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1.
Das DATAMINE‐Projekt wurde angesichts des Bedarfs nach konkreten Daten über den tatsächlichen energetischen Zustand des europäischen Gebäudebestands und die bestehenden Potentiale zur Energieeinsparung und CO2‐Emissionsminderung ins Leben gerufen. Diese Daten sollen längerfristig helfen, das politische Instrumentenbündel (ordnungsrechtliche, steuerliche, Förder‐Maßnahmen, Informationsvermittlung) so zu gestalten, dass es wirkungsvoll und kosteneffizient ist. Entsprechend dem DATAMINE‐Konzept basieren die Informationen auf Energieausweisen, die gemäß EU‐Gebäuderichtlinie ausgestellt werden, sobald ein Gebäude gebaut, verkauft oder vermietet wird. Im Rahmen des DATAMINE‐Projekts wurden in zwölf Ländern Feldversuche mit größeren Gebäudedaten‐Sammlungen durchgeführt, jeder mit unterschiedlichen Analysezielen. Dabei nutzte jedes Land die gleiche Datenstruktur für die Sammlung seiner Energieausweis‐Daten, die im Vorfeld gemeinsam entwickelt worden war. Diese lässt sich auf die verschiedenen Zertifizierungssysteme anwenden, die die europäischen Länder auf Grund der Unterschiede in Informationsbedürfnissen, Gebäudearten und Klima entwickelt haben. Rund 19.000 Datensätze wurden im gemeinsamen DATAMINE‐Format gesammelt. In einem Ländervergleich konnten verschiedene Energieeffizienz‐Indikatoren gegenübergestellt werden. Das Ergebnis der Analysen ergibt einen genaueren Einblick in den aktuellen Stand der energetischen Modernisierung spezifischer Gebäudegruppen in den beteiligten Ländern. Schließlich wurden Schlussfolgerungen in Bezug auf die Entwicklung von Monitoringsystemen in jedem Land und auf EU‐Ebene gezogen. European attempt at energy performance monitoring based on data collections and certification schemes. The launch of the DATAMINE project has been driven by the need for concrete data on the actual energy performance of the European building stock as well as the potential energy savings and CO2 reductions. In the longer term data can help develop tailored, cost‐efficient complementary measures to energy performance legislation, such as soft loans and tax incentives. DATAMINE aims to construct a knowledge base using the information on the energy performance certificates issued when buildings are constructed, sold or rented. In the framework of DATAMINE test projects were carried out on large samples of buildings in 12 countries, each with individual monitoring targets. In each country the same data structure was used for data collection which had been developed at the forefront. Full allowance is made for the Europe‐wide differences in certification schemes, since each country has a scheme tailored to its specific needs, building stock and climate. Around 19,000 datasets have been collected in the common DATAMINE format. Cross‐country analysis of the collected data was performed comparing different energy performance indicators. The result of the evaluation activities gives a clearer insight into the current state of refurbishment of specific building subsets in each country. Finally conclusions were drawn regarding the development of monitoring systems in each country and on EU level.  相似文献   

2.
Determination of the construction and the material identity values of outside building components with the help of in‐situ measuring procedures and FEM‐simulation calculations. The aims formulated nationwide and internationally to the climate protection can be achieved by combining of the energy‐efficient construction and rehabilitation of the existing buildings. Knowledge about the construction and the material identity values of the warmth‐transferring outside components is a condition for the energetic balance of buildings. The essential information to this can frequently be no more taken from the construction documents particularly for older buildings since they are no longer traceable or incomplete. At the example by univalve and bivalve out‐wall construction it is shown that the thermophysical qualities can be determined with the help of in‐situ measuring procedures and FE‐simulation calculations without destruction.  相似文献   

3.
Die Regelungen und Nachweiskonzepte in den Stahlbaunormen DIN 18800 und Eurocode 3 zur Stab‐ und Gesamtstabilität von Bauteilen unter Normalspannungen sind weitestgehend durch Untersuchungen an I‐ und Kastenprofilen hergeleitet und verifiziert worden. Eine Übertragung und Überprüfung für davon abweichende Profilformen, im Speziellen für die hier behandelten C‐Profile, existiert nicht. Es wird ein geschlossenes, durchgängiges Bemessungskonzept vorgestellt, das es erlaubt, das Tragverhalten von Bauteilen mit C‐förmigem Querschnitt ohne längsaussteifende Querschnittselemente unter Druck‐ und/oder Biegebeanspruchung wirklichkeitsnah zu beschreiben und rechnerisch zu erfassen. Dabei wird den möglichen Stabilitätsproblemen – das heißt lokalem Plattenbeulen, globaler Stabstabilität und dem Zusammenspiel beider einzelnen Stabilitätsprobleme – besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Ultimate loads of steel channel sections in compression and bending. Especially for members susceptible to global buckling or coupled instabilities the design rules in the relevant codes DIN 18800 and Eurocode 3 have been developed for and verified by research on I‐shaped or hollow sections. For deviant shapes, particularly the regarded channel sections, a transfer or verification of these design concepts does not exist. A comprehensive design method is presented, allowing to describe the load‐carrying behavior of channel‐shaped members without longitudinal stiffeners in compression and/or bending realistically. Special attention has been paid to the regards of stability problems, i.e. local and global buckling as well as a combination of both, the so‐called coupled instability.  相似文献   

4.
Full‐Scale Experiment Bridge WILD – Design of an UHPC Arch Bridge based on Experiments The outstanding durability of UHPC makes this material predestined for the construction of bridges. In Austria UHPC is introduced into the practice of road bridges through the realisation of the bridge WILD. The cross section of the arch, which spans 70 m, is just 6 cm thick and doesn't contain any passive reinforcement. The design is based on international recommendations on the one hand and on specific experiments on the other hand. This paper deals with the evaluation of two full‐scale laboratory tests. The setup is configured for getting a broad field of results as it is necessary for approval tests. In this way, all critical design states, which are also determined by calculation, are investigated experimentally. Furthermore, the experiments cover secondary effects, which don't have any verification through practical experience but can clearly be seen in FE‐results. The test results are carefully interpreted and explained by the use of simple mechanical models. The final examination of the results is figured out by means of comparison between calculation and experiment.  相似文献   

5.
Zur anteiligen Kompensation der Verformungen von Stahl‐ und Verbundträgern werden diese häufig überhöht eingebaut. Wird die Überhöhung durch eine mechanische Beanspruchung (Boxen) aufgebracht, so besitzt der Stahlträger bereits im Einbauzustand plastische Dehnungen. Wie von Grages in [3] gezeigt, führt dies bei der Rückbelastung zu einer Abnahme der Steifigkeit. Dieses Phänomen ist auch als Bauschinger‐Effekt [2] bekannt und kann bei praktischen Verformungsberechnungen zu einer Unterschätzung der tatsächlich auftretenden Deformationen führen. In dem aktuellen Aufsatz wird ein ratenunabhängiges elasto‐plastisches Materialmodell mit linearer und nichtlinearer isotroper sowie nichtlinearer kinematischer Verfestigung vorgestellt, welches eine realistische Abschätzung der Verformungen erlaubt. Das gezeigte Materialmodell ist durch die geringe Anzahl an Eingangsparametern sehr einfach anwendbar. Eine gezielte Anpassung der einzelnen Parameter wird in anschaulicher Form dargestellt. Die Qualität des Modells wird anhand der Nachrechnung von in [3] durchgeführten Versuchen überprüft. An elasto‐plastic material model for realistic calculation of the deformations of mechanical cambered steel‐ and composite girders. Steel and composite girders are often cambered before they are embedded into structures to compensate deflections. In case of a mechanical pre‐deformation via a hydraulic press the steel girder contains plastic strains before assembly. As shown by Grages [3] this leads to a reduction of stiffness and strength during reverse loading. This phenomenon is also known as the Bauschinger‐Effect [2] and may lead to an underestimation of the real deformation during a structural analysis. In this paper a rate‐independent elastoplastic material model with linear and nonlinear isotropic as well as nonlinear kinematic hardening is introduced which allows a realistic estimation of deformations. The material model presented can be easily applied due to its low number of parameters. A straightforward algorithm to adjust the single parameters is described. The quality of the model is verified by a recalculation of experimental data from [3].  相似文献   

6.
Bei Bauteilverstärkungen mit CFK‐Lamellen ist nach geltender Zulassung das Lamellenende durch eine äußere Umschließung durch Stahlbügel oder CF‐Gelege gegen eine Lamellenentkopplung (LEK) zu sichern. Durch die Entkopplungsbehinderung der Umschließung wird bei beginnender LEK ein passiver (selbstinduzierter) Anpressdruck aufgebaut, der eine traglaststeigernde Wirkung hat. In einem durch die DFG geförderten Forschungsvorhaben wurde die Traglaststeigerung durch unterschiedliche Umschließungsmaterialien und ‐geometrien untersucht und beschrieben sowie für die Bemessung ein Ingenieurmodell entwickelt. Anders als bei einbetonierter Bewehrung tritt bei einer Lamellenentkopplung sowohl eine Längs‐ als auch eine Querverschiebung der Lamelle auf, verursacht durch die anhaftenden Zuschlagskörner in der Klebstofffuge. Wird die abhebende Verschiebung der Lamelle durch Umschließungsbügel behindert, baut sich der passive Anpressdruck auf, was zu einer Steigerung der Lamellenzugkraft infolge der erhöhten Reibung im Riss führt. Es konnte ein direkter Zusammenhang zwischen dem Anpressdruck FAP und der Lamellenzugkraft Fl gefunden und abgebildet werden. Increase of the Bond Capacitiy of Externally Bonded CFRPor Steel‐plates on RC‐Structures as the Result of External Enclosures Strengthening of concrete structures with externally bonded CFRP‐ or steel‐plates has become a well established strengthening method in many countries. In Germany building authority approvals demand that the end of a plate has to be provided by a glued external enclosure. Glued enclosures are primarily needed in order to increase the shear force capacity of a RC member. It is known, that a transverse enclosure of longitudinal CFRP‐plates has a positive effect on the buckling load of the latter, which is yet completely unknown. The aim of this work is to assess the increase of the buckling load caused by the enclosure. In the paper the dependency between the so‐called self‐induced contact pressure of an external enclosure with steel frames or laminated carbon fiber sheets and the longitudinal force of the CFRP‐ or steel‐plate is shown. The self‐induced contact pressure is the result of the vertical lifting of the plate towards the external enclosure due to the beginning of plate's debonding process. The test results show, that the increase of the plate‐force depends on the type and size of the external enclosure. In some tests up to twice of the ultimate load was optained. An engineering model is presented to take into consideration the effect for dimensioning.  相似文献   

7.
Zur genauen Ermittlung der Wärmeverluste über die Hüllfläche eines Gebäudes unter stationären Randbedingungen ist — neben anderen Kennwerten — die möglichst exakte Bestimmung der Wärmedurchgangskoeffizienten (U‐Werte) der Fassadenflächen notwendig. Für Fassaden aus Stahlbeton‐Sandwichelementen ist der U‐Wert dabei aus den homogenen Einzelschichten in Verbindung mit den zusätzlichen Wärmeverlusten infolge der systembedingt vorhandenen Anker‐ und Fugensysteme zu bestimmen. üblicherweise werden dazu vereinfacht Pauschalzuschläge angenommen, die zwar das Berechnungsverfahren deutlich vereinfachen, jedoch zu verfälschten Ergebnissen und in der Regel darüber hinaus auch zu ökonomisch ungünstigen Ergebnisse führen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im Folgenden ein praxistaugliches Berechnungsverfahren vorgestellt, das die genaue Erfassung der Wärmeverluste aus Anker‐ und Fugensystemen sowohl für individuelle Elementkonfigurationen als auch für beliebig gestaltete Fassaden ermöglicht und damit zu exakten U‐Werten führt. Precise U‐values of precast concrete sandwich panels. For the exact determination of the heat losses over the building envelope with static boundary conditions it is necessary to determine — besides other parameters — the thermal transmittance (U‐value) of the exterior walls as accurate as possible. The U‐value of precast concrete sandwich panels is quantified on the one hand out of the homogeneous layering of the three sandwich components and on the other hand out of the additional thermal losses of different anchor and joint systems. Usually simplified additions are assumed, which obviously simplify the computation method but generally lead to economically unfavorable results. With this in mind, a practice‐suited computation method is presented which enables the exact examination of additional heat losses for anchor and joint systems for individual element configurations as well as the whole facade system and therefore leads to accurate U‐values.  相似文献   

8.
Thomas Stihl 《Stahlbau》2009,78(6):419-424
Die erste kommerzielle Tribünenanwendung mit dem Sandwich‐Plate‐System (SPS) – einem Stahl‐Kunststoff‐Sandwich‐System – konnte durchgeführt werden, weil besondere Umstände an dem gerade fertiggestellten Tribünengebäude der Pferderennbahn in Ascot [1] eine zusätzliche dringliche Anpassung erforderten. Ascot Racecourse – Steel‐plastic sandwich for the terrace of the new Grandstand. The first commercial application of the sandwich‐plate‐system (SPS) – a steel‐plastic sandwich system – could be carried out because special circumstances at the just completed building of the Grandstand at Ascot Racecourse [1] required additional urgent adjustments.  相似文献   

9.
Walzträger in Beton (WIB) stellen für einfeldrige Eisenbahnbrücken mit bis zu 25 m Spannweite eine attraktive Lösung dar. Das Verformungsverhalten derartiger Bauwerke wird durch die Rissbildung des Betons wesentlich beeinflusst, was daher rechnerisch realitätsnah erfasst werden muss. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein Näherungsverfahren vorgeschlagen, welches für die Verformungsberechnung einbetonierter Stahlquerschnitte unter Gebrauchslasten geeignet ist. A proposal for the calculation of deformations in concrete – encased steel beams. Concrete‐encased steel beams are attractive solutions for railroad bridges with spans up to 25 meters. By this type of constructions the cracking of concrete is of great importance. In this article a calculation procedure is suggested, which is appropriate for evaluating deformations of steel‐profiles integrated in concrete under service conditions.  相似文献   

10.
In the face of global warming, human thermal comfort has become an increasing important aspect in applied urban planning. As the urban heat island is not a homogenous factor the microclimate conditions play an important role also for single buildings and the situation inside. For a better consideration of this aspect in the planning process, qualitative and especially quantitative assessment tools are required. To get a better knowledge about the quantitative dimension of urban climates investigations on thermal comfort in outdoor and indoor spaces are carried out in selected city quarters in the city of Kassel in Germany. These studies consist of experimental investigations including field interviews about usage of urban open spaces and thermal sensation and numerical simulations on thermal comfort under recent as well as future regional climate conditions. The added‐value of the interdisciplinary research project is based on the correlation of findings from human‐biometeorology with the outcomes from sociologic questionnaires and building physics, which will be used to plan and design structures in a high spatial resolution. The thermal conditions outside continue inside the building, a combination of internal and external climate considerations must be made. The aim of a research at the University of Kassel is the examination and presentation of different microclimate and its influence on the thermal behavior of buildings.  相似文献   

11.
Aufgrund ihrer schlanken Bauweise gelten viele Fußgängerbrücken bei personeninduzierten Belastungen als schwingungsanfällig. Die eventuelle Ausstattung einer Brücke mit zusätzlichen Dämpfungsmaßnahmen sollte bereits in der Planungsphase berücksichtigt werden, damit bei Gewissheit, dass Maßnahmen notwendig sind, die Fertigstellung und Eröffnung der Brücke nicht verzögert wird. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird am Beispiel des August‐Wilhelm‐Stegs in Oranienburg das Vorgehen zwischen Erkennen einer möglichen Schwingungsanfälligkeit, Prüfung der Erforderlichkeit schwingungsdämpfender Maßnahmen, Auslegung und Einbau sowie Überprüfung der Wirksamkeit erläutert. Dabei werden insbesondere die praktischen Aspekte bei der Auslegung der Massendämpfer erläutert. The increasing comfort of footbridges with mass dampers is exemplary shown with the August‐Wilhelm‐Steg in Oranienburg, Germany. Many footbridges are susceptible to pedestrian induced vibrations due to their slender design. Hence, an equipment with additional damping devices on demand should be considered already in the preliminary design phase to avoid unnecessary delays of the erection and opening, if the damping devices are required. In this article the procedure of identifying a potential vibration susceptibility, checking the necessity of damping devices, design and installation as well as checking the working efficiency of them are explained using the example of the August‐Wilhelm‐Steg in Oranienburg. Particular emphasis is laid on the practical aspects when designing tuned mass dampers.  相似文献   

12.
Biogas‐storage‐ and Biogas‐filling‐facilities – Approvals for construction products and techniques In accordance with the building and water regulations, assessments of fitness for use pursuant to the Building Codes can be issued for construction products and techniques used in storage and filling facilities of biogas plants since September 2015. The article explains which building and water regulations apply to construction products and techniques intended for such use. The requirements in both legislative areas have considerable effects on the characteristics of construction products and techniques intended for contact with fermentation substrates and fermentation residues. In particular, the water regulations set out strict requirements for construction products intended for use in such facilities, which are reflected in high verification requirements for functional reliability and fitness for use. The paper focuses on general aspects, which apply to all approval elaboration and granting processes for construction products and techniques used in the before‐mentioned areas of biogas plants. More specific aspects of approval elaboration will also be addressed, using the example of selected construction products and techniques. The article provides guidance for product manufacturers and for qualified planning and design. It also explains certain specific provisions to be met by specialised firms and qualified professionals within the meaning of water legislation and by operators of biogas storage and filling facilities.  相似文献   

13.
《Stahlbau》2017,86(2):98-111
Holistic analysis on steel‐ and composite railway bridges – Innovative solutions for strengthening durability and reducing construction times (Part 1). Investigations on sustainability on infrastructure projects differ from comparable investigations on building constructions through their longer life‐cycle of the objects. Questions regarding sustainability are thus accompanied by questions of durability and simple, mostly undisturbed maintenance through the whole life‐cycle. By the application of innovative railway bridges with steel and composite constructions blocking times induced by the construction time and maintenance actions within the usage phase, can be effectively reduced. Additionally the optimization of restrictive fatigue‐details can affect the whole life‐cycle of a bridge‐construction. In the frame of the FOSTA‐AiF‐research project „Holistic Assessment of steel‐ and composite railway bridges according to criteria of sustainability“ different innovative railway bridge types have been compared to their corresponding conventional bridge types and evaluated over their whole life‐cycle to quantify their advantageousness. While this article shows the investigated innovative bridge‐variants in constructive regards and optimization proposals and design approaches are explained, the second article is about the holistic approach and the results of the sustainability assessment of the investigated steel‐and composite railway bridge.  相似文献   

14.
Ein neuer Wärmedämmstoff aus extrudiertem Polystyrol‐Hartschaum (XPS) mit geringerer Wärmeleitfähigkeit wurde entwickelt, um die erhöhten Anforderungen an einen dauerhaften Wärmeschutz von Gebäuden einfacher und mit geringerem Materialaufwand zu erfüllen. Die bewährten mechanischen und hygrothermischen Eigenschaften von XPS‐Dämmstoffen werden beibehalten. Die erste Produkt‐Generation ist insbesondere für die außenliegende Wärmedämmung von erdberührten Wänden und Böden sowie für die Kerndämmung von zweischaligen Wänden entwickelt worden. Das verwendete CO2‐Schäumverfahren entspricht den bestehenden Anforderungen an die Nachhaltigkeit von Bauprodukten. Development, testing and application of extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) insulation with improved thermal properties. Improved extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) insulation with lower thermal conductivity has been developed. This enables meeting the increased requirements for sustainable building insulation with better material efficiency. The proven mechanical and hygro‐thermal properties of XPS insulation are maintained. This first product generation has been developed primarily for external perimeter insulation of basement walls and floors as well as for the insulation of cavity walls. The CO2 foaming technology meets the sustainability requirements for building products.  相似文献   

15.
New BAW Code of Practice for the assessment of the load bearing capacity of existing solid hydraulic structures Many of Germany's solid hydraulic structures, i. e. structures made from concrete, reinforced concrete or masonry, are of above‐average age. For example, about a third of all locks for which the Federal Waterways and Shipping Administration (WSV) is responsible is more than a hundred years old. In other words they have exceeded the design lifetime of 100 years that is nowadays the requirement for such structures. Not only existing locks, but also numerous weirs and canal bridges show static characteristics, such as construction methods or very large cross sections, that are no longer common practice today. If any alterations are made to these structures, or if they exhibit visible damage, it is essential to re‐assess the statics of the supporting structure and perform new calculations to verify its conformity with stability requirements. This re‐assessment can be done with a new BAW‐Code of Practice „TbW”. In contrast to bridges and buildings, no adapted regulations have been released until now for re‐assessing the statics of existing solid hydraulic structures.  相似文献   

16.
17.
The potential of profiled steel sheet deck systems in reference to passive cooling strategies. The use of the thermal inertia of building components to improve the indoor temperature and to reduce the energy consumption was covered in various research projects in the past. Generally, thermal building simulation tools (TRNSYS, TAS, e.g.) are used for the assessment of the effect of thermal inertia, and also the current version of the standard DIN V 18599 takes the effect of the heat capacity of the affected surfaces. Both, DIN V 18599 and thermal building simulation tools, assume a one‐dimensional characterization of walls and flooring systems, that means they are assembled based on plane layers. This approach is not valid for inhomogeneous components like profiled steel sheet deck systems. In this report thermal equivalent values for such elements are developed, based on the analysis of transient Finite Element Calculations (FEM), thus the one‐dimensional are suitable using these equivalent properties. For a selection of available profiles the effect of such deck systems referring heat‐intake and heat‐disposal was investigated.  相似文献   

18.
Visco‐elastic behavior of bonded wood under cyclic tensile and compression loading In the present contribution, a test method is used to simulate the static, cyclic loading of adhesive joints due to swelling and shrinking of the wood and to demonstrate the plastic deformation in the low load range. For tensile shear specimens prepared from beech wood and bonded with three different adhesives (MUF, PRF, PUR), the elastic behavior under cyclic tensile and compression loading was investigated and the loss and storage of energy was determined. All tested adhesives showed viscose parts even at a very low load level of 3 MPa. At a load level of 7 MPa, the PRF joints revealed a more elastic behavior than the other. The increased loss energy determined for the PUR bonding indicates a softening of the adhesive joint.  相似文献   

19.
Zunehmend wird wieder von Problemen des Schimmelpilzwachstums in Wohngebäuden berichtet. Die Baukonstruktion eines Wohngebäudes muss die Voraussetzung schaffen, dass bei üblicher, bestimmungsgemäßer Nutzung der Räume die Innenoberflächen der Bauteile so warm und trocken bleiben, dass Schimmelpilzwachstum vermieden wird. Gegebenenfalls sind entsprechende Wärmedämm‐ und anlagentechnische Sanierungsmaßnahmen erforderlich. Gleichzeitig muß das Nutzerverhalten den baukonstruktiven und nutzungsbedingten Gegebenheiten angepasst sein. Dazu gehört eine gleichmäßige Beheizung, eine ausreichende Belüftung, eine weitgehend ungehinderte Luftzirkulation durch entsprechende Möblierung, sowie eine nicht ungemessen hohe Feuchtefreisetzung. Der DIN‐Fachbericht 4108‐8 “Wärmeschutz und Energieeinsparung in Gebäuden — Teil 8: Vermeidung von Schimmelwachstum in Wohngebäuden” fasst die Einflussfaktoren Baukonstruktion, Heizung, Lüftung, Nutzung/Nutzerverhalten zu einer ganzheitlichen Betrachtung zusammen. Er hilft bei der Klärung von Ursachen und bei der Einleitung von Gegenmaßnahmen. Avoiding mould growth in dwellings — the new report on DIN 4108‐8. Problems with mould growth in residential buildings are an increasing occurrence. The construction of a dwelling house should ensure that, provided rooms are used in accordance with the design purpose, the internal surfaces of the building components stay sufficiently warm and dry so that mould growth is avoid ed. Where this is not the case, remedial measures have to be undertaken, such as installing additional insulation and/or ventilation/ heating devices. But it is equally important that the behaviour of the users of a building is appropriate for the design of the building. This includes evenly distributed space heating, adequate ventilation, air circulation that is largely unobstructed by furniture, and that moisture release in the dwelling is not excessive. The report on DIN 4108‐8 ‘Thermal insulation and conserving energy in buildings — Part 8: Avoiding mould growth in dwellings’ takes a comprehensive look at all relevant factors, such as construction details, heating and ventilation systems, and user behaviour. The report helps to clarify the causes of problems and makes suggestions for remedial actions.  相似文献   

20.
Frank Otto 《Bauphysik》2009,31(1):25-37
Influence of solar radiation absorbed by the human body on the thermal sensation of building occupants. One of the key aspects of sustainable building is the well‐being of occupants, which is greatly influenced by indoor climate conditions. Thermal comfort is a vital ingredient of satisfaction with people's surroundings. It is to be expected that solar radiation will have a favourable influence on indoor social areas particularly in the winter months when radiation is predominantly diffuse. In contrast, direct exposure to sunshine in summer or on very sunny days in winter can quickly make people feel uncomfortable near windows and this must be counteracted by appropriate measures to protect them from the sun. The significance of solar radiation for the thermal sensation is illustrated on the basis of a further development of Fanger's approach by means of simulations. The main results are summarised in this article.  相似文献   

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