洛阳北方易初开发出乙醇汽油摩托车

洛阳北方易初摩托车有限公司积极响应国家推广车用乙醇汽油的战略性举措，推出了国内首创的可以兼容乙醇汽油和普通汽油的发动机和燃油系统。目前己应用于大阳弯梁系列摩托车上。据了解，我国已在河南、安徽、黑龙江等地使用乙醇汽油替代无铅汽油。但乙醇汽油会使车辆供油系统中的橡胶制品溶胀乃至龟裂，并对铁等金属产生腐蚀。因此，北易公司对摩托车供油系统的化油器、     

汽油加入生物添加剂对发动机燃油经济性影响的研究

将一种热带植物中的提取物作为添加剂，加入现在市场上正使用的几种辛烷值为93^#的高清洁汽油、普通汽油、已知成分汽油和乙醇汽油。通过发动机台架试验对加剂前后的汽油机燃油经济性进行了对比和分析。结果表明：在典型城市道路工况下，加入此种添加剂后对各种汽油的燃油经济性有大幅改善作用，对乙醇汽油的效果更加明显。加剂后可以使乙醇汽油的燃油经济性与普通汽油相同。     

基于价值工程的动力燃料经济性分析

在一台直喷、中冷柴油机上进行柴油、乙醇汽油的双燃料模式试验,提出了一种柴油、乙醇汽油双燃料系统的发动机,研究了基于价值工程的柴油、乙醇汽油双燃料系统,能使发动机在各种工况下,空气、柴油和乙醇汽油均能以最佳混合比进行燃烧。分析表明,柴油、乙醇汽油双燃料发动机在中高负荷及中高转速下运转可获得较好的燃油经济性。     

车用乙醇汽油对电喷汽油机性能影响的实验研究

在电控汽油机参数未作任何调整的情况下,实验研究了汽油机燃用乙醇汽油对发动机经济性和动力性的影响。研究表明：电控汽油机改燃乙醇汽油后,部分负荷时汽油机的功率和转矩有所降低,但全负荷时汽油机的动力输出不变;与普通汽油相比,乙醇汽油的燃油消耗率增加5％～10％,而且汽油机的经济区范围变窄;但能耗率会有所改善,在怠速工况下,乙醇汽油会降低汽油机的CO、HC和NOx排放;乙醇汽油对汽油机性能的影响与空燃比控制策略有关。     

E30w含水乙醇汽油对电喷汽油机性能和排放的影响

在SQR481F电喷发动机上进行了E30w含水乙醇汽油与93#纯汽油的动力性、经济性与排放特性对比试验研究。试验结果表明：在电喷汽油机未做任何调整的情况下,燃用E30w含水乙醇汽油后,功率下降约3.4%～12.1%;有效燃油消耗率较93#纯汽油增加,当量燃油消耗率有所降低;CO和HC的排放量明显改善,最大下降幅度分别为12.6%和22.4%,NOx无明显改善。     

车用工业乙醇汽油的发动机台架试验研究

通过发动机台架试验,对发动机使用93#汽油、E10W93#车用工业乙醇汽油和E20W93#车用工业乙醇汽油的输出功率、扭矩和燃油消耗率进行了测量对比。对发动机使用三种燃料时排气中的CO,HC和NOx浓度进行了测量分析。试验结果表明,在发动机运转条件相同的情况下,乙醇汽油能有效降低发动机的CO和HC排放,但NOx排放比普通汽油要高。     

E10含水乙醇汽油对汽油机性能及排放的影响研究

采用自主研发的"复方两性乳化剂"进行了E10含水乙醇汽油(体积比为90%的90#汽油+10%的含水乙醇)稳定性研究。研究结果表明:乳化剂能有效改善含水乙醇汽油的稳定性,加入强化剂和防冻剂、提高乙醇浓度能够有效改善乳化含水乙醇汽油的低温稳定性。针对汽油机进行了燃用E10含水乙醇汽油混合燃料与原机的性能对比试验研究。试验结果表明:在未对汽油机作任何调整的情况下,燃用E10含水乙醇汽油混合燃料的动力性略低于原机。在经济性方面,燃油消耗率比原机有所上升,以热值计的当量燃油消耗率比原机有所改善。在尾气排放方面,燃用E10含水乙醇汽油时,CO排放在整个负荷范围内基本比原机低,CO排放得到改善;HC排放在整个负荷范围内都得到了改善,改善效果可达9%左右;NOx排放在低负荷时有所改善,随着负荷增加NOx排放变化不大。在怠速工况,CO、HC和NOx排放均获得改善。尾气排放产物在催化器中的转化效率与发动机工况有关。     

乙醇添加对直喷式汽油机微粒排放的影响

在一台自然吸气式直喷式汽油机上开展了汽油添加乙醇对微粒浓度和粒径分布特性影响的研究。同时利用热重分析方法考察了乙醇汽油和汽油两种燃料生成的颗粒物碳烟的氧化活性。研究发现:添加乙醇会使得低负荷、低转速工况的微粒峰值浓度和微粒数目明显增加,主要原因是乙醇添加影响了燃油的雾化特性,导致雾化变差,缸内混合气不均匀;但是,对高速高负荷工况影响不大,随着负荷的增加,乙醇汽油微粒浓度降低,主要原因是高负荷时喷油压力高,乙醇添加对燃油雾化效果影响小,但乙醇的含氧有利于颗粒物的氧化。热重分析结果表明,乙醇汽油生成的颗粒物氧化起燃温度低于纯汽油生成的颗粒物,同时乙醇汽油生成颗粒物的氧化活化能也低于纯汽油的颗粒物。     

E20w含水乙醇汽油对电喷汽油机的性能及排放的影响

在汽油机台架试验中以SQR481F为研究对象,进行了燃用E20W含水乙醇汽油与93^#纯汽油的性能与排放对比试验。试验结果表明：在汽油机未做任何改动的情况下,汽油机燃用E20W含水乙醇汽油后,功率下降约4.7%-7.6%;在n=1500r/min、3500r/min、5500r/min时的有效燃油消耗率平均分别增加了5.84%、4.25%及4.36%;当量燃油消耗率下降了1%-6.59%,HC、CO的排放在小负荷时的改善效果不明显,仅为1%;在中大负荷时HC为10%左右,CO为6%-13%,NOx的排放得到了改善。     

含氧燃料对柴油机供油系统的腐蚀性研究

醇、酯是柴油机的优质替代燃料,但对燃油供给系统具有一定的腐蚀性。试验采用甲醇、乙醇、生物柴油配制不同比例的混合燃料,研究了柴油机含氧替代燃料对燃油供给系统中金属、橡胶、塑料腐蚀的影响,分析了金属、橡胶、塑料在腐蚀前后的质量变化、腐蚀程度以及溶液颜色的变化规律。结果表明,铝合金耐醇/酯混合燃料的腐蚀性较好,最大腐蚀速度为0.076 g/(m~2·h),最小腐蚀速度为0.019 g/(m~2·h),质量变化不大;甲/乙醇和生物柴油的混合燃料对塑料腐蚀性较强,质量改变程度达到10.2%;醇燃料对丁腈橡胶的腐蚀性较弱,质量变化最小为1.4%,生物柴油对丁腈橡胶腐蚀性较强,质量变化为10.9%。醇和生物柴油的混合燃料对丁腈橡胶的腐蚀性最大,浸泡28天后,橡胶质量变化最大,达到15.9%。     

正丁醇作为生物燃料在生产和应用方面的进展

作为车用替代燃料,丁醇的热值比乙醇高30%左右,挥发性只有乙醇的1/6左右,吸湿性远小于甲醇、乙醇和丙醇,具有适度的水溶性,腐蚀性低,安全性更高。但丁醇直接应用到发动机上也存在一些问题,如其热值比传统汽油或柴油低,使得燃料消耗量增加;燃烧效率低于甲醇、乙醇;当应用于点燃式发动机时,丁醇较高的黏度将产生潜在的沉积或腐蚀等问题。目前许多研究者将正丁醇作为替代生物燃料进行研究,现有的研究主要是将丁醇与汽油或柴油混合应用在发动机上,或是应用在一些基本的燃烧反应器中。综合各方面的研究成果,正丁醇在混合燃料中体积分数小于20%时,无需调整发动机就可获得与汽油燃料相同的发动机功率;当达到30%时,发动机最大功率开始下降;随着正丁醇体积的增加,燃料消耗量增加。CO、THC、NOx排放的减少或增加取决于具体的发动机、操作条件、丁醇-汽油的混合比等。混合燃料与纯汽油相比,未燃烧醇的排放增加,而且丁醇的比例越高,未燃烧醇的排放越高。     

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Blending Ethanol on Combustion Characteristic and Idle Performance in a Gasoline Rotary Engine

Rotary engine is an ideal electric vehicle range extender.However,the combustion chamber of rotary engine is very narrow and long at the top dead center,which is detrimental to fuel combustion performance.In order to improve its economic and emission performance,this paper built an ethanol/gasoline dual-fuel rotary engine test bench,and the combustion and emission performance of gasoline rotary engine under five ethanol blending ratios were studied.The experimental results showed that,when the fuel pulse width is not adjusted,since the calorific value of ethanol is lower than that of gasoline and the latent heat of vaporization of ethanol is higher than that of gasoline,the addition of ethanol in gasoline lowers the peak pressure.When the ethanol blending ratio reaches 30 vol%,the pressure curve shows a distinct double peak.Under the theoretical air-fuel ratio condition,mixing ethanol in gasoline increases the heat release rate,shortens the combustion duration while prolonging delay period.After blending ethanol,HC,CO and NO_x emissions have been reduced under various operating conditions.Excessive ethanol blending ratio increases NO_x emissions and increases cycle variation coefficient.When the ethanol blending ratio is 15 vol%,it has better power ability while maintaining low cycle variation coefficient and emissions.     

Biofuels policy and the US market for motor fuels: Empirical analysis of ethanol splashing

Low ethanol prices relative to the price of gasoline blendstock, and tax credits, have resulted in discretionary blending at wholesale terminals of ethanol into fuel supplies above required levels—a practice known as ethanol splashing in industry parlance. No one knows precisely where or in what volume ethanol is being blended with gasoline and this has important implications for motor fuels markets: Because refiners cannot perfectly predict where ethanol will be blended with finished gasoline by wholesalers, they cannot know when to produce and where to ship a blendstock that when mixed with ethanol at 10% would create the most economically efficient finished motor gasoline that meets engine standards and has comparable evaporative emissions as conventional gasoline without ethanol blending. In contrast to previous empirical analyses of biofuels that have relied on highly aggregated data, our analysis is disaggregated to the level of individual wholesale fuel terminals or racks (of which there are about 350 in the US). We incorporate the price of ethanol as well as the blendstock price to model the wholesaler's decision of whether or not to blend additional ethanol into gasoline at any particular wholesale city-terminal. The empirical analysis illustrates how ethanol and gasoline prices affect ethanol usage, controlling for fuel specifications, blend attributes, and city-terminal-specific effects that, among other things, control for differential costs of delivering ethanol from bio-refinery to wholesale rack.     

中国甘蔗燃料乙醇生产的技术、经济和环境可行性分析

我国甘蔗燃料乙醇产业的发展是以2001年国家基于石油替代战略而启动“变性燃料乙醇”和“车用燃料乙醇”计划为背景发展起来的。目前燃料乙醇发展的突出障碍是生产成本较高,因此,需要国家的大量补贴。文中借鉴巴西利用甘蔗发展低成本燃料乙醇的经验,对中国甘蔗燃料乙醇生产的技术成熟度、市场竞争力和环境影响进行了分析,并得出：中国用甘蔗生产燃料乙醇在工艺和设备上不存在根本性、长期性的障碍;在目前的燃料乙醇和食糖价格下,甘蔗燃料乙醇的生产具有相对优势;甘蔗燃料乙醇生产中对环境的负面影响在现有的环保技术条件下可以得到克服,并且还将促进温室气体减排。     

Ethanol demand under the flex-fuel technology regime in Brazil

This paper analyzes the characteristics of ethanol demand in the context of fuel mix diversification in Brazil. Currently, ethanol is the most important gasoline additive and alternative fuel consumed in Brazil and is responsible there for profound changes in the dynamics of fuel consumption. The diffusion of flex-fuel vehicles in Brazil symbolizes a new stage of ethanol expansion and is a central component of the increasing demand for fuel. Accordingly, we evaluate ethanol demand in Brazil following the introduction of flex-fuel vehicles using a cointegration approach and autoregressive distributed lag bounds tests over the period 2003–2010. The evidences confirm that during the last decade, ethanol has strengthened its position as both an independent fuel and a substitute for gasoline. There is also evidence that growth in the Brazilian automobile fleet based on flex-fuel technology is a major driving factor of long-run ethanol demand. Further, the dynamics of gasohol (mandatory blend of gasoline and ethanol) and ethanol prices operate in a symmetric manner over ethanol demand, thereby evidencing the increasing substitutability between these alternative fuels.     

我国推广使用变性燃料乙醇的环境影响评价

为了解决环境问题和确保国家能源安全,世界各国都在研发可替代能源和清洁能源。变性燃料乙醇是重要的可再生能源之一,目前我国正在试点使用含10%乙醇的乙醇汽油,推广使用乙醇汽油可以综合缓解我国石油短缺、环境恶化和粮食过剩三大热点问题。本文结合国际开展政策性战略环境影响评价的思路和方法,分析推广使用变性燃料乙醇后对环境所产生的影响,得出推广使用变性燃料乙醇具有明显的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益,有利影响远远大于不利影响的结论。最后本文提出推广使用变性燃料乙醇的措施,为在我国顺利推广乙醇汽油提供决策支持。     

电喷汽油机燃用乙醇-汽油燃料的排放性能研究

研究了不同掺混比的乙醇 -汽油燃料在多点电喷汽油机上应用时的排放性能。研究结果表明 :在汽油机参数未做任何调整的情况下 ,在试验的掺混比范围内 ,随着乙醇 -汽油混合燃料中乙醇含量的增加 ,THC排放改善了 30 %,CO排放在大负荷时有所改善 ,NOx 排放在中、小负荷时改善较明显。排放特性的变化不仅与乙醇含量有关 ,而且与电喷发动机的空燃比控制策略有关。以质量计的燃油消耗率有所增加 ,但以燃料热值计的比能耗降低。     

Relationship between ethanol and gasoline: AIDS approach

Ethanol production in the United States has increased significantly due to government support, which has begun to dwindle. Ethanol now seems to compete with gasoline for vehicle fuel but because ethanol is mostly sold as a blend, gasoline and ethanol could be complementary fuel sources. The study investigates the true relationship between these fuels since it has policy implications. Results of LA/AIDS estimation show the two fuels were substitutes before the rapid expansion of ethanol production but have become complements overtime due to increasing share of ethanol in fuel consumption.