊(♂),随机分为2组，每组5个重复，每个重复6只羊，分别饲喂玉米日粮(玉米组)和10%小麦粉替代玉米日粮(小麦组)。实验分为预饲期10 d,正试期90 d。结果表明：玉米组空肠的绒毛宽度、黏膜厚度以及回肠的绒毛高度、绒毛高度/隐窝深度均显著小于小麦组(P<0.05);两组间空肠的胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、脂肪酶、纤维素酶及α-淀粉酶活性差异均不显著(P> 0.05);小麦组空肠的丙二醛含量显著低于玉米组(P<0.05),而其他指标差异不显著(P>0.05);两组间肌肉中鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸及总氨基酸含量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。精料中用10%小麦粉替代玉米有利于藏羊小肠组织形态发育，并能够减轻空肠脂质氧化程度，但对空肠消化酶活性和肌肉氨基酸含量影响较小，可考虑在藏羊舍饲中开展推广。     

纤维分解酶处理玉米秸秆对肉牛生产性能和经济效益的影响

研究玉米秸秆经纤维素分解酶（纤维素酶和木聚糖酶）处理后的化学成分变化以及对肉牛生产性能和经济效益的影响。选用12月龄左右的西门塔尔牛36头,对照组饲喂基础日粮（混合精料+玉米秸秆,精粗比45∶55）,试验组分别以0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的纤维素分解酶处理玉米秸秆替代基础饲粮中的玉米秸秆进行为期70 d的试验。结果表明：采用纤维素分解酶处理玉米秸秆后化学成分发生变化,粗蛋白质含量增加显著,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维降低显著,1.5%的纤维素分解酶处理组中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维显著低于1.0%的纤维素分解酶处理组。1.0%、1.5%的纤维素分解酶处理组西门塔尔牛干物质采食量、平均日增重和经济效益提高显著（P<0.05）。适宜的纤维素分解酶添加水平为1.0%。     

四棱豆养分消化特性的研究

通过在饲粮中添加四棱豆粉,研究了四棱豆粉对大鼠生长发育、肝脏、胰脏、脏器系数等生理指标的影响,并应用套算法测定大鼠对四棱豆养分的表观消化率。试验选用64只体重为(50±2.16)g三周龄SD大鼠,随机分为4个处理组,进行为期56 d的饲养试验。对照组大鼠饲喂基础日粮,3个试验组分别添加5%、15%、25%的四棱豆粉,试验结果表明,添加5%四棱豆粉的日粮能显著提高大鼠的采食量、日增重,有利于大鼠的生长发育(P0.05);各处理组肝脏、胰脏重量及脏器系数差异不显著(P0.05);添加5%四棱豆粉日粮组各营养成分消化率显著高于其他组(P0.05),添加25%四棱豆粉日粮组各营养成分消化率则有所下降(P0.05)。     

日粮中添加豆油对肉牛瘤胃发酵及营养物质消化率影响的研究

本试验选用４ 头装有永久瘤胃和真胃瘘管的阉牛,采用４ ×４ 拉丁方设计,对照组牛饲喂基础日粮,３ 个试组在基础日粮中分别添加豆油１５０ｇ 、３００ｇ 及４５０ｇ 。探讨日粮中添加豆油对肉牛瘤胃发酵及营养物质消化率的影响。结果表明,日粮中添加豆油使瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸（ Ｔ Ｖ Ｆ Ａ） 浓度显著下降,３ 个试验组平均总挥发性脂肪酸（ Ｖ Ｆ Ａ） 浓度比对照组下降２２ ．３７ ％ 。日粮日添加４５０ｇ 豆油使瘤胃内及全消化道干物质和有机物的消化率显著下降（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 。日粮中补充豆油时,随着添加量的增加瘤胃内及全消化道中性洗涤纤维（ Ｎ Ｄ Ｆ） 消化率呈下降趋势,而对瘤胃后 Ｎ Ｄ Ｆ 消化率无影响。日粮中补充豆油对酸性洗涤纤维（ Ａ Ｄ Ｆ） 消化率的影响与对 Ｎ Ｄ Ｆ 消化率的影响相一致。４ 个组脂肪酸表观消化率分别为６０ ．３７ ％ 、７８ ．６７ ％ 、８５ ．３５ ％ 和８７ ．８３ ％ ,随着豆油添加量的增加脂肪酸表观消化率线性提高。     

莫能菌素对肉牛生产性能和血液指标的影响

为研究莫能菌素饲喂肉牛后对生产性能和血液指标的影响,选用12月龄左右的西门塔尔牛48头,随机分为4组,对照组饲喂基础饲粮（混合精料+玉米秸秆;精、粗比45︰55）,处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组在基础日粮基础上分别添加100、200和300 mg/d的莫能菌素。结果表明,处理Ⅱ组玉米秸秆和总干物质采食量显著高于对照组;处理Ⅱ、Ⅲ组平均日增重显著高于对照组,料重比显著低于对照组和处理Ⅰ组,血糖、白蛋白、总蛋白、尿素氮、谷草转氨酶浓度以及增重收入、毛收益均显著高于对照组和处理Ⅰ组。莫能菌素的适宜添加量为200 mg/d。     

外源消化酶对羔羊营养物质消化率及生产性能的影响

研究了外源消化酶对羔羊采食量、生长性能、消化性能以及羔羊营养物质表观消化率的影响.试验分4个组,试验1组饲喂基础饲粮为对照组,其他3组饲喂基础饲粮基础上添加不同外源消化酶组合,研究不同外源消化酶组合对羔羊日采食量、日增重和营养物质表观消化率的影响.结果表明:羔羊日均采食量2组和4组与1组差异显著(P＜0.05),其余之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);3周的平均日增重2组、3组、4均与1组差异显著(P＜0.05),但2组与4组间差异不显著(P＞0.05);干物质、能量、脂肪和无氮浸出物的表观消化率试验组均高于对照组(P＞0.05),但能量的表现消化率2组和4组均显著高于1组和3组(P＜0.05);粗蛋白的表现消化率试验组均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),试验4组酶制剂组合效果最好.     

饲粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶对断奶仔猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

研究玉米型饲粮和小麦型饲粮中分别添加不同水平的非淀粉多糖酶（NSP酶、木聚糖酶和β-甘露聚糖酶）对断奶仔猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。结果表明：玉米型基础饲粮中添加NSP酶对仔猪的生长性能和血清生化指标无显著影响(P＞0.05）;小麦型基础饲粮中添加NSP酶,显著提高了断奶仔猪的平均日增重和血清中的总蛋白、球蛋白和磷的含量(P＜0.05）,显著降低了谷草转氨酶的活性(P＜0.05）。     

不同混合饲料对杜蒙羊屠宰性能、食用品质及营养成分的影响

以3 种不同混合日粮饲喂条件下的杜蒙羊背最长肌为原料,利用国标法及通过氨基酸自动分析仪与气相 色谱测定背最长肌中的水分、灰分、蛋白质、脂肪、游离氨基酸与脂肪酸含量等营养成分,探究杜蒙羊在不同饲 料搭配模式（全混合日粮、精料＋葵花皮、精料＋草颗粒）下集约化养殖方式的区别。结果表明：全混合日粮组 杜蒙羊的屠宰率、熟肉率显著高于精料＋葵花皮组和精料＋草颗粒组（P＜0.05）;全混合日粮组杜蒙羊肉的剪切 力显著低于精料＋草颗粒组（P＜0.05）,但与精料＋葵花皮组差异不显著（P＞0.05）;3 种日粮对杜蒙羊肉的水 分、灰分、粗蛋白及脂肪含量影响不显著（P＞0.05）;3 种不同饲料搭配模式下羊肉的氨基酸含量存在显著差异 （P＜0.05）,且必需氨基酸含量为全混合日粮组＜精料＋葵花皮组＜精料＋草颗粒组;3 组羊肉的饱和脂肪酸、单 不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量表现为全混合日粮组＞精料＋草颗粒组＞精料＋葵花皮组;精料＋草颗粒组羊 肉的ω-3脂肪酸（α-亚麻酸和二十碳五烯酸）含量高于全混合日粮组（P＜0.05）,而精料＋葵花皮组含量最低。全 混合日粮组杜蒙羊的加工性能较好,而精料＋草颗粒饲喂有助于提高羊肉中功能性营养成分的含量。     

甜菜颗粒替代玉米对奶牛消化及瘤胃消化动力的影响

试验使用4头安装有瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠套管的处于泌乳后期的中国荷斯坦奶牛,研究了甜菜颗粒替代玉米对荷斯坦奶牛消化和瘤胃消化动力的影响。试验日粮中粗饲料(玉米青贮+紫花苜蓿)占40%,精饲料占60%,精饲料中的玉米分别用0%、6%、12%和24%的甜菜颗粒进行替代(干物质基础)。4个处理组日粮中的中性洗涤纤维和淀粉的质量分数分别为(24.3%,34.5%)、(26.2%,30.6%)、(28.0%,26.5%)和(31.6%,18.5%)。结果表明,随着甜菜颗粒替代玉米比例的提高,瘤胃干物质周转率下降,瘤胃中性洗涤纤维的周转率提高;潜在降解中性洗涤纤维在瘤胃中的降解率提高,而且降解的速率也提高了,最终日粮总消化道的中性洗涤纤维的消化率提高了。不可消化中性洗涤纤维的瘤胃外排速率并没有受到不同处理的影响。瘤胃淀粉的消化率随着甜菜颗粒替代玉米比例的提高而显著下降,但是,总肠道淀粉的消化率并没有受到影响。随着甜菜替代玉米比例的提高,日粮纤维的消化率显著提高,淀粉的消化率没有受到影响。因此,处于泌乳后期的奶牛在低粗饲料饲喂条件下,日粮中15%~20%的玉米可以用甜菜颗粒进行替代。     

发酵饲料对断奶仔猪生产性能、血液生化指标和饲料养分表观消化率的影响

选用28日龄断奶的三元杂交(杜×长×大)仔猪60头,随机分为饲喂发酵饲料的试验组和不合发酵料的对照组:每个处理3个重复,每个重复10头猪.试验结束前连续收集3天粪便,测定饲料养分的表观消化率;试验结束时前腔静脉采血,测定血清生化指标.结果:试验组比对照组显著降低了料肉比和腹泻指数(P＜0.05),日增重提高,但显著不差异(P＞0.05);血清碱性磷酸酶显著提高(P＜0.05),而血清尿素氮、总蛋白、白蛋白、谷丙转氨酶均没有显著变化(P＞0.05).饲料养分的表观消化率(CTTAD)试验组日粮磷的消化率显著提高(P＜0.05),粗脂肪消化率显著下降(P＜0.05),粗蛋白和钙的消化率提高,但无显著差异(P＞0.05).结果表明,发酵饲料有利于提高仔猪的生长性能和饲料养分的表观消化率,对降低仔猪断奶应激性腹泻有较好效果.     

Wheat- and barley-based diets with or without additives influence broiler chicken performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microflora

BACKGROUND: To our knowledge, there is scant literature on comparative broiler response to cereal diets high in soluble non‐starch polysaccharides without or with enzyme, prebiotic, probiotic or synbiotic supplementation. In the present study, the effects of a wheat‐ and barley‐based diet with or without supplemental xylanase plus β‐glucanase, inulin, Enterococcus faecium or inulin plus Enterococcus faecium, on bird performance, digesta viscosity, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microflora were compared to a maize‐based diet. RESULTS: In comparison to a maize‐based diet, the wheat‐ and barley‐based diet reduced (P < 0.05) body weight gain and feed intake, but did not affect to the feed‐to‐gain ratio. Apparent digestibility of crude fat and various fatty acids were decreased (P < 0.05) as well as apparent metabolisable energy corrected to zero nitrogen retention content. There was an increase (P < 0.05) in the viscosity of jejunal digesta and in the caecal numbers of Escherichia coli and lactobacilli, and a decrease in the ileal numbers of E. coli and lactobacilli. Performance parameters and nutrient digestibility were not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary inclusion of the additives used, with the exception that exogenous enzyme improved (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibility of crude fat and decreased the viscosity of jejunal digesta. Enzyme and Enterococcus faecium supplementation increased intestinal lactic acid bacteria, whereas inulin addition reduced the number of E. coli (P < 0.05). Addition of inulin–Enterococcus faecium decreased E. coli and increased bifidobacteria numbers in the caeca. CONCLUSION: Enzyme supplementation to a wheat‐ and barley‐based diet significantly improved the apparent digestibility of dietary fat. All four additives had a beneficial effect on the intestinal microflora of broilers. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Fibrolytic potential of anaerobic fungi (Piromyces sp.) isolated from wild cattle and blue bulls in pure culture and effect of their addition on in vitro fermentation of wheat straw and methane emission by rumen fluid of buffaloes

BACKGROUND: Ten isolates of anaerobic fungi of Piromyces genus from wild cattle and blue bulls (five isolates from each host species) were evaluated for their fibrolytic ability in pure culture, their suitability for use as a microbial additive in buffaloes and their effect on methane emission. RESULTS: In pure culture, only two out of five isolates from wild cattle degraded wheat straw efficiently, whereas all five isolates from wild blue bulls did. Isolate CF1 (from cattle) showed the highest apparent digestibility (53.4%), true digestibility (70.8%) and neutral detergent fibre digestibility (75.0%) of wheat straw after 5 days of incubation. When added to buffalo rumen fluid, all five isolates from cattle increased (P < 0.05) in vitro apparent digestibility of wheat straw compared with the control (received autoclaved culture), but all five isolates from blue bulls failed to influence in vitro digestibility of wheat straw. Isolate CF1 showed the highest stimulating effect on straw digestion by buffalo rumen fluid microbes and increased apparent digestibility (51.9 vs 29.4%, P < 0.05), true digestibility (57.9 vs 36.5%, P < 0.05) and neutral detergent fibre digestibility (51.5 vs 26.9%, P < 0.05) of wheat straw compared with the control after 24 h of fermentation. There were also significant increases in fungal count and enzyme activities of carboxymethylcellulase and xylanase in the CF1‐added group compared with the control group. Gas and methane production g^?1 truly digested dry matter of straw were comparable among all groups including the control. CONCLUSION: Wild cattle and blue bulls harbour some anaerobic fungal strains with strong capability to hydrolyse fibre. The fungal isolate CF1 has high potential for use as a microbial feed additive in buffaloes to improve digestibility of fibrous feeds without increasing methane emission per unit of digested feed. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

小麦日粮添加不同配伍酶制剂对肉仔鸡养分利用率、食糜黏度和血液激素的影响

选择14日龄肉仔鸡,研究小麦日粮中添加不同配伍酶制剂对肉仔鸡养分利用率、食糜黏度和血液激素等的影响,结果表明:(1)添加酶制剂可显著提高粗蛋白(P<0.01)、粗脂肪(P<0.01)、总磷(P<0.05)和总能(P<0.01)的利用率,不同配伍之间也出现差异,但没有显著提高钙的利用率(P>0.05),而小麦日粮中钙的利用率显著低于玉米日粮;(2)添加酶制剂可显著降低肉仔鸡小肠食糜黏度(P<0.01),不同配伍之间有出现差异的趋势,但不显著,肉仔鸡食糜黏度在49日龄时显著低于35日龄;(3)添加酶制剂可显著提高35日龄和49日龄肉仔鸡血液生长激素浓度,在35日龄时不同配伍间出现显著差异(P<0.05);(4)添加酶制剂在35日龄时显著提高血液胰岛素浓度(P<0.01),而只在49日龄时有提高腹脂率的趋势。结果显示酶制剂可提高肉仔鸡对小麦日粮养分利用率和血液生长激素,并可显著降低食糜黏度,适宜配伍酶制剂的效果更为显著。     

Nutritional value of animal feed grade wheat as replacement for maize in lamb feeding for mutton production

The utilization of abundantly available animal feed grade wheat (AFW) as a replacement for conventional and costly cereal supplement in lamb feeding to lower the cost of mutton production was explored. Thirty‐five growing lambs divided into five equal groups and were fed diets containing 0, 118, 235, 353 or 470 g kg^?1 AFW replacing equal quantity of maize. The diets were fed in the form of composite feed mixture, which had a roughage (Prosopis cineraria leaves) to concentrate ratio of 25:75. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not different in these groups, ranging from 35 to 42 g kg^?1 body weight, while AFW inclusion linearly (P < 0.05) reduced DMI. The digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and cellulose were not affected by AFW addition, whereas neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibility coefficients were reduced (P < 0.05). The digestible CP content (142.7–162.7 g kg^?1 diet) increased (P < 0.01) linearly with increased AFW inclusion levels. However, AFW additions did not affect metabolizable energy (ME) value of diet (10.2–10.5 MJ kg^?1 diet DM). Digestible CP intake was similar but digestible DM and OM intake tended to decrease (P < 0.05) linearly when expressed in terms of g kg^?1 W^0.75. ME intake (MJ d^?1) was not different among the diets but showed linear (P = 0.041) reducing trends with increasing AFW levels in diet. The efficiency of ME and N utilization for unit gain was also not affected by AFW incorporation. N retained as g d^?1, percentage of intake and percentage of absorbed ranged from 15.4 to 19.5 g, 49.7% to 60.3% and 62.6% to 74.6%, respectively. Intake and utilization of dietary N was not affected but urinary N excretion reduced (P < 0.05) linearly by AFW. Daily microbial N (MN) flow estimated by urinary purine derivative excretion was significantly (P < 0.01) higher for lambs fed a diet with AFW 235 g kg^?1 (3.05 g MN) and 353 g kg^?1 (2.51 g MN) compared to without AFW diet (1.31 g MN). MN when expressed as g kg^?1digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) and microbial protein g kg^?1 digestible organic matter apparently fermented in rumen (DOMR) followed a similar trend. During the growth trial, lambs fed diets containing AFW (353 g kg^?1), which replaced 75% maize had higher total gain (14 kg, P < 0.05) and average daily gain (ADG 154 g, P < 0.05). However, feed efficiency (feed consumed kg^?1 live weight gain) was not different. Rumen pH and microbial enzyme activities studied 4 h post feeding revealed that AFW did not affect rumen pH, which ranged from 5.95 to 6.30. Similarly, carboxymethyl cellulase and β‐xylosidase enzyme activities were not different among treatments, but AFW inclusion linearly (P = 003) increased carboxymethyl cellulase enzyme activities. The α‐amylase enzyme activity differed significantly (P < 0.05) and was highest (22.6 IU) in groups where AFW replaced maize completely. It was concluded that, in lambs reared under intensive system for mutton production on high concentrate diets, conventional and costly energy supplements like maize can be replaced up to 75% with a low‐cost animal feed grade wheat to economize on cost of production. However, more studies are required to confirm these inclusion levels for greater economic returns. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

A meta-analysis of feed digestion in dairy cows. 1. The effects of forage and concentrate factors on total diet digestibility

A meta-analysis based on published experiments with lactating dairy cows was conducted to study the effects of dietary forage and concentrate factors on apparent total diet digestibility. A data set was collected that included a total of 497 dietary treatment means from 92 studies. The diets were based on grass silage or on legume or whole-crop cereal silages partly or completely substituted for grass silage. The silages were supplemented with concentrates given at a flat rate within a dietary comparison. For the statistical evaluation, the data were divided into 5 subsets to quantify silage (digestibility, 42 diets in 17 studies; fermentation characteristics, 108 diets in 39 studies) and concentrate (amount of supplementation, 142 diets in 59 studies; concentration of crude protein, 215 diets in 82 studies; carbohydrate composition, 66 diets in 23 studies) factors on total diet digestibility. The diet digestibility of dairy cows was determined by total fecal collection or by using acid-insoluble ash as an internal marker. Diet organic matter digestibility (OMD) at a maintenance level of feeding (OMD_m) was estimated using sheep in vivo or corresponding in vitro digestibility values for the forage and reported ingredient and chemical composition values, with tabulated digestibility coefficients for the concentrate components of the diet. A mixed model regression analysis was used to detect the responses of different dietary factors on apparent total diet digestibility. Improved silage OMD_m resulting from earlier harvest was translated into improved production-level OMD in cows (OMD_p). The effects of silage fermentation characteristics on OMD_p were quantitatively small, although sometimes significant. Concentrate supplementation improved total diet OMD_m, but this was not realized in lactating dairy cows because of linearly decreased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility as concentrate intake increased. Increasing the concentrate crude protein amount quadratically improved OMD_p in cows, with the response being mostly due to improved NDF digestibility. Replacement of starchy concentrates with fibrous by-products slightly decreased OMD_p but tended to improve NDF digestibility. The true digestibility of cell solubles (OM - NDF) estimated by the Lucas test both from all data and from the data subsets was not significantly different from 1.00, suggesting that responses in OMD_p of dairy cows are mediated through changes in the concentration and digestibility of NDF.     

黑麦在鸡体内的消化性研究

分别研究了鸡对两种黑麦HH91和Pluto的消化性。实验结果表明:饲喂分别添加两种黑麦日粮实验鸡的日增重有减少的趋势,增重变化率和对照组比较分别是27.41%(15%HH91)、28.96%(30%HH91)、34.75%(45%HH91)、20.85%(15%Pluto)、28.19%(30%Pluto)和42.09%(45%Pluto)。而添加了黑麦的日粮干物质、有机物、粗蛋白、粗灰分、无氮浸出物、总能的表观消化率与正常对照组相比没有明显的差异(p>0.05),但粗脂肪和粗纤维的表观消化率有明显减少的趋势(p<0.05)。其次,在两种黑麦添加量低于30%时,除粗纤维的表观消化率之外,其余营养成分的表观消化率与正常对照组几乎没有差别(p>0.05)。     

复合微生物的筛选及其发酵秸秆的应用效果

为提高秸秆的发酵效果,通过筛选纤维素酶活力和木聚糖酶活力高的一定比例的复合菌株,并进行秸秆复合菌株发酵应用研究。结果表明,最佳复合菌株为：白腐菌+黑曲霉+米曲霉+芽孢杆菌+放线菌（1∶1∶1∶1∶1）,其纤维素酶活最高值为203.64 U/g,木聚糖酶活最高值为10 017.41 U/g。发酵田间大堆小麦秸秆时,试验组发酵38 d的秸秆,中性洗涤纤维、粗纤维比发酵前显著降低（P＜0.05）,粗蛋白显著升高（P＜0.05）。与对照组发酵38 d的秸秆相比,中性洗涤纤维显著降低（P＜0.05）,粗蛋白显著升高（P＜0.05）。发酵过程中温度有高温期、中温期和低温期,发酵结束时秸秆pH值（7.73）为微碱性,符合发酵堆肥标准。发酵结束后试验组的秸秆比对照组的秸秆腐化程度高。因此,混菌发酵有助于提高秸秆的发酵效果。     

Nutritional value of feed grade chickpeas for ruminants and pigs

The feeding value of feed grade chickpeas (Kabuli and Desi type) for ruminants and pigs was determined in two studies. Two ruminally fistulated cows were used in the first study to determine the effects of moist heat treatment (127 °C for 10 min) on the ruminal protein degradability of feed grade chickpeas. Heat treatment reduced (P < 0.05) soluble crude protein and increased (P < 0.05) the amount of crude protein associated with neutral detergent fibre for both types of chickpeas. Ruminal degradability of crude protein for Kabuli and Desi chickpeas was reduced by 39 and 33% (P < 0.05) respectively as a result of heating. In the second study, 64 crossbred pigs were each assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a factorial (4 treatments × 2 sexes) design experiment. The experimental barley/wheat‐based diets were supplemented with either soybean meal (control), Kabuli chickpeas (300 g kg⁻¹), Desi chickpeas (300 g kg⁻¹) or field peas (300 g kg⁻¹). Dry matter and gross energy digestibility coefficients, determined using the indicator method, were lower (P < 0.05) for the Desi‐ than for the Kabuli‐supplemented diet. However, no differences were observed in dry matter or gross energy digestibility between the Kabuli chickpea‐supplemented diet and the control or the field pea‐supplemented diet. Diets supplemented with chickpeas or field peas had a lower (P < 0.05) crude protein digestibility than the control diet. Pigs fed either of the chickpea‐supplemented diets during the growing phase gained less (P < 0.05) than pigs fed the control diet. However, during the finishing phase and over the entire experiment, dietary treatment had no effect on pig performance. There were no significant differences in carcass traits between pigs fed any of the four diets. It was concluded that moist heat treatment is an effective method to increase the rumen escape protein value of chickpeas and that the inclusion of feed grade Kabuli or Desi chickpeas in finishing diets up 300 g kg⁻¹ had no detrimental effects on pig performance. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Digestibility of amino acids in maize,wheat and barley meal,measured in pigs with ileo-rectal anastomosis and isolation of the large intestine

Maize, soft wheat and barley diets were compiled to have similar crude fibre (CF) concentration by addition of purified cellulose. Protein-free diets, with purified cellulose included at 60 g kg^?1 dry matter (DM) (PF1) and 90 g kg^?1 DM (PF2), were formulated. Each of four littermate, male pigs (22 kg liveweight) was surgically modified to create an ileo-rectal anastomosis with complete isolation of the large intestine. Diets were fed, and the ileal digesta, excreted via the anus, were collected. Endogenous amino acid output was higher after feeding PF2 than PF1. The choice of factor for correction of apparent digestibility (AD) to true digestibility (TD) was based upon CF intake of cereal diet. AD of most essential amino acids was greater in wheat than in maize or barley, although AD of lysine in barley (67.1%) was higher than in maize (56.8%) or wheat (63.4%). TD of most essential amino acids was higher for wheat and maize than for barley, although TD of lysine was similar for all cereals. Lysine and threonine were the most poorly digested essential amino acids in all cereals.     

Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in feed ingredients determined with broilers and layers

The apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in eight feed ingredients were determined using broilers and layers. The ingredients included three cereals (wheat, sorghum and maize), one cereal by‐product (wheat middlings), three oilseed meals (canola, cottonseed and soybean meals) and one animal protein meal (meat and bone meal). Dietary protein in the assay diets was supplied solely by the test ingredient. All diets contained 20 g kg^?1 acid‐insoluble ash as an indigestible marker, and each diet was offered ad libitum in mash form to five replicate pens of 42‐day‐old broilers and 60‐week‐old layers. The digestibility coefficients of most amino acids for wheat and sorghum were similar (P > 0.05) in broilers and layers. The digestibility of most amino acids for maize was higher (P < 0.05) in broilers compared to those in layers. The digestibility of individual amino acid for wheat middlings was higher (P < 0.05) in layers than in broilers. In general, the digestibility of amino acids for cottonseed meal, soybean meal, and meat and bone meal were similar (P > 0.05) between broilers and layers. The influence of class of bird on digestibility in canola meal was variable. The digestibility of threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid and alanine were higher (P < 0.05), and those of methionine, histidine and lysine were lower (P < 0.05) in broilers compared to layers. These results suggest that the practice of using amino acid digestibility values generated with broilers for layers may not be appropriate for all feed ingredients. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry