SONET ring applications for survivable fiber loop networks

Synchronous optical network (SONET) self-healing rings (SHR) are studied in the loop environment. SONET SHR architectures for loop feeder networks are discussed, focusing on three possible dual central office (CO) architectures for fiber loop networks, using SONET SHRs to reduce network costs and provide network service survivability. These architectures reflect an integrated planning concept for SONET networks that eliminates the boundary between the access network and the inter-office network. It is shown that the use of SONET SHRs makes it easy to evolve to a protected dual CO access architecture. Economic and survivability studies are discussed. The economic studies show that using the ring approach yields significant advantages over the traditional diverse protection approach in terms of cost and survivability, especially for the dual CO architectures     

Service applications for SONET DCS distributed restoration

This paper determines the scope of network applications and services that could be offered using a SONET DCS-based self-recovering mesh architecture with distributed control. The study includes an outage impact analysis on network services and a determination of how network restoration time objectives will affect the applicability for the distributed controlled DCS network architecture. It is concluded that using SONET DCS distributed control architectures to provide more complete survivability of a network would support numerous applications. Future services will demand a fault-tolerant network with complete survivability; this may only be reached through integration of SONET DCS distributed control architectures with other survivable architectures such as cell relay networks (e.g., supporting SMDS) and self-healing rings     

Models of Restoration Probability in WDM Networks Employing Active Restoration

The ever-increasing demand for network bandwidth makes network survivability an issue of great concern. Lightpath restoration is a valuable approach to guaranteeing an acceptable level of survivability in WDM optical networks with better resource utilization than that of its protection counterpart. Active restoration (AR) is a newly proposed lightpath restoration scheme [M. Mostafa et al. OSA Journal of Optical Networking, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 247–260] that combines the best of protection and reactive restoration while avoiding their shortcomings. In this paper, we conduct detailed performance analysis on the restoration probability of AR-based WDM networks. In particular, analytical models of restoration probability are developed respectively for networks with full-wavelength conversion capability and for networks without wavelength conversion capability under different backup path searching schemes. Based on the new models, we investigate the effects of wavelength availability, wavelength conversion capability, path length as well as backup path seeking methods on the restoration probability.     

一种高生存性的光接入网结构

提出了一种新的双环加星型环的高生存性光接入网拓扑结构,并和现行各种光接入网拓扑结构的生存性进行了定量比较.在多故障情况下,具有比现行各种光接入网结构更高的生存率.随着故障数目的增加,其网络生存率均值下降缓慢,当故障数为6时,依然可以保持99.997%的高生存率均值,大大好于现行光接入网结构,说明该接入网结构能更好地满足用户对下一代光接入网生存性的要求.     

End-to-end survivable broadband networks

Within the EC-sponsored RACE program, the IMMUNE project was established to analyze and specify appropriate strategies for introducing end-to-end survivability into corporate and public broadband networks to support these strategies by proper techniques and evaluation tools, and to demonstrate distributed restoration on PSN (public switched networks) and CPN (customer premises networks) laboratory models. The first objective was to define a set of survivability requirements and metrics to be used in the rest of the project. This has led to the identification of a range of survivability strategy options ann how they can be mapped onto user, service provider and operator requirements. The next step on the road to integral survivability is designing and planning survivable networks, and the evaluation of the restoration and protection mechanisms that will be applied in these networks. An overview is given of this part of the project. Most protection and restoration mechanisms operate within a single network layer and network part, autonomous from network management. The interaction of mechanisms in different network layers or in different network parts, and the role of network management, are discussed. For the demonstration lab models, two techniques have been selected for implementation: a distributed restoration mechanism for a meshed ATM PSN, and a CPN ATM ring protection switching mechanism. These techniques are described and an overview is given of the ongoing activities within the IMMUNE project, with a summary of the status of the demo models     

Single-Fiber Access/Metro WDM Ring Architecture for Asymmetric Traffic Applications in Next Generation Networks

The next generation network (NGN) and the speed-up of access lines will sharply increase the demand for one-way applications such as internet protocol television (IP TV) and video on demand (VOD). One-way applications make the downlink bandwidth much larger than the uplink bandwidth. Asymmetric traffic is best supported by using different numbers of wavelengths in the uplink and downlink, which presumes the use of a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) network. Unfortunately, the existing 2- or 4-fiber ring network architecture is symmetric, and so it cannot efficiently accommodate asymmetric paths. This paper proposes a novel 1-fiber WDM protection ring that offers a cost-effective optical network architecture for asymmetric traffic as well as symmetric traffic. It also proposes a new 1:1 protection switching scheme and automatic protection switching (APS) control protocol that can reduce capital expenditures for optical-electro-optical termination cards and provide nonrevertive protection switching with extra traffic and APS with end-to-end supervision including optical switching fabrics. Moreover, this paper shows that the proposed wavelength switching scheme offers much better network survivability after multiple wavelength failures than the existing bidirectional switching scheme can offer.     

Providing fault tolerance in wireless access networks

Research and development on network survivability has largely focused on public switched telecommunications networks and high-speed data networks with little attention on the survivability of wireless access networks supporting cellular and PCS communications. This article discusses the effects of failures and survivability issues in PCS networks with emphasis on the unique difficulties presented by user mobility and the wireless channel environment. A simulation model to study a variety of failure scenarios on a PCS network is described, and the results show that user mobility significantly worsens network performance after failures, as disconnected users move among adjacent cells and attempt to reconnect to the network. Thus, survivability strategies must be designed to contend with spatial as well as temporal network behavior. A multilayer framework for the study of PCS network survivability is presented. Metrics for quantifying network survivability are identified at each layer. Possible survivability strategies and restoration techniques for each layer in the framework are also discussed     

Optimized design of survivable MPLS over optical transport networks

In this paper we study different options for the survivability implementation in MPLS over Optical Transport Networks (OTNs) in terms of network resource usage and configuration cost. We investigate two approaches to the survivability deployment: single-layer survivability, where some recovery mechanism (e.g. protection or restoration) is implemented in a single network layer and multilayer survivability, where recovery is implemented in multiple network layers. The survivable MPLS over OTN design is implemented as a static network optimization problem and incorporates various methods for spare capacity allocation (SCA) to reroute disrupted traffic.The comparative analysis between the single layer and the multilayer survivability shows the influence of the traffic granularity on the survivability cost: for high-bandwidth LSPs, close to the optical channel capacity, the multilayer survivability outperforms the single layer one, whereas for low-bandwidth LSPs the single-layer survivability is more cost-efficient. For the multilayer survivability we demonstrate that by mapping efficiently the spare capacity of the MPLS layer onto the resources of the optical layer one can achieve up to 22% savings in the total configuration cost and up to 37% in the optical layer cost. Further savings (up to 9%) in the wavelength use can be obtained with the integrated approach to network configuration over the sequential one; however, this is at the increase in the optimization problem complexity. These results are based on a cost model with current technology pricing and were obtained for networks targeted to a nationwide coverage.     

Fast restoration of ATM networks

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is now well recognized as the fundamental switching and multiplexing technique for future broadband ISDN. As these networks will be increasingly relied upon for providing a multitude of integrated voice, data, and video services, network reliability is a key concern. There are several intrinsic features of ATM networks that could potentially be exploited to provide improved restoration techniques, beyond those established for synchronous transfer mode (STM) networks, such as digital cross-connect restoration or self-healing rings. These features include ATM cell level error detection, inherent rate adaptation and nonhierarchical multiplexing. The authors explore the use of these features in developing fast restoration strategies for ATM networks. In particular, they address: (1) ATM error detection capabilities for enhanced failure detection, (2) network rerouting strategies, (3) spare capacity allocation, and (4) network control architecture and related implementation aspects. Their findings suggest that fast network span failure detection and bandwidth-efficient rerouting capabilities can be combined to develop restoration strategies for ATM networks with significantly greater performance-cost ratios when compared to existing STM network restoration strategies     

Future transport network architectures

The architecture of today's long distance transmission networks, which we call the baseline architecture, is a complex and multilayered hierarchy of TDM circuits. One premise of the baseline architecture is that restoration from network failures is provided mostly by SONET/SDH rings. This article presents an alternative architecture that uses ATM and optical layer cross-connect technology for TDM services. Using a sophisticated set of network design tools developed at AT&T Labs-Research, we show that the alternative architecture offers dramatic capital savings and improved network efficiency over the baseline architecture. Most of this savings can be attributed to use of OLXC mesh network restoration, which makes more efficient use of capacity than SONET/SDH rings, and use of ATM switching for transport of TDM circuits, which consolidates the numerous TDM equipment layers inherent to the baseline architecture. In addition, motivated by the rapid growth of IP services, we analyze in the alternative architecture whether to provide restoration for IP services in the IP layer itself, by rerouting packets over precalculated restoration paths with MPLS, or to alternatively provide restoration of failed IP layer links in the OLXC layer. One potential advantage of IP layer restoration is that network operators may choose to only restore a fraction of the services, in particular the “priority” services, affected by a network failure. This article gives some methodology of how to determine this fraction at which IP layer restoration is cost-competitive with OLXC restoration     

Restoration strategies for future networks

The prospect of broadband telecommunication networks loaded with massive quantities of information due to the wide range of services being supported stimulates extra concern for network survivability. As the effect of span or node failures could be drastic, rapid restoration strategies are imperative. This paper describes restoration techniques involving the control of digital crossconnect systems, and the exploitation of spare capacity which has been economically planned into the network. This represents a more extensive approach to survivability than straightforward protection switching, thus improving network reliability     

Impacts of Hierarchy in Ethernet Ring Networks on Service Resiliency

In transport networks, a multi‐ring architecture is very useful to facilitate network planning and to design and provide more resilient services for customers. Unlike traditional synchronous optical network multi‐rings, the service resiliency of Ethernet‐based multi‐rings is significantly impacted by the ring hierarchy because a link or node failure in a certain level ring triggers filtering database flush actions in all higher level rings as well as in the ring with the failure, and consequently a large amount of duplicated data frames may be flooded. In this paper, we investigate how the ring hierarchy impacts the service resiliency of multi‐ring networks. Based on extensive experiments on various single‐ and multiple‐link failures, we suggest two effective inter‐ring connection rules to minimize the transient traffic and to ensure more resilient multi‐ring networks. In addition, we consider a flush optimization technique called e‐ADV, and show that the combination of e‐ADV and multi‐ring structures satisfying our inter‐ring connection rules results in a more attractive survivability performance.     

网络恢复机制可用性的定义及其应用

对于用户和业务提供者，网络生存性变得越来越重要。生存性是设计和规划新的电信网（如ＳＤＨ网和ＡＴＭ网）面临的一个根本的、亟待解决的问题。在过去的几年中，已提出几种应用于ＳＤＨ和ＡＴＭ网络中的不同的恢复机制。但在比较和评价恢复机制的性能时，以往只采用一种简单的方法。为克服该方法的缺陷，本文提出了面向用户和面向网络工程师的恢复机制可用性的定义。在后者的可用性分析中，考虑网络生存性对空闲容量的要求。由于一个网络的状态空间很大，进行可用性精确分析是不可行的，本文建议采用ＯＲＤＥＲ算法来近似测量可用性。同时还给出了恢复机制可用性定义的应用。一个应用是：网络工程师利用可用性定义，设计一个具有成本有效性的生存网络。另一个应用是：在ＡＴＭ生存网络的ＣＡＣ协商参数中，增加了一组新的参数—生存性性能参数。最后在计算机模拟中验证了：在评价恢复机制性能时，两个可用性的定义比传统方法更有效和更有意义     

Integrity of public telecommunications networks

Provides an overview of the special issue of the IEEE Journal of Communications, Volume 12, Number 1 (January 1994) which addresses open questions in network integrity, reliability and survivability. Current progress in this area is discussed. The questions addressed include user survivability perspectives on standards, planning, and deployment; the analysis and quantification of network disasters; survivable and fault-tolerant network architectures and associated economic analyses; and techniques to handle network restoration as a result of physical damage or failures in software and control systems. Special interests are devoted to the survivability of broadband networks employing the new transport/switching techniques based on the synchronous optical network (SONET) and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) standards due to their emerging role in future B-ISDN. Network integrity due to failures of common channel signaling (CCS) systems is also very critical. The present special issue includes 22 papers and is organized into the following sections: user perspectives and planning, software quality and reliability, network survivability characterization and standards, network restoration for SONET networks, network restoration for ATM networks, traffic effect and performance enhancement for computer networks, and survivable network design methods. Network restoration methods for SONET, ATM, and computer networks correspond to those for the physical layer (SONET), ATM layer, and the network layer, defined in the CCITT broadband ISDN layer structure     

A passive protected self-healing mesh network architecture andapplications

The self-healing mesh network architecture using digital cross-connect systems (DCSs) is a crucial part of an integrated network restoration system. The conventional DCS self-healing networks using logical channel protection may require a large amount of spare capacity for network components (such as DCSs) and may not restore services fast enough (e.g., within 2 s). The authors propose a passive protected DCS self-healing network (PPDSHN) architecture using a passive protection cross-connect network for network protection. For the PPDSHN architecture, network restoration is performed in the optical domain and is controlled by electronic working DCS systems. Some case studies have suggested that the proposed PPDSHN architecture may restore services within a two-second objective with less equipment cost than the conventional DCS self-healing network architecture in high-demand metropolitan areas for local exchange carrier networks. The proposed PPDSHN architecture may apply to not only the centralized and distributed control DCS network architectures, but also asynchronous, SONET and ATM DCS networks. Transparency of line rates and transmission formats makes the PPDSHN network even more attractive when network evolution is a key concern of network planning     

Survivable SONET networks-design methodology

A prototype software system that implements a methodology for the strategic planning of survivable interoffice networks is presented. The software system determines strategic locations and ring types for synchronous optical network ring placement. Two types of survivable network architectures are considered-1:1 diverse protection and SONET self-healing rings. The software considers three types of SONET self-healing rings-unidirectional, 2-fiber bidirectional, and 4-fiber bidirectional. Hubbing is assumed in all architectures. Inputs include nodes, links, connectivity, facility hierarchy, and multiyear point-to-point demands, together with the costs of fiber material and splicing, route mileage (installation), and multiplexors and regenerators of different rates. The outputs are a set of near-optimal rings based on cost, specifying the ring types and rates, fiber span sizes and counts, regenerator locations and speeds, the topology (set of links to be used), and the network cost. In addition, the software outputs the time in the planning period that each ring and fiber span should be installed     

WDM网络恢复算法性能的比较

随着波分复用(WDM)技术的迅速商用化,骨干网络传输带宽呈现爆炸式增长的趋势,这使得网络生存性变得越来越重要.传统的网络生存性包括保护和恢复两种机制,而恢复机制直接影响着网络失效以后其承载业务的可靠性.文章综合前人的研究成果,从3个角度出发,提出了3种不同的恢复算法,并通过仿真数据对这3种算法性能进行了分析.     

光网络生存性技术研究

光通信技术的发展使光纤的带宽资源得到充分利用,提供了极大的传输容量,其生存性对主干网络性能和服务至关重要。该文首先介绍了网络生存性定义,然后分析了保护和恢复的生存性技术,最后阐述了多层保护与恢复技术的协调问题。     

智能光网络的应用探讨

随着传输技术的不断进步和数据及互联网业务的迅猛发展,智能光网络的应用越来越广泛。智能光网络具有路由自动恢复、动态支持业务、网络可靠灵活等技术特点。智能光网络的网络结构采用网状组网方式,其控制平面采用分布式处理方式并与网络管理系统共同完成网络的控制与管理,智能光网络可以从现有骨干网络和城域核心网络进行引入。     

Fiber network survivability

At the transport layer in interoffice and interexchange networks, shared protection rings (SPRINGS) interconnected at matched nodes can provide 100% restoration in milliseconds after cable cuts and central office failures. The author introduces the SPRING and explains how its capacity advantage over other ring configurations enables it to be the most economical solution in more applications. Transport restoration technologies-1+1 diversity, digital crossconnect systems, and SPRINGS-in interoffice and interexchange environments are compared. A representative network study is presented to justify the choice of SPRINGs and matched nodes for the target architecture. Recommendations on how to evolve today's asynchronous networks in preparation for a fully survivable SONET ring-based network are also provided. Generic ring planning guidelines and network examples are presented to demonstrate how today's networks can be evolved to provide end-to-end survivable SONET transport. An approach to ring-based network design that simplifies the planning process and minimizes network cost is provided