Impact of enzymatic treatment on chemical composition,physicochemical properties and radical scavenging activity of goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) juice

Tropical pulpy juices play an important role in nutrition as an excellent base for low‐calorie and dietetic products. Goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is one of the most promising exotic fruits and many interesting functional products could be developed from these berries. In this work we are reporting, for the first time, on the chemical composition and some physicochemical parameters of the goldenberry fruit juice. We have also investigated how some of these properties are affected by enzymatic treatment and pasteurisation. By enzymation, not only is the yield of juice increased, but also the macro‐ and micro‐components. Application of enzymes, moreover, leads to juices with higher pulp content, higher acidity and higher total soluble solids. On the other side, enzyme‐treated juices were characterised by lower alcohol‐soluble solids and pH values. Water‐ and fat‐soluble bioactives were estimated in appreciable amounts in the juice. The antioxidative potential of different processed juices was assessed by means of bleaching of the stable 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radicals and the resulting values were correlated with each of the antioxidant compounds. The results obtained can be considered very satisfactory and the juice could be widely appreciated when compared with other products commonly available on the market. The data are helpful for the optimisation of goldenberry juice production. It was the purpose to present a comprehensive assessment of the goldenberry juice and to address the potential for its delivery in functional drinks. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Oil extractability from enzymatically treated goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) pomace: range of operational variables

Goldenberry pomace (seeds and skins) represents a large portion of the waste generated during juice processing (ca. 27.4% of fruit weight). The potential of goldenberry agro‐industrial wastes for use as raw material for production of edible oil was evaluated. Fruit pomace, contained 6.6% moisture, 17.8% protein, 3.10% ash, 28.7% crude fibre and 24.5% carbohydrates. The n‐hexane‐extractable oil content of the raw by‐products was estimated to be 19.3%. Aqueous enzymatic extraction was investigated for recovery of oil from the fruit pomace. The most significant factors affecting extraction were enzyme concentration, the time of digestion with enzymes, substrate concentration in water and the particle size of substrate. A broad variation in oil recovery was obtained depending on the operational conditions during the enzyme‐aided aqueous extraction. The optimum and economical values were those obtained for 4:0.02:1 water:enzyme:substrate ratio. Generally, enzymatic treatment increased the extraction yield. The more than 42% yield by enzymation compared with the nearly 3% yield in the control process (without enzyme) implies a significant increase in yield by about 92.8%. In single‐enzyme trials, cellulase EC gave the best yield. Although proteases slightly improve yield, the enhancement values are much lower than those obtained with Cellulase EC and Pektinace L40. Rapid increase in oil yield occurred as the enzyme concentration increased from 1 to 2 g/100 g substrate. Yield increased with dilution, but it began to fall when the substrate became more diluted. Moreover, extractability increased significantly when particle size reduced. Concerning the oil composition, there were no great changes in the fatty acid pattern of the oils extracted with different hydrolytic enzymes when compared with each other or to the solvent extracted oil. The main purpose of this study was to maximise the efficiency of the enzymatic treatment for oil recovery from goldenberry pomace. As a first step toward developing goldenberry as a commercial crop, the results provide important information for the industrial application of the fruit.     

Solvent and enzyme-aided aqueous extraction of goldenberry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Physalis peruviana</Emphasis> L<Emphasis Type="Italic">.</Emphasis>) pomace oil: impact of processing on composition and quality of oil and meal

Goldenberry pomace (seeds and skins) represent the waste obtained during juice processing (ca. 27.4% of fruit weight). In the present contribution, the potential of goldenberry pomace for use as a substrate for the production of edible oil was evaluated. Toward developing goldenberry as a commercial crop, the results provide important data for the industrial application of goldenberry. Three extraction methods were checked for the best oil yield. The n-hexane-extractable oil (expressed as SE) content of the raw by-products was estimated to be 19.3%. Enzymatic treatment with pectinases and cellulases followed by centrifugation in aqueous system (expressed as EAE) or followed by solvent extraction (expressed as ESE) was also investigated for recovery of oil from pomace fruit. Enzymatic hydrolysis of pomace followed by extraction with n-hexane reduced the extraction time and enhanced oil extractability up to a maximum of ca. 7.60%. Moreover, enzymation followed by solvent extraction increased the levels of protein, carbohydrates, fiber and ash in the remaining meal. The study covers also the chemical composition and some fractional properties of different pomace extracts (EAE, SE and ESE). Concerning the oil composition, there were relatively no changes noted in the fatty acid pattern of the oils extracted with different techniques. Slight alterations in the amounts of other fat-soluble bioactives (i.e., sterols, tocopherols and phenolics) were recorded. The different pomace oils obtained were tested for their radical scavenging activity toward the stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and their oxidative stability. Generally, the quality of solvent extracted oils (ESE and SE) manifested higher radical scavenging activity and oxidative stability than the enzyme-extracted oil (EAE). The levels of polar lipids, unsaponifiables, peroxides and phenolics in different extracts were associated with oxidative stability and radical scavenging activity.     

Goldenberry (Physalis peruviana) Juice Rich in Health‐Beneficial Compounds Suppresses High‐Cholesterol Diet‐Induced Hypercholesterolemia in Rats

Goldenberries (Physalis peruviana) are a promising exotic fruit that could be a subject of many novel foods. No reports are available on the effect of administration of goldenberries on different aspects of blood profile in experimental animals. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding goldenberry juice on hypercholesterolemia by analyzing the changes in the blood profile of high‐cholesterol diet (HCD)‐fed rats. The chemical composition and antiradical properties of juice were determined. Generally, rats fed with goldenberry juice showed lower levels of total cholesterol, total triacylglycerol and total low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as higher levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol in comparison with animals fed with HCD and cholesterol‐free diet. Juice administration induced a decrease in the activity of glutamic pyruvic transaminase compared with the positive control group after 2 months of administration. There was a remarkable decrease in total serum protein, albumin and globulin for groups treated with goldenberry juice. Histological examination of the liver and kidney were also conducted. The results demonstrated that consumption of goldenberry juice may provide beneficial effects on reversing HCD‐associated detrimental changes.     

Short chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids in host gut health and foodborne bacterial pathogen inhibition

As a major source of microbes and their numerous beneficial effects, the gut microflora/microbiome is intimately linked to human health and disease. The exclusion of enteric pathogens by these commensal microbes partially depends upon the production of bioactive compounds such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). These key intestinal microbial byproducts are crucial to the maintenance of a healthy gut microbial community. Moreover, SCFAs and PUFAs play multiple critical roles in host defense and immunity, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidant activities, as well as out-competition of enteric bacterial pathogens. In this review article, we hereby aim to highlight the importance of SCFAs and PUFAs and the microbes involved in production of these beneficial intestinal components, and their biological functions, specifically as to their immunomodulation and interactions with enteric bacterial pathogens. Finally, we also advance potential applications of these fatty acids with regards to food safety and human gut health.     

Agro-industrial potential of exotic fruit byproducts as a source of food additives

Exotic fruit consumption and processing is increasing worldwide due to the improvement in preservation techniques, transportation, marketing systems and consumer awareness of health benefits. The entire body of tropical exotic fruits is rich in bioactive compounds, such as phenolic constituents, carotenoids, vitamins and dietary fiber. However, the fruit processing industry deals with the large percentage of byproducts, such as peels, seeds and unused flesh, generated in the different steps of the processing chains. In most cases, the wasted byproducts can present similar or even higher contents of bioactive compounds than the final produce does. The aim of this review is to promote the production and processing of exotic fruits highlighting the possibility of the integral exploitation of byproducts rich in bioactive compounds. Amongst the possible uses for these compounds that can be found in the food industry are as antioxidants (avoiding browning and lipid oxidation and as functional food ingredients), antimicrobials, flavoring, colorants and texturizer additives. Finally, the importance of extraction techniques of bioactive compounds designated as food additives is also included.     

Sour Cherry By-products: Compositions,Functional Properties and Recovery Potentials – A Review

Abstract

Sour (tart) cherry is an industrial fruit where a considerable amount of by-products remain after processing. Sour cherry by-products consist of pomace (skin and flesh) and seeds (pit, stone) which remain after the fruit juice and IQF processes. Sour cherry pomace is characterized with a high content of phenolic compounds and the seed constitutes a high oil yield with beneficial effects on human health because of their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. There has been a great interest in sour cherry by-products due to the increasing production rate of sour cherry worldwide and the increasing efforts on seeking bioactive compounds from natural sources as functional food. Thus, there have been a number of studies regarding the sour cherry pomace and sour cherry seed, especially in the last five years. The present review summarizes the chemical, biological, functional, and technological properties of the sour cherry pomace and sour cherry seed with their current and potential applications.     

Antioxidant enrichment and antimicrobial protection of fresh-cut fruits using their own byproducts: looking for integral exploitation

Fresh-cut fruit consumption is increasing due to the rising public demand for convenience and awareness of fresh-cut fruit's health benefits. The entire tissue of fruits and vegetables is rich in bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and vitamins. The fresh-cut fruit industry deals with the perishable character of its products and the large percentage of byproducts, such as peels, seeds, and unused flesh that are generated by different steps of the industrial process. In most cases, the wasted byproducts can present similar or even higher contents of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds than the final produce can. In this context, this hypothesis article finds that the antioxidant enrichment and antimicrobial protection of fresh-cut fruits, provided by the fruit's own byproducts, could be possible.     

Fruit-based Natural Antioxidants in Meat and Meat Products: A Review

Due to the potential toxic effects of synthetic antioxidants, natural antioxidant sources especially fruits are being preferred now-a-days for use in different meat products. The majority of the antioxidant capacity of a fruit is especially because of numerous phenolic compounds. Many of the phytochemicals present in fruits may help protect cells against the oxidative damage caused by free radicals, thereby reducing the risk of degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, various types of cancers, and neurological diseases. Various parts of the fruit including their byproducts like skin and seeds have been used in meat products. Plum has been used as plum puree, prunes (dried plum), and plum extracts. Grape skin, seed, peel extracts, and grape pomace; berries as cakes and powder extracts; pomegranate rind powder and its juice; and most of the citrus fruits have proved beneficial sources of antioxidants. All these natural sources have effectively reduced the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) values and free radical frequency. Thus, lipid oxidation is prevented and shelf life is greatly enhanced by incorporating various kinds of fruits and their byproducts in meat and meat products. There is a great scope for the use of fruits as natural sources of antioxidants in meat industry. The review is intended to provide an overview of the fruit-based natural antioxidants in meat and meat products.     

Occurrence and content of hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acid compounds in foods

Phenolic acid compounds seem to be universally distributed in plants. They have been the subject of a great number of chemical, biological, agricultural, and medical studies. Hydroxycinnamic acid compounds occur most frequently as simple esters with hydroxy carboxylic acids or glucose, while the hydroxybenzoic acid compounds are present mainly in the form of glucosides. Furthermore, phenolic acids may occur in food plants as esters or glycosides conjugated with other natural compounds such as flavonoids, alcohols, hydroxyfatty acids, sterols, and glucosides. Also, hydroxycinnamic acid amides appear to be common constituents. The occurrence of the different natural phenolic acid compounds in foods is reviewed, and data of the content in fruit, vegetables, and spices are given. The distribution of the main phenolic acid compounds in food plants as well as their changes during development and maturation of fruits are considered. Furthermore, the hydroxycinnamic acids bound to cell wall polymers, the phenolic acid compounds in coffee, cereals, oil seed, and tree nuts, and the analysis of phenolic acid derivatives are reviewed.     

Benzoxazinoids: Cereal phytochemicals with putative therapeutic and health‐protecting properties

Benzoxazinoids (BXs) are a group of natural chemical compounds with putative pharmacological and health‐protecting properties. BXs were formerly identified in and isolated from selected dicot medicinal plants and young cereal plants. Recently, BXs were found to be present in mature cereal grains and bakery products, such that knowledge about the pharmacological properties of BXs, which until now have unknowingly been consumed through the daily bread and breakfast cereals, has come into new focus. This review discusses published results from in vitro studies and a few human and animal model studies on the health effects and pharmacological responses of various BX compounds. Many of these studies have reported antimicrobial, anticancer, reproductive system stimulatory, central nervous system stimulatory, immunoregulatory, and appetite‐ and weight‐reducing effects of BXs and/or BX derivatives. The health benefits of wholegrain intake may be associated with the solitary and/or overlapping biological effects of fibers, lignans, phenolic acids, alkylresorcinols, BXs, and other bioactive compounds. In the context of BXs as dietary ingredients, further comprehensive investigations are required to understand their biological functions, to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, to explore their potential contribution on the health effects associated with wholegrain consumption, and to examine their potential as functional food ingredients.     

Comparative analyses of seeds of wild fruits of Rubus and Sambucus species from Southern Italy: Fatty acid composition of the oil,total phenolic content,antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the methanolic extracts

Fruit seeds are byproducts from fruit processing. Characterisation of the bioactive compounds present in seeds and evaluation of their potential biological properties is therefore of particular importance in view of a possible valorisation of seeds as a source of health beneficial components. In this work, we have analysed the seeds of Sambucus and Rubus species in order to identify their bioactive components and to determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts. We first analysed their oil content, in order to assess the fatty acid profile and tocopherol content. Moreover, the methanolic extracts of the seeds were analysed for their total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities. Polyphenols were identified by HPLC–ESI–MS/MS analysis. Furthermore, extracts were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on the production of LPS-induced inflammatory mediators (NO, CCL-20) in RAW 264.7 cells.     

Bioactive compounds from marine processing byproducts – A review

Generation of immense quantity of underutilized marine processing byproducts has long been recognized as wastes and greater efforts were given to use these materials in various applications. With a great number of researches on these byproducts, some biologically active compounds were identified and applicated to the useful compounds for human utilization. Potential applications of proteins, lipids, chitin and minerals in marine bioprocessing leftovers as bioactive materials have increased the value of processing byproducts in recent years. In this review, we have focused on the utilization of marine processing byproducts to screen bioactive compounds and their potential applications.     

7种小浆果香气物质的GC-MS检测与主成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取法结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术与主成分分析,对从东北地区引种到河北省石家庄市和邢台市等地区的7种小浆果进行香气物质的检测与分析,再结合数据从香气层面对引种效果进行分析评价。结果显示,共有150种香气物质被检出,蓝莓、欧李、丰满红树莓、秋福树莓、哈瑞太兹树莓、黑加仑和灯笼果分别检出31、59、47、54、39、48种和41种香气物质。蓝莓以醇类和醛类为主体香气,分别占总香气物质的43.9%和40.9%;欧李果和黑加仑的香气主要以酯类为主,占总香气物质的80.7%和67.6%;丰满红树莓果中的香气物质以醇类和酯类居多,占总香气物质的60.0%和28.6%;秋福树莓和哈瑞太兹树莓的主体香气物质都以醇类为主,含量分别占总香气物质的41.75%和37.37%;灯笼果以酯类和酮类为主体香气,占总香气物质的31.9%和27.3%。通过对香气物质的检测分析,为7种浆果的工业开发与利用提供理论依据。     

Impact of agronomic practices on grape aroma composition: a review

Aroma compounds are secondary metabolites that play a key role in grape quality for enological purposes. Terpenes, C₁₃-norisoprenoids, phenols, and non-terpenic alcohols are the most important aroma compounds in grapes and they can be found as free volatiles or glycoconjugated (bound) molecules. The non-volatile glycosylated group is the largest, and it is present in all varieties of Vitis vinifera (L.), the most widely used species for wine production. These aroma precursors represent the reserve of aroma molecules that can be released during winemaking. Their relative and absolute concentrations at fruit ripening determine the organoleptic value of the final product. A large range of biotic and abiotic factors can influence their biosynthesis in several ways. Agronomic practices such as irrigation, training systems, leaf removal, and bunch thinning can have an effect at plant level. The spraying of stimulatory compounds on fruit at different developmental stages has also been shown to modify metabolic pathways at fruit level with some impact on the aroma composition of the grapevine fruit. Viticulturists could act to promote aroma precursors to improve the aromatic profile of grapes and the wine ultimately produced. However, agronomic practices do not always have uniform results. The metabolic and physiological changes resulting from agronomic practices are unknown because there has not been sufficient research to date. This review presents the state of the art regarding the influences of vineyard agronomic management on the biosynthesis of grape aroma compounds. Although literature regarding the topic is abundant there are still many unknown biological mechanisms involved and/or that have been insufficiently studied. The aim of this work is therefore to find the gaps in scientific literature so that future investigations can focus on them. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

Valorization of byproducts from tropical fruits: Extraction methodologies,applications, environmental,and economic assessment: A review (Part 1: General overview of the byproducts,traditional biorefinery practices,and possible applications)

Tropical fruits represent one of the most important crops in the world. The continuously growing global market for the main tropical fruits is currently estimated at 84 million tons, of which approximately half is lost or wasted throughout the whole processing chain. Developing novel processes for the conversion of these byproducts into value‐added products could provide a viable way to manage this waste problem, aiming at the same time to create a sustainable economic growth within a bio‐economy perspective. Given the ever‐increasing concern about sustainability, complete valorization through a bio‐refinery approach, that is, zero waste concept, as well as the use of green techniques is therefore of utmost importance. This paper aims to report the status on the valorization of tropical fruit byproducts within a bio‐refinery frame, via the application of traditional methodologies, and with specific attention to the extraction of phenolics and carotenoids as bioactive compounds. The different types of byproducts, and their content of bioactives is reviewed, with a special emphasis on the lesser‐known tropical fruits. Moreover, the bioactivity of the different types of extracts and their possible application as a resource for different sectors (food, pharmaceutical, and environmental sciences) is discussed. Consequently, this review presents the concepts of tropical fruit biorefineries, and the potential applications of the isolated fractions.     

Hydroxycinnamic acids and human health: recent advances

There is an urgent need to improve human diet globally. Compelling evidence gathered over the past several decades suggests that a suboptimal diet is associated with many chronic diseases and may be responsible for more deaths than any other risks worldwide. The main components in our diet that need higher intake are whole grains, fruit and vegetables, and nuts and seeds; all of these are important sources of dietary fiber and polyphenols. The health benefits of dietary fiber and polyphenols are also supported by several decades of valuable research. However, the conclusions drawn from interventional human trials are not straightforward and the action mechanisms in improving human health are not fully understood. Moreover, there is a great inter-individual variation caused by different individual capabilities of processing, absorbing and using these compounds effectively. Data on the bioavailability and bioefficacy of hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) are limited when compared to other classes of polyphenols (e.g. anthocyanins). This review aims to summarize the latest research advances related to HCA bioavailability and their biological effects revealed by epidemiological data, pre-clinical and clinical studies. Moreover, we aim to review the effects of HCAs on gut microbiota diversity and function and its respective influence on host health. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Investigation on the role played by fermentation esters in the aroma of young Spanish wines by multivariate analysis

The role played by ethyl esters of fatty acids and by acetates of higher alcohols on the aroma of young wines from neutral grape varieties has been investigated. The statistical methods used have been stepwise linear regression and principal components analysis. Very significant conclusions have been reached. The role played by these compounds depends on the type of wine. In white wines their main role is in the perception of tree fruit and tropical fruit notes. It has been demonstrated that the former notes are linked to ethyl esters, while the latter are linked mainly to acetates of higher alcohols. In rose wines the intensity of tree fruit aroma was correlated with ester content, however no clear conclusion was reached about the role of various compounds on the perception of quality. Finally, in red wines these compounds do not determine the intensity of fruit aromas, and they only play a modulating role on aroma quality. This indicates that red grape varieties must have other aroma compounds which are responsible for the fruity characteristics of wines.     

Bioactive Components and Health-Promoting Properties of Yuzu (Citrus ichangensis × C. reticulate)

Yuzu (Citrus ichangensis × C. reticulate) fruit is an important functional food that possesses several health-promoting properties. It has been widely used in commercial medical products, healthy foods, and cosmetics in many countries. Yuzu is a rich source of wide variety of non-nutritive compounds, such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, carotenoids, and tannins; as well as nutritive compounds such as sugars, proteins, vitamins, fibers, and minerals. Yuzu fruit (juice, peel, and seeds) and its bioactive compounds have been demonstrated to have numerous functional properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiplatelet, angiogenesis, and antimicrobial properties, both in vitro and in vivo. These diverse applications provided by the yuzu fruit (juice, peel, and seeds) and its bioactive compounds are of great industrial importance. This review summarizes the composition, nutritional values, and functional properties of yuzu fruit, and their biological activity in relation to their potential impact on human health.