不同温度对氮气气调锈赤扁谷盗各虫态致死时间比较研究

掌握温度对氮气气调中害虫不同虫态致死时间的影响程度对科学控制气调时间和成功杀虫具有重要意义。测定了18℃、23℃和28℃温度时锈赤扁谷盗的卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫在98%氮气气调过程中不同时间的死亡率及完全致死时间。温度18℃时锈赤扁谷盗卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的完全致死时间分别为28、18、28和14 d，23℃时完全致死时间分别为22、14、24和8 d，28℃时完全致死时间分别为16、9、18和5 d。温度18℃时卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的完全致死时间比23℃时相应延迟6、4、4和6 d，比28℃时相应延迟12、9、10和9 d。实验温度下98%氮气气调时锈赤扁谷盗耐受力最强的虫为蛹期，其后依次为卵、幼虫和成虫期。锈赤扁谷盗蛹在18、23和28℃温度下的死亡率-时间回归方程分别为y = 3.85x - 3.85、y = 4.01x - 3.53和y = 4.72x - 3.71。温度降低显著延迟98%氮气气调杀虫时间，氮气气调锈赤扁谷盗时应以杀死其耐受力最强的蛹为目标。     

氮气气调胁迫对锈赤扁谷盗种群适合度的影响

为了解不同氮气浓度处理对锈赤扁谷盗Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens)种群适合度的影响,本研究采用构建生命表的方法,研究了95%和98%两种氮气浓度胁迫24 h后锈赤扁谷盗试验种群的生长发育情况,并以此分析了不同氮气浓度对锈赤扁谷盗各生命参数和种群适合度的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比：95%氮气浓度处理后,子代锈赤扁谷盗的孵化率、化蛹率、羽化率均呈现下降的趋势,分别下降了2.00%、11.34%、8.80%,卵、幼虫、蛹及总发育历期分别延长了0.2 d、2.0 d、0.4 d、2.6 d：98%氮气浓度处理后,子代锈赤扁谷盗的孵化率、化蛹率、羽化率均呈现下降的趋势,分别下降了6.00%、25.33%、13.51%,卵、幼虫、蛹及总发育历期分别延长了0.4 d、4.3 d、1.0 d、5.8 d。此外,氮气气调胁迫导致处理当代锈赤扁谷盗单雌产卵量显著减少,子代雌虫占比升高,但子代单雌产卵量未受到影响。本研究分析了氮气气调胁迫对锈赤扁谷盗种群适合度的影响,为氮气气调防治储藏物害虫提供了参考依据。     

实仓与模拟熏蒸完全致死磷化氢抗性锈赤扁谷盗试验研究

锈赤扁谷盗是当前普遍发生且采用磷化氢熏蒸难以有效治理的储粮害虫,为了探讨抗性锈赤扁谷盗的实仓治理效果,在大型浅圆仓中采用磷化氢与二氧化碳仓外施药环流熏蒸实仓,研究了对5个高抗性锈赤扁谷盗品系的现场杀虫效果,并比较了室内模拟熏蒸条件下磷化氢对高抗性锈赤扁谷盗的致死情况。试验结果为:在实仓条件下,磷化氢浓度在700ml/m~3以上维持3d,在500ml/m~3以上维持11d,抗性系数为560~668倍的5个强抗性锈赤扁谷盗品系在15d内完全死亡;在模拟熏蒸条件下,保持磷化氢浓度500ml/m~3,完全杀死同样抗性的锈赤扁谷盗品系需要24d。在实仓熏蒸下,采用磷化氢和二氧化碳仓外施药、环流并保持磷化氢浓度在760~370ml/m~3的浓度变化水平,可在15d的时间内完全致死强抗性锈赤扁谷盗,且致死效果明显好于模拟条件下单独采用500ml/m~3磷化氢浓度的杀虫效果,仓外施药中二氧化碳和较高磷化氢浓度有利于促进对抗性锈赤扁谷盗的熏蒸治理。     

小麦仓多点施药环流硫酰氟浓度变化及对锈赤扁谷盗的致死效果

在高大平房仓采用硫酰氟20 g/m3的剂量对仓温27～30℃、中部上层粮温26～28℃、中部中下层粮温16～19℃、东北部上中下层粮温26～29℃的8 000 t小麦粮堆利用环流系统施药口和粮面多点施药并环流,测定粮面、粮面下1.5和4.5 m深处的硫酰氟浓度,以及对室内培养的锈赤扁谷盗成虫、蛹、幼虫、卵和粮堆中采集的锈赤扁谷盗成虫的致死效果。在环流条件下粮面和粮堆下4.5m深处在施药完毕硫酰氟浓度即达到或接近峰值,粮堆下1.5 m深处浓度较低。熏蒸3至12 h时各部位层点浓度均在20g/m3以上,分布较为均匀。12h时,粮堆中硫酰氟浓度总体较高,此时间后随时间延长浓度下降趋势明显。在24 h时停止环流后,各检测点硫酰氟浓度下降较快,粮温较高的东北角部位检测点浓度下降速率大于粮温较低的粮堆中部的浓度下降速率,粮温高的部位硫酰氟浓度下降比粮温低的部位明显较快。粮堆中硫酰氟浓度在降到2 g/m3(约13 d)以后衰减速率变小,从2 g/m3衰减至0 g/m3的时间约10 d。粮面硫酰氟浓度27～24 g/m3熏蒸3 h可完全杀死锈赤扁谷盗成虫和幼虫,浓度27～22 g/m3经6 h可完全杀死锈赤扁谷盗蛹,27～19 g/m3经24 h可完全杀死锈赤扁谷盗的卵。锈赤扁谷盗各虫态对硫酰氟的耐受力大小为:卵蛹成虫≈幼虫。在粮堆表层和周边粮温26～29℃、内部粮温16～19℃的粮堆中,锈赤扁谷盗4个虫态经硫酰氟浓度24 g/m3上下开始到23 d后的0 g/m3的过程均可全部被杀死。     

硫酰氟熏杀锈赤扁谷盗实仓应用

使用硫酰氟对高抗性害虫锈赤扁谷盗进行实仓熏蒸杀虫处理,在12 h内可以灭杀成虫及卵,表明硫酰氟在熏蒸过程中具有粮堆穿透性强、杀虫时间短、杀虫效果好等优点.     

抗性锈赤扁谷盗防治策略浅析

锈赤扁谷盗是我国主要储粮害虫之一,许多粮库普遍反应其治理难度较大。结合试验室试验与生产实际情况探讨了锈赤扁谷盗防治的方法。     

惰性粉处理稻谷防治锈赤扁谷盗的效果研究

研究了经食品级惰性粉处理的稻谷中锈赤扁谷盗的生存时间,并在实仓验证了散装稻谷仓粮堆表层应用惰性粉拌粮的防治效果。用纯惰性粉处理锈赤扁谷盗的生存时间为0.8 d,采用150 mg/kg惰性粉拌粮法处理的稻谷中锈赤扁谷盗生存时间为0.9 d;无惰性粉处理的活虫样和稻谷样中锈赤扁谷盗的生存时间分别为13.3 d和18.6d。研究表明,惰性粉拌粮对锈赤扁谷盗有显著的防治效果,实仓试验中应用惰性粉可以减少锈赤扁谷盗的数量,但其应用技术有待进一步研究。     

碘钨灯诱杀锈赤扁谷盗的试验

锈赤扁谷盗耐干燥、耐低温,抗药性强,繁殖能力强,一旦感染就会在仓内大量繁殖,引起粮食发热,还可能伴随着其它储粮害虫的产生.利用锈赤扁谷盗善于飞行,具有较强的趋光性的特点,尝试用碘钨灯进行诱杀锈赤扁谷盗的试验.试验效果表明:碘钨灯诱杀锈赤扁谷盗表现一般,但诱捕效果良好.通过方案调整,碘钨灯诱捕结合盛有敌敌畏溶液的药剂盒以...     

酵母对锈赤扁谷盗羽化、发育历期、成虫体重、雌雄比及引诱行为的影响

前期实验表明,锈赤扁谷盗喜食含酵母的食物,且发现添加酵母可增加锈赤扁谷盗种群数量,为明确酵母对锈赤扁谷盗生长繁殖和行为调控的影响,本文测定了取食含不同浓度活性酵母和灭活酵母食物的锈赤扁谷盗发育历期、羽化成虫数量、初羽化体重、雌雄比以及成虫体重增长率等生物学参数;利用四臂嗅觉仪比较了活性、灭活酵母和酵母提取物及其挥发物对锈赤扁谷盗的引诱力,及利用GC-MS分析三种酵母挥发物组分。结果表明,活性酵母和灭活酵母处理锈赤扁谷盗羽化成虫数量显著高于对照;添加活性酵母、灭活酵母均可缩短锈赤扁谷盗的发育历期;添加灭活酵母可显著提高羽化雌成虫比例和初羽化雌成虫的体重增长率。锈赤扁谷盗对灭活酵母具有较强的偏好性,这可能与灭活酵母挥发物中特有的二丁基化羟基甲苯等11种化合物有关。综上所述,摄取的酵母可能主要为锈赤扁谷盗提供营养物质,灭活酵母更适合作为锈赤扁谷盗生长发育的营养源;灭活酵母及其挥发物对锈赤扁谷盗具有较高的引诱作用,这为明确酵母对锈赤扁谷盗的引诱作用和利用提供参考。     

低温对磷化氢熏蒸长角扁谷盗致死时间延迟影响的研究

明确低温对磷化氢致死害虫时间的影响有助于在通常低温储粮中的成功杀虫指导和避免抗性发展。测定了低温18℃、准低温23℃和常温28℃时长角扁谷盗卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫在磷化氢200 mL/m³浓度下不同时间的死亡率和完全致死时间。长角扁谷盗卵在18、23、28℃时磷化氢对其死亡率-时间回归方程分别为y=8.975x-3.797、y=9.224x+3.213和y=10.460x+12.133,完全致死时间分别为48、44、36 h;相应地幼虫的回归方程分别为y=11.992x-7.690、y=12.200x+5.296和y=16.143x+2.284,完全致死时间分别为36、32、24 h;相应地长角扁谷盗蛹的相应回归方程分别为y=9.573x-2.505、y=10.018x+1.830和y=11.845x+9.741,完全致死时间分别为44、40、32 h;相应地长角扁谷盗成虫的回归方程相应为y=11.984x-6.978、y=12.355x+3.852和y=16.119x+3.049,完全致死时间分别为36、32、24 h。低温对磷化氢致死长角扁谷盗各虫态的时间延迟影响...     

不同温度下充氮低氧对赤拟谷盗各虫态致死效果与时间研究

了解低温对充氮低氧气调致死害虫过程和时间的影响程度,以及氮气气调过程中害虫异常行为反应与种群完全致死时间的关系可为低温充氮(低氧)与成功杀虫应用提供指导。分别在低温18℃、准低温23℃和常温28℃条件下,测定了赤拟谷盗的卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫各个虫态在控制氮气体积分数98%(氧气2%以下)过程中不同时间的死亡率及完全致死时间,以及视频监测下成虫行动异常和击倒反应率与种群完全致死的关系。98%氮气体积分数下,18、23、28℃时赤拟谷盗卵的死亡率-时间回归方程分别为y=3.61+5.47、y=3.92x+11.11和y=5.95x+5.83,完全致死时间分别为28、24、16 d;幼虫的相应回归方程分别为y=4.62x+10.16、y=6.08x+8.33和y=6.66x+21.67,完全致死时间分别为20、16、12 d;蛹的相应回归方程为y=3.69x+3.81、y=4.11+3.89和y=5.87x+13.33,完全致死时间分别为28、24、20 d;成虫的相应回归方程分别为y=6.33x-1.67、y=5.87x+13.33和y=7.29x+15.56,完全致死时间分别为16、16、...     

Sorption of tritiated phosphine by various stages of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

When various stages of Tribolium castaneum were fumigated with 0.14–1.69 mg/l of tritiated phosphine for 5 hr the uptake of the fumigant was found to be considerably greater in larvae and adults than in pupae or eggs. Mature larvae absorbed 2–3 times as much phosphine as pupae at all concentrations tested and mortality was appeciably higher. Uptake by 1-day-old adults was about two fold that of the mature pupal stage from which they had emerged and increased with age so that 14-day adults absorbed about twice as much as newly emerged adults. Uptake by pupae followed a U-shaped curve somewhat similar to the characteristic pattern of oxygen uptake by pupae of different ages. Eggs retained only a small proportion of the radioactive fumigant they absorbed. A considerable amount remained at the surface of the eggs and was converted to soluble compounds that could be washed off with water. The results suggest that the higher tolerance of both eggs and pupae to phosphine may, at least partially, be attributed to the lower uptake of fumigant as compared to larvae and adults.     

Low and high temperatures for the control of cowpea beetle, callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (coleoptera: Bruchidae) in chickpeas

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.; Leguminasae) is an important pulse crop grown, around the world. The whole grain of chickpea is damaged by the cowpea seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), which is the most important field-carry-over storage pest of pulses. The management of this insect in storage using chemicals leads to insecticide residues in grains and insecticide resistance development in insects. Thermal disinfestation is one of the means of physical insect control. Eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were held at 42 or 0 °C for varying durations. Pupae and adults were equally heat tolerant. The lethal time to reduce survival by 50% (LT₅₀) at 42 °C for eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were 18, 57, 78 and 71 h, respectively. Pupa was the most cold-tolerant stage. The LT₅₀ at 0 °C for eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were 3, 8, 10 and 4 d, respectively. The LT₅₀ for pupae were 4907, 4262, 336, 36 and 13 min at the grain temperature of 42, 45, 50, 55 and 60 °C, respectively. The LT₅₀ of pupae at 0,−5,−10 and −15 °C were 274, 122, 7 and 2 h, respectively.     

Nutritional and chemical composition of different life stages of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

Tribolium castaneum can survive in extremely dry environments and be one of the major insect pests of broken and processed grains or other stored dried foods. Additionally, this species has demonstrated resistance to some classes of insecticides. The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritional and chemical composition of T. castaneum, reared on maize flour, and compare protein, lipids and fatty acids profile, amino acids and mineral contents, of different developmental stages: larvae, pupae and adults. In general all stages were rich in protein (15.3% for larvae and 17.0% for adults, wet body weight).Disparities among developmental stages regarding amino acids and fatty acids content were found. Essential amino acids were most abundant in T. castaneum; a different essential amino acid was prevalent on each developmental stage: larvae - valine; pupae - lysine; adults - histidine. Tribolium castaneum is rich in phosphorus, potassium and sulphur; larvae had a significantly higher content of phosphorus, potassium, sulphur and zinc, while adults showed significantly lower content of potassium and zinc. Larvae and pupae showed higher values of SFA (heptadecanoic and stearic acid) and PUFA (α-linolenic and linolenic acids), while MUFA showed the reverse tendency, with adults having the highest contents of hypogeic, palmitoleic and oleic acids. The nutritional differences among different developmental stages identified are due to specificities of each stage (level of chitinization, motility, energy requirements and food intake habits), as the diet offered to the insects was the same. This study can thus be considered a first step towards future directions of investigation, to a better understanding of this pest nutritional preferences and alternatives to achieve a more sustainable management of infested stored products.     

Effectiveness of short exposures of propylene oxide alone and in combination with low pressure or carbon dioxide against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Toxicity of the fumigant propylene oxide (PPO) alone and in combination with low pressure (100 mm Hg) or 92% CO₂ to all life stages of Tribolium castaneum using short exposure times (4 and 8 h) at 30°C was studied. Results indicated that PPO was moderately toxic with Ct products ranging from 120 to 608 mg h/l required to obtain complete mortality of the different life stages. A marked difference in susceptibility between life stages was recorded. Eggs were the most sensitive with a LD₉₉ value of 30.1 mg/l for 4 h, whereas pupae were the most tolerant with a LD₉₉ value of 146.5 mg/l. It was shown that an increase in exposure time from 4 to 8 h resulted in 23%, 42%, 48% and 47% reductions of LD₉₉ values for eggs, larvae, pupae and adults, respectively.There was no or very limited mortality of all stages except the egg (53% to 62%), when exposed to either 100 mm Hg or 92% CO₂ for 4 h. However, when 100 mm Hg or 92% CO₂ were combined with PPO, the LD₅₀ and LD₉₉ values for PPO in all stages except the egg were significantly reduced. Combinations of PPO with 100 mm Hg or 92% CO₂ produced equal reductions in the LD₉₉ value from 146.5 to about 22 mg/l for the most tolerant pupal stage. Both combinations also produced significant reductions in the LD₉₉ values for larvae and adults (6.3- to 6.6-fold) compared with those exposed to PPO alone. These results indicated that 100 mm Hg and 92% CO₂ each had a synergistic effect on the toxicity of PPO to T. castaneum. The combination of PPO with vacuum or CO₂ can thus provide a potential alternative to methyl bromide.     

Efficacy of phosphine fumigation for different life stages of Trogoderma inclusum and Dermestes maculatus (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

Despite the importance of dermestid beetles as targets for stored product protection, including the protection of museum artifacts and animal-based products, there are only a few published reports regarding their susceptibility to phosphine fumigation, in contrast with other major stored product insect species. In the current study, we evaluated phosphine against all life stages of Trogoderma inclusum LeConte, the larger cabinet beetle, and Dermestes maculatus (DeGeer), the hide beetle. There were two series of laboratory bioassays; in the first series the concentrations were 0 (control), 50, 100, 200 and 600 ppm, and in the second series the concentrations were 0 (control), 50, 150, 300, 400, 500 and 600 ppm. Both series were carried out on a 5-day insect exposure protocol. The results for both species clearly indicated that eggs were by far the least susceptible life stage, followed by pupae, while most adults and larvae were killed at the 50-ppm concentration. Concentrations between 300 and 400 ppm could be utilized to provide 100% mortality for both species and all life stages. To our knowledge, our results are the first that have provided data regarding efficacy of phosphine for the control of T. inclusum and D. maculatus. Resource managers can utilize our results to more efficiently target these dermestids with specific concentrations of phosphine, depending on the target life stage.     

Repellent and fumigant activity of essential oil from Artemisia vulgaris to Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Repellent and fumigant activity of the essential oil of mugwort, Artemisia vulgaris, against the stored-product insect pest, Tribolium castaneum was investigated. Artemisia vulgaris oil had a very strong repellent activity to adults and was significantly repellent at a 0.6 μL/mL (v/v) and higher in a filter-paper arena test. The oil had high fumigant activity against adults and larvae with adults much more susceptible than larvae. At 8.0 μL/mL, mortality of adults reached 100%, but with 12-, 14- and 16-day larvae, mortalities were 49%, 53% and 52%, respectively. The oil also had high-fumigant activity against eggs and toxicity progressively increased with increased exposure time and concentration. At dosages of 10, 15 and 20 μL/L air and a 96 h exposure period, mortality reached 100%. Regression analysis of data on individuals fumigated in the larval stage confirmed that the percentage of larvae reaching the pupal stage and the percentage of pupae that reached the adult stage, decreased significantly with increase in dosage concentration. No larvae, pupae and adults were observed following a 60 μL/L dosage.     

Respiration of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at reduced oxygen concentrations

Adults, eggs, young and old larvae and pupae of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) were exposed to atmospheres containing 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 15% oxygen in nitrogen at 30°C and 70% r.h. Respiration rates were determined with a gas chromatograph. The oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output by insects were expressed in μl/insect/h or μl/mg/h.

Adults exposed to 21% oxygen required an initial acclimatization period of at least 5 h, after which the respiration rate remained stable. Based on this finding, all the respiration measurements were carried out after an initial adaptation of insects to the respirometer conditions for 24 h.

Respiration of eggs, young and old larvae, pupae, and adults at 30°C in normal atmospheric air was at rates of 0.0121, 9.25, 8.45, 1.45, and 4.67 μl CO₂/insect/h, respectively. Respiration rates of the same stages in terms of insect weight were 0.32, 29.08, 3.33, 0.59 and 2.37 μl CO₂/mg insect/h, respectively. At reduced oxygen levels respiration rates of eggs, larvae and pupae were proportional to the oxygen levels. Adult respiration was higher for 3% and 5% oxygen than for normal atmospheric air with rates of 4.77 and 4.98 μl CO₂/insect/h, respectively. In adults, RQ values for the same oxygen levels were also higher than for normal atmospheric oxygen and were 1.07 and 1.18, respectively.     

Growth and development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) on rice flour and brown rice as affected by time and temperature

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, is a cosmopolitan stored product insect that infests a variety of raw grains and processed grain products. Although this pest is prevalent in rice mills, there is a comparative lack of data on growth and development on rice by-products and fractions compared to other grains. In this study, ten mixed-sex adults were exposed on 200 g of either rice flour or brown rice, and populations were assessed after 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 months at 22, 27, or 32 °C. At 22 °C, the number of adults, pupae and larvae on rice flour and brown rice remained low throughout the 12-month storage period. At 27 °C, the number of adults on rice flour increased to a maximum at 8 months, while adult populations on brown rice remained relatively constant from 2 to 10 months, with few pupae or larvae in the samples. At 32 °C, adult populations on rice flour and brown rice were constant after month 2, with low numbers of pupae and larvae. Adult predation could have accounted for low numbers of pupae and larvae. Using the original 10-month data, populations were projected for an additional 14 months to predict population patterns. Adult numbers showed an increase over time at all temperatures on rice flour and brown rice at 22 °C but numbers seemed to stabilize at 27 and 32 °C. For both diets at 27 and 32 °C, projected pupae and larvae numbers remained steady but low compared to adults. However, populations would not be expected to increase indefinitely because at some point the resources would become limited and populations would crash or decline. Results show T. castaneum can deplete fixed resources such as bags of rice flour or brown rice when temperatures equal or exceed 27 °C.