太赫兹波超材料吸波体的特性分析

超材料吸波体通常是由一些在介质基底表面上周期分布的亚波长开口环谐振器（SRRs）组成,它们的吸收率在很大程度上取决于顶层SRRs的结构细节及介质的材料性质。利用时域有限积分法（FITD）对太赫兹波的超材料吸波体进行传输特性研究,分析了PI介质厚度、单元尺寸、开口环谐振器宽度、顶层silicon的电导率和PI介质的介电常数对太赫兹波超材料吸波体吸收峰位置和吸收率大小的影响。此超材料吸波体的特性研究对太赫兹波调制器、滤波器、吸收器及偏振器等器件设计和制备具有一定的指导意义。     

可调谐太赫兹超材料吸波器研究进展

太赫兹超材料吸波器具有吸收强、厚度薄、质量轻等优点,已被广泛应用于隐身材料、频率选择表面、太赫兹成像、通信传感等方面。但是,基于金属结构的传统太赫兹超材料吸波器一旦完成加工后,它的吸收性能是固定不变的。为解决这一问题,研究人员通过引入活性超材料设计了可调谐太赫兹超材料吸波器。结合可调谐太赫兹超材料吸波器的国内外研究现状,分类阐述了几类典型的可调谐太赫兹超材料吸波器,重点对单频带、多频带、宽频带以及可切换双功能太赫兹超材料吸波器的相关研究工作进行了梳理与总结,并对其未来发展趋势进行了分析。     

基于谐振环的太赫兹吸波体等效电路研究

以常规开口环谐振器(Split ring resonator,SRR)结构的"超材料"太赫兹吸波体为例,首先用CST Microwave Studio软件对吸波体的吸波特性进行仿真。然后,根据横电(TE)模和横磁(TM)模入射时表面电流分布情况,分别建立了超材料太赫兹吸波体对两种入射模式的等效电路模型。最后,从理论上对等效电路模型进行了验证,并利用等效电路模型研究了吸波体结构参数对其吸收峰位置的影响规律。提出的等效电路模型对于"超材料"太赫兹吸波体的结构设计与性能分析具有十分重要的指导和参考价值。     

基于SrTiO_3的频率可调谐太赫兹超材料吸波器（英文）

基于温度敏感材料钛酸锶(SrTiO3)提出了两款频率可调谐太赫兹(THz)超材料(MM)吸波器。由于SrTiO3材料的复值介电常数与外界温度相关,因此基于SrTiO3材料的太赫兹超材料吸波器的谐振频率可随外界温度变化。一款是基于十字金属谐振结构和SrTiO3介质层实现的,在200～400 K的温度范围内,其谐振频率可在1.62～2.44 THz的宽频带范围内实现主动调谐。另一款超材料吸波器通过在十字环金属谐振结构内填充SrTiO3材料来实现,而中间介电层仍然采用常见的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)材料。当外部温度从200 K变为400 K时,谐振频率从1.11 THz移至1.58 THz,频率偏移达到了470 GHz,实现了频率可调的太赫兹超材料吸波器。可调谐超材料吸波器的实现可进一步扩展超材料吸波器的应用领域,从而更好地适应如太赫兹成像、太赫兹检测、传感和隐身等各种应用。     

太赫兹波段电磁超介质的应用及研究进展

太赫兹波和电磁超介质是电磁学领域关注的热点.太赫兹波与电磁超介质相互作用可以实现对太赫兹波的操纵和调控,有望填补"太赫兹空白".介绍了太赫兹波段电磁超介质的研究进展,包括电磁超介质电磁性能可调谐的实施途径,电磁超介质在太赫兹功能器件方面的应用(调制器/开关、传感器/探测器、滤波器、偏振元件和吸波器),太赫兹波段表面等离...     

光驱动宽频带可调谐太赫兹吸波器设计

设计了一种基于光敏材料硅(Si)的宽频带极化不敏感的光驱动可调谐太赫兹超材料吸波器(metamaterial ab-sorber,简称MMA).该可调谐太赫兹MMA基本单元结构由嵌入光敏硅的紧凑开缝环谐振器结构、中间介质隔离层与金属底板构成.硅的电导率随着入射光的强度而发生改变,从而使太赫兹MMA工作频率和吸波性能得到有效的调节.数值计算结果表明:当硅电导率在1. 0×10~3S/m到5. 0×10~5S/m范围内动态调节时,该MMA吸波特性在0. 442 THz到0. 852 THz范围内动态调节.另外,其相对调节带宽达到63. 37%,吸收率调制深度达到60. 22%.进一步的数值计算结果表明我们所设计的MMA具备极化不敏感和宽入射角的特性.     

通过附加金属条调节超材料的太赫兹响应

针对传统超材料的太赫兹响应调控难度大、程序复杂的缺点,提出调节超材料太赫兹响应特性的一种新方法.该方法是在传统三层超材料的结构与材料参数均不变的情况下,在中间介质层中引入一条附加的金属条,仅通过调节该金属条的位置和线宽,就能实现超材料对入射太赫兹波的响应频率、吸收峰值等的有效调节.结果显示,当附加金属条由底层向表层的方向移动时,超材料的响应频率红移.当金属条位于介质的中间位置时,超材料的吸收率达到最大(99.98%).而且,当金属条的线宽增大时,超材料的响应频率红移、吸收增强.此外,当太赫兹入射角≤45°时,该超材料的中心响应频率稳定、吸收率峰值较高.但是,当入射角45°时,超材料的响应频率蓝移、吸收率峰值明显下降.根据这种新方法,能够对超材料的太赫兹响应进行有效控制,同时避免设计超材料结构的复杂过程.     

太赫兹及红外吸波超材料研究进展

随着超材料研究的不断发展,基于超材料结构设计的一系列太赫兹及红外吸波体引起了国内外广泛关注.由于具有高效的吸波性能,太赫兹及红外吸波超材料在现代隐身技术、节能、绝热、生物化学光谱、红外成像、传感和安检等领域具有广泛的应用前景.通过紧密跟踪国内外太赫兹及红外吸波超材料的最新研究进展,讨论总结了太赫兹及红外吸波超材料的吸波机理.由于材料依靠增强电场强度来实现对电磁波的吸收往往比靠材料本身的损耗吸收电磁波有更高的效率,与传统吸波材料的工作原理不同,超材料在太赫兹及红外波段主要依靠亚波长单元结构的设计,降低其等离子体频率,从而实现表面等离激元场增强效应(SPPs).基于此,总结归纳了太赫兹及红外吸波超材料研究中3种有效降低等离子频率的方法,分别为金属表面的周期性结构设计、半导体材料的掺杂和新型碳纳米材料的引入,更加清晰地阐明了表面等离激元场增强效应实现方式.同时,对太赫兹及红外吸波超材料今后的发展给出了自己的认识.     

基于超材料的太赫兹波吸波材料

超材料是一种人工设计的具有周期单元阵列结构的电磁材料,具有超常物理特性。基于超材料的太赫兹吸波材料在太赫兹技术领域有许多潜在的应用。简述了超材料吸波材料的理论基础,综述了国内外在单频、双频、多频带和宽带太赫兹超材料吸波材料领域的研究进展,并展望了太赫兹吸波材料研究的未来发展方向和趋势。     

异向介质体内太赫兹波增强效应及谐振特性研究

基于开口谐振环(SRR)的电磁响应特性以及严格电磁场理论,研究了由开口谐振环结构构成的异向介质体内的太赫兹波增强效应及谐振行为。仿真模拟了谐振环结构体内电场、电场能量密度和能流量的空间分布,讨论了电场能量密度随入射太赫兹波频率的变化规律。此外,还分析了谐振环结构参数对异向介质的谐振特性及其太赫兹波增强效应的影响。研究结果表明,在开口谐振环结构的开口缝隙处存在显著的太赫兹波增强效应,不仅电场显著增强,而且还会出现电场能量密度极值,并且,谐振时的电场增强效应比非谐振时明显增大。此外,谐振频率和电场能量密度均会随着谐振环结构参数的变化而呈现明显变化。     

Study of CMOS APS responsivity enhancement: ring-shaped photodiode

In this brief, the possibilities of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel sensor (APS) spectral response improvement are discussed. Thorough submicrometer scanning results obtained from various ring-shaped pixel photodiodes with different inner radius, implemented in a standard CMOS 0.35-/spl mu/m technology, are compared with numerical computer simulations and verified analytically. The functional dependence of the pixel response on the ring opening size was discovered and formulated for various wavelengths illumination. We show that the photodiodes with a small ring-opening exhibit better sensitivity in the blue spectrum range (420-460 nm). Comparison between the simulation and measurement results shows a good agreement, hence, proving that specific photodiode designs enable to selectively improve pixel color sensitivity.     

Automated microaneurysm detection using local contrast normalization and local vessel detection

Screening programs using retinal photography for the detection of diabetic eye disease are being introduced in the UK and elsewhere. Automatic grading of the images is being considered by health boards so that the human grading task is reduced. Microaneurysms (MAs) are the earliest sign of this disease and so are very important for classifying whether images show signs of retinopathy. This paper describes automatic methods for MA detection and shows how image contrast normalization can improve the ability to distinguish between MAs and other dots that occur on the retina. Various methods for contrast normalization are compared. Best results were obtained with a method that uses the watershed transform to derive a region that contains no vessels or other lesions. Dots within vessels are handled successfully using a local vessel detection technique. Results are presented for detection of individual MAs and for detection of images containing MAs. Images containing MAs are detected with sensitivity 85.4% and specificity 83.1%.     

The Ring-Shaped CMOS-Based Phototransistor With High Responsivity for the UV/Blue Spectral Range

The ring-shaped phototransistor with a floating bulk enclosed by a ring-shaped photodiode is proposed to enhance the responsivity for the ultraviolet/blue spectral range. The P-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor and N-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor phototransistors were manufactured using a standard 0.35-$mu hbox{m}$ complimentary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. When the phototransistors were illuminated with 400-nm light, the measurement results for 3-V bias demonstrated a responsivity higher than 1500 A/W, which is also superior to that of other reported photodetectors manufactured using a standard CMOS technology. Even for very small bias voltages such as 0.1 V, the phototransistor can exhibit a responsivity of 17.9 A/W.      

Analysis and Design of Planar, Spiral-Shaped, Transmission-Line Transformers

Coupled microstrip line theory is applied to analyze planar Ruthroff transmission-line transformers (TLTs). The results demonstrate that the TLT's low frequency response improves as the microstrip line's even-mode impedance increases, whereas the ratio of load impedance to the line's odd-mode impedance controls the high frequency response. Analysis of an approximate model of coupled microstrip lines formed into a spiral leads to a technique for predicting the performance of planar, spiral-shaped, Ruthroff TLTs. Microwave measurements up to 10 GHz are compared with predictions from the model for regular and suspended Ruthroff TLTs fabricated through a multichip-module deposited (MCM-D) process     

Sequential Architecture Induced Strange Dielectric-Magnetic Behaviors in Ferromagnetic Microwave Absorber

The high filler loading (FL) is a bottleneck in developing lightweight ferromagnetic microwave absorbers (MAs) for the actual applications. Sequential architecture design of MAs can induce strange physical behaviors due to the unique coupling-enhancement effect between functional units, providing a vast potential for achieving high microwave absorption performance. However, the FLs of current sequential MAs fail to be designed on demand because the strange dielectric-magnetic behaviors cannot be fulfilled. The influence of sequential architecture engineering on the macroscopic properties or microscopic loss mechanism still needs more exploration. Herein, based on four mesoscopic models (particles, chains, bundles, and fibers) of ferromagnetic functional units, a series of ferromagnetic MAs with different sequential architectures are prepared via a bottom-up self-assembly method. The fibrous samples exhibit the best microwave absorption performance (−51.3 dB, 4.12 GHz) at a breakthrough FL of 2 wt%, which is one order of magnitude less than other ferromagnetic MAs. Strange dielectric-magnetic behaviors, including negative permittivity and heterodromous chiral vortex, occur due to functional units with lateral and fibrous configurations. Further, four special models are established to reveal the microwave attenuation evolutionary mechanism. This study clarifies the relationship between sequential architecture and strange dielectric-magnetic behaviors, which provides new sight to understand microscopic electromagnetic loss mechanism.     

Compact Elliptic-Function Low-Pass Filter Using Defected Ground Structure

A novel elliptic-function low-pass filter (LPF) is presented, which consists of a dumb-bell-shaped defected ground structure (DB-DGS), a spiral-shaped defected ground structure (SP-DGS) and a broadened microstrip line. The DB-DGS provides the required wideband attenuation in stopband, while the SP-DGS provides steep transition from passband to stopband. A 2.4 GHz five-pole LPF is developed and experimental results show that it has a sharp cutoff frequency response. The measured passband insertion-loss is below 0.3 dB, and the rejection band over 20 dB is from 2.95 to 8.25 GHz.      

A spiral-shaped defected ground structure for coplanar waveguide

The authors present a spiral-shaped defected ground structure for coplanar waveguides (DGSCPW), which can be used as a kind of periodic structure for a planar transmission line. The proposed spiral-DGSCPW adopts spiral-shaped defects on both ground planes of CPW. Due to the spiral-shaped defects, the equivalent shunt inductance and slow-wave effects increase more rapidly than the standard CPW or CPW lines combined with the conventional PBG. The modeling and analysis to extract the equivalent circuit, increased slow-wave factor, and simulated and measured performances are presented.     

基于塑料光纤传感的溶解氧浓度检测的实验研究

利用荧光猝灭原理,以塑料光纤为传感和传光元件,采用邻啡咯啉钌作为荧光标记物,应用检测荧光指示剂荧光寿命的方法进行溶解氧(DO)浓度的测定,荧光指示剂的荧光寿命利用相移法进行测量。实验制作了U形、双锥形和螺旋形3种不同形状的传感头,实验发现,与U形、双锥形传感头相比,螺旋形传感头具有更高的灵敏度;实验测试了荧光标记物浓度对系统灵敏度的影响,结果发现,浓度过高或过低都会降低系统的灵敏度,因此,要提高DO传感器灵敏度需要选择合适浓度的荧光标记物。     

Spiral-Shape Fast-Moving Soft Robots

Soft robots typically exhibit limited agility due to inherent properties of soft materials. The structural design of soft robots is one of the key elements to improve their mobility. Inspired by the Archimedean spiral geometry in nature, here, a fast-moving spiral-shaped soft robot made of a piezoelectric composite with an amorphous piezoelectric vinylidene fluoride film and a layer of copper tape is presented. The soft robot demonstrates a forward locomotion speed of 76 body length per second under the first-order resonance frequency and a backward locomotion speed of 11.26 body length per second at the third-order resonance frequency. Moreover, the multitasking capabilities of the soft robot in slope climbing, step jumping, load carrying, and steering are demonstrated. The soft robot can escape from a relatively confined space without external control and human intervention. An untethered robot with a battery and a flexible circuit (a payload of 1.665 g and a total weight of 1.815 g) can move at an absolute speed of 20 mm s⁻¹ (1 body length per second). This study opens a new generic design paradigm for next-generation fast-moving soft robots that are applicable for multifunctionality at small scales.     

A successive clutter-rejection-based approach for early detection of diabetic retinopathy

The presence of microaneurysms (MAs) is usually an early sign of diabetic retinopathy and their automatic detection from color retinal images is of clinical interest. In this paper, we present a new approach for automatic MA detection from digital color fundus images. We formulate MA detection as a problem of target detection from clutter, where the probability of occurrence of target is considerably smaller compared to the clutter. A successive rejection-based strategy is proposed to progressively lower the number of clutter responses. The processing stages are designed to reject specific classes of clutter while passing majority of true MAs, using a set of specialized features. The true positives that remain after the final rejector are assigned a score which is based on its similarity to a true MA. Results of extensive evaluation of the proposed approach on three different retinal image datasets are reported, and used to highlight the promise in the presented strategy.