热处理改性淀粉的理化性质、结构和消化特性的研究进展（网络首发、推荐阅读）

热处理改性淀粉具有操作简单、污染少、产品安全性高的优点,是最常用的淀粉物理改性方法。主要总结了干热处理、湿热处理和韧化处理对淀粉理化性质、结构性质和消化性质的影响,也总结了添加亲水胶体辅助热处理和多种热处理方法联合处理对淀粉理化性质及消化性质的影响。研究发现热处理改性能够提高淀粉热稳定性和抗消化能力。热处理改性对淀粉性质的影响与热处理改性方式、淀粉种类和来源有关,其中湿热处理和韧化处理过程水分含量较高,能使淀粉的溶胀力和溶解度发生显著改变。三种热处理方法均能够改变淀粉相对结晶度,湿热处理还能改变淀粉的结晶晶型。除韧化处理外,干热处理和湿热处理均能改变淀粉颗粒结构。添加亲水胶体辅助热处理或热处理方法联合处理能增强热处理改性对淀粉理化性质和消化性质的影响。这为热处理改性淀粉的进一步研究及应用提供参考。     

湿热改性淀粉研究进展

湿热改性(heat-moisture treatment,HMT)是指在淀粉水分含量较低,温度一定的条件下处理一段时间,使淀粉性质发生改变的一种物理改性方法。相对于化学改性方法,该法成本较低且免除了使用化学试剂而造成的环境污染,可以达到改善淀粉特定功能特性的目的,已在淀粉改性方面呈现出良好的应用前景。文章综述淀粉湿热改性对淀粉结构和性质的影响,并阐述湿热改性淀粉的作用机制以及在食品应用中的研究进展。     

物理改性对淀粉特性影响的研究进展

淀粉的物理改性是指利用物理作用,使淀粉的结构与性质发生变化,以获得某些特定的性质,满足加工生产的要求。物理改性由于具有简单快速、绿色环保的特点,已经受到越来越多研究者的青睐。本文主要综述了超高压处理、球磨处理、挤出作用、湿热处理、辐射处理以及超声波处理几种物理改性方法对淀粉特性的影响,比如结晶结构、微观形态、分子链结构、糊化性质、老化性质、淀粉糊特性等,并对其应用前景做了展望,为物理改性淀粉的生产及应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

湿热处理改性淀粉的研究进展

湿热处理是改性淀粉的一种新的物理方法。本文列举了不同种类淀粉的湿热处理条件，对湿热处理影响淀粉的理化性质如颗粒形貌、糊化性质、以及对酸和酶的敏感性等作了概述。最后阐述了湿热处理对淀粉作用的机理及发展。     

湿热处理对淀粉改性的研究进展

湿热处理是改性淀粉的一种新的物理方法。本文列举了不同种类淀粉的湿热处理条件，对湿热处理影响淀粉的理化性质如颗粒形貌、糊化性质、以及对酸和酶的敏感性等作了概述。最后阐述了湿热处理对淀粉作用的机理及发展。     

湿热处理对淀粉分子结构的影响

湿热处理是一种新的物理改性淀粉的方法。通过对比湿热处理前后淀粉分子结构的变化,结果表明淀粉的重均分子量Mw从709766降到92014、数均分子量Mn从32225降到16254、链淀粉含量从48.6%增加为64.3%。     

湿热处理改善红薯粉条品质的优化工艺研究

红薯淀粉糊化特性回生值是影响红薯粉条品质的关键因素,湿热改性技术对红薯淀粉粉条品质有明显的改善效果。为了提供一种绿色安全高效生产粉条用的红薯淀粉产品,试验以红薯淀粉回生值为响应值,根据单因素试验结果建立Box-Behnken模型对改性技术进行优化。利用响应面分析法探讨红薯淀粉含水量、湿热处理温度和湿热处理时间3因素对湿热改性红薯淀粉回生值的影响。优化的工艺条件为:红薯淀粉含水量34%、湿热处理温度105.8℃、湿热处理时间1 h。在此条件下得到的湿热改性红薯淀粉制备的粉条品质显著(P0.01)的优于原红薯淀粉粉条。湿热改性红薯淀粉粉条品质中的断条率比原淀粉粉条下降70%,而粉条硬度和粉条拉伸强度有显著性的增加,由原来的23.91、0.79 N分别增加到30.81 N和1.71 N。结果表明湿热处理不仅使红薯淀粉粉条耐煮不糊汤,而且粉条弹韧性能也增强。研究用响应面法优选出的改性工艺合理可行,为产业化应用提供了参考。     

湿热处理对淀粉分子结构的影响

湿热处理是一种新的物理改性淀粉的方法。通过对比湿热处理前后淀粉分子结构的变化，结果表明淀粉的重均分子量Mw从709766降到92014、数均分子量Mn从32225降到16254、链淀粉含量从48．6％增加为64．3％。     

湿热处理对板栗淀粉结构及理化性质的影响

以板栗淀粉为对象,采用湿热处理方法对板栗淀粉进行物理改性,通过控制湿热处理的时间(2~18 h)、温度(80~120℃)、含水量(10%~30%),制得不同处理条件下的板栗淀粉。随着湿热处理程度的加强,板栗淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度均减小,其中,处理温度的影响较大;湿热处理后板栗淀粉的透光率下降;板栗原淀粉颗粒的表面光滑,多数呈椭圆形、梨形等;湿热处理后,淀粉颗粒大部分保持原状,但部分颗粒表面出现轻微的凹陷和破损;X-射线衍射图谱显示虽然淀粉结晶型仍为C型,但淀粉颗粒内部有新的结构出现。     

多次湿热处理对大米淀粉结构和性质影响的研究

采用多次湿热处理方法对大米淀粉进行物理改性,湿热处理温度110℃,含水量20%,处理时间2 h,对比了不同次数的湿热处理对大米淀粉理化性质的影响。结果表明,随着湿热处理次数的增加,大米淀粉的水分含量、膨胀力和溶解度均有所下降且逐渐降低。从糊化性质来看,大米淀粉更难于糊化,结合水的能力下降,热稳定性和抗老化性能提高。红外光谱检测结果显示,原大米淀粉和多次湿热处理后的大米淀粉的红外光谱基本没有变化。X-衍射分析结果表明,样品处理前后的结晶型保持不变,但相对结晶度随处理次数增加而逐渐升高。扫描电镜图像显示,经多次湿热处理后,会使淀粉颗粒不再呈现均匀分散的状态,单个颗粒的特征逐渐消失,从而形成新的团状结构。     

Influence of hydroxypropylation on retrogradation properties of native,defatted and heat-moisture treated potato starches

Recent studies have shown that defatting and heat-moisture treatment cause structural changes within the amorphous and crystalline regions of potato starch. Furthermore, the alkaline reagents (NaOH and Na₂SO₄) used during hydroxypropylation has been shown to cause structural changes within the amorphous and crystalline regions of native, defatted and heat-moisture treated starches. In this study, we have compared (using different techniques) the retrogradation properties of potato starch before and after physical (defatting and heat-moisture treatment), and chemical (alkaline treatment and hydroxypropylation) modification. Turbidity measurements showed that changes in turbidity during storage (4°C for 24 h and then at 40°C for 29 days) of native, defatted and heat-moisture treated gelatinized starch pastes were influenced by the interplay of two factors: (1) interaction between leached starch components (amylose–amylose, amylose–amylopectin, amylose–amylopectin), and (2) interaction between granule remnants and leached amylose and amylopectin. In alkali treated gelatinized native, defatted and heat-moisture treated starch pastes, turbidity changes on storage was influenced by aggregation of granule remnants. Hydroxypropylation decreased the rate and extent of increase in turbidity during storage of native, defatted and heat-moisture treated starches. The change in turbidity during storage of hydroxypropylated starch pastes was influenced by the interplay between: (1) steric effects imposed by hydroxypropyl groups on chain aggregation, (2) aggregation between small granule remnants, and (3) settling of large granule remnants beneath the path of the spectrophotometer beam. Stored gelatinized pastes of native, defatted and heat-moisture treated starches gave a `B' type X-ray pattern. A similar pattern was also observed after alkaline treatment, and hydroxypropylation. However, the X-ray intensity of the strong reflection at 5.2 Å decreased after alkaline treatment and hydroxypropylation. The retrogradation endotherm (monitored by differential scanning calorimetry) occurred after 2 days storage in native, defatted and heat-moisture treated starches. A similar trend was also observed after alkaline treatment. However, the retrogradation endotherm appeared only after 7 days in hydroxypropylated starches. The enthalpy of retrogradation in all starches decreased on alkaline treatment and hydroxypropylation.     

采用不同方法制备豌豆抗性淀粉及其性质研究

以豌豆淀粉为原料,研究交联、湿热、脱支酶解3种不同方法处理后其抗性淀粉含量及其他性质的变化。实验表明:交联、湿热、脱支酶解处理均能增加豌豆抗性淀粉的含量,且脱支酶解处理>湿热处理>交联处理;交联处理后其溶解度降低,但湿热和酶解均使其溶解度增加,3种处理方式均使豌豆淀粉膨胀度降低;交联和酶解处理使豌豆淀粉的糊化温度和糊化焓增加,糊化变得困难,而湿热处理后其糊化峰变为2个;X射线衍射数据表明,交联处理不会改变豌豆淀粉的晶型,湿热处理和脱支酶解后豌豆淀粉的晶型分别由原来的C型变为A型和B型;体外消化模拟实验表明,经交联处理后豌豆淀粉消化性增加,而经湿热和酶解处理后其消化性能均降低。     

湿热处理对羟丙基淀粉结构特性及凝胶性能的影响

羟丙基淀粉制备的水凝胶与普通淀粉相比具有更好的拉伸性,但凝胶的力学性能较差。本文主要探究湿热处理对羟丙基淀粉物理和化学性质及凝胶性能的影响。湿热处理后,羟丙基淀粉的热稳定性与对照相比有所提高,焓值从12.55 J/g降低至6.58 J/g;从X-射线多晶衍射图谱（XRD）分析看出,湿热处理使羟丙基淀粉的结晶度从30.4%降至19.6%,说明湿热造成羟丙基淀粉内部双螺旋的解旋,结晶被破坏;羟丙基淀粉的峰值粘度先上升到5 000 cP左右,后下降到3 000 cP左右;质构仪（TPA）和流变分析发现,湿热处理后,羟丙基淀粉凝胶的硬度从223.51 g增至463.50 g,提高了储能模量,表明湿热处理提高了凝胶的机械性能。     

热液处理对淀粉性质的影响研究

对热处理、湿热处理和压热处理对多种淀粉的性质的影响结果作了总结,并概括地分析了产生影响的原因。综述了谷物类淀粉、薯类淀粉以及豆类淀粉在热液处理过程中的性质变化,包括理化性质、糊的流变学性质、热力学性质以及淀粉颗粒形态。热处理、湿热处理和压热处理都会降低淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度、粘度、透明度和冻融稳定性而提高抗性淀粉含量和抗酶能力。热处理和湿热处理过程中谷物类淀粉的胶体结构和结晶结构基本不变,保持了A形,而薯类淀粉则发生了从C形向A形的转变。湿热处理和热处理对淀粉颗粒形态的影响不如压热处理显著,压热处理淀粉颗粒几乎完全碎裂。     

Physicochemical properties of monosodium glutamate-compounded tapioca starch exceeds those of simple heat-moisture treated starch

Monosodium glutamate (GluNa)-compounded starch was prepared by heat-moisture treating a mixture of tapioca starch and GluNa. GluNa-compounded starch exhibited a higher gelatinization temperature and reduced swelling and solubility, essentially lower hardness of the granule center, and paste viscosity than those of the heat-moisture treated tapioca starch and the untreated starch. However, its appearance, unit chain length distribution, and α-amylase digestibility were similar to those of the heat-moisture treated tapioca. It is thus concluded that GluNa compounding is useful for providing a unique type of starch that possesses a less swollen and viscous texture than that produced with simple heat-moisture treatment.     

The impact of heat-moisture treatment on molecular structures and properties of starches isolated from different botanical sources

Heat-moisture treatment is a hydrothermal treatment that changes the physicochemical properties of starches by facilitating starch chain interactions within the amorphous and crystalline domains and/or by disrupting starch crystallites. The extent of these changes is influenced by starch composition, moisture content and temperature during treatment, and by the organization of amylose and amylopectin chains within native starch granules. During heat-moisture treatment starch granules at low moisture levels [(<35% water (w/w)] are heated at a temperature above the glass transition temperature (T(g)) but below the gelatinization temperature for a fixed period of time. Significant progress in heat-moisture treatment has been made during the last 15 years, as reflected by numerous publications on this subject. Therefore, this review summarizes the current knowledge on the impact of heat-moisture treatment on the composition, granule morphology, crystallinity, X-ray pattern, granular swelling, amylose leaching, pasting properties, gelatinization and retrogradation parameters, and susceptibility towards α-amylase and acid hydrolysis. The application of heat-moisture treatment in the food industry is also reviewed. Recommendations for future research are outlined.     

湿热处理对玉米淀粉性质的影响

研究了湿热处理对不同直链淀粉含量的普通玉米淀粉?高直链玉米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉性质的影响。试验证明,经湿热处理后,三种玉米淀粉的颗粒形状都没有发生明显的变化,偏光十字也没有消失,但表面出现一些裂纹;湿热处理不会改变三种玉米淀粉的晶型,但经湿热处理后玉米淀粉的晶体结构变强,糊化温度提高,糊黏度降低。