Effect of conventional and organic production systems on the yield and quality of field tomato cultivars grown in Tunisia

BACKGROUND: The agricultural production system and cultivation practices are critical factors in determining yield and food nutritional quality. Controversy remains regarding whether or not organic foods have a nutritional advantage when compared with their conventionally produced counterparts. In this study the effect of conventional and organic production systems on yield, physicochemical and nutritional properties of four field tomato cultivars (Perfectpeel, Rio Grande, Hypeel 108 and Firenze) was determined. In the organic system, different fertiliser combination treatments were used. RESULTS: When production system data were combined, marketable yield was not affected by cultivar. When averaged across cultivars, organic yield was about 63% of conventional yield. The production system affected fruit soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity and firmness only in some cultivars. However, no effect was found on lycopene and total phenolics in all cultivars. In the organic system, fertiliser combination treatments affected tomato yield of Rio Grande and fruit quality of Firenze and Hypeel 108. A general trend of higher quality data was obtained by using mixed compost C2 combined with its extract and codahumus 20. CONCLUSION: The production system affects tomato yield and some fruit quality attributes. The effect on fruit quality varies among cultivars, thus highlighting the need to use a range of varieties in this kind of study. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Grafting tomato plant on tobacco plant and its effect on tomato plant yield and nicotine content

BACKGROUND: Two different tomato scions, cv. Elazig and cv. Sweet (cherry) (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were self‐grafted and grafted onto tobacco root stock (Nicotiana tobacum L.). Then, grafted tomato plants were evaluated in terms of flower and fruit yield. Tobacco‐grafted tomato plant fruits were also evaluated for nicotine content. RESULTS: Tobacco grafting had a positive effect on the tomato plant cultivation performance; the onset of flowering was almost 15 days earlier and the tomato flower and fruit yields increased in both tomato cultivars. Tobacco grafting resulted in 5.0% and 30.1% increase in total fruit weight for cv. Sweet and cv. Elazig, respectively. Because the level of nicotine was within acceptable ranges, tobacco‐grafted tomato fruits were considered to be safe for consumption. Self‐grafted tomato cultivars also had flowering time onsets almost 11 days earlier. However, self‐grafting caused 6.0% and 7.6% less total fruit yield per cv. Sweet and cv. Elazig, respectively. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our results show that tomato–tobacco grafting is a novel and promising technique for improvement of not only tomato plant performance and yield, but also that it can be employed to various tomato varieties. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

果胶酶提高番茄出汁率的工艺研究

通过单因素和正交试验确定果胶酶提高番茄出汁率的最佳工艺条件,结果表明,果胶酶的添加量为0．18％,酶解时间为90min,酶解温度为50℃时番茄的出汁率最高,为75．5％,与未经果胶酶处理的番茄相比,出汁率可以提高19．7％。     

植物生长调节剂对番茄产量和品质的影响及膳食摄入风险评估

目的 明确不同植物生长调节剂赤霉酸、2,4-滴和噻苯隆对番茄产量和品质的影响, 掌握它们在番茄中的残留情况以及对不同人群的膳食摄入风险。方法 在番茄花期施用植物生长调节剂赤霉酸、2,4滴和噻苯隆各1次, 正常成熟期采摘, 分析不同植物生长调节剂处理对番茄产量和品质的影响及残留情况, 整合两年的番茄市场监测数据, 利用农药残留专家联席会议农药急性膳食风险摄入量计算法和@risk定量风险评估软件, 对番茄中3种植物生长调节剂残留在我国不同人群中的膳食摄入风险进行评估。结果 3种植物生长调节剂均可显著提高番茄的产量和品质(P<0.05), 其中噻苯隆效果最显著, 且产品中相应植物生长调节剂残留量较低, 平均值0.0042~0.0058 mg/kg; 3种植物生长调节剂在市场监测的300个样品中均有检出, 总检出率9.33%, 检出平均值0.034~0.069 mg/kg; 番茄中赤霉酸、2,4-滴和噻苯隆残留的短期膳食摄入量在0.00104~ 0.00658 mg/kg bw/d, 仅占相应每日急性参考剂量的0.60%~7.24%, 急性风险较低。结论 在番茄花期施用赤霉酸、2,4-滴或噻苯隆可显著提高番茄的产量和品质, 且产品中残留量低, 番茄中3种植调剂残留在不同人群中的膳食摄入风险均很低, 在可接受范围内。     

运输过程中振动条件对西红柿贮藏品质影响

根据运输过程中实际情况,实验研究了运输过程中振动频率和振动加速度对西红柿贮藏品质的影响,分别研究了西红柿果实在10、20、30、40、50 Hz五种振动频率以及2.5、5、7.5 m/s23种振动加速度下硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C变化。结果表明,在不同的振动条件下,西红柿果实硬度、可滴定酸、维生素C含量均下降,MDA含量上升,内部可溶性物质先上升后下降,但根据其速率及含量变化得出在20 Hz的振动频率、2.5 m/s2的振动加速度下的损伤最小。      

不同品种番茄对发酵番茄酱品质的影响

为了丰富番茄加工品种,开发一种发酵番茄酱。以四种新鲜的番茄品种为原料,添加凯里红酸汤来制作发酵型番茄酱并跟踪发酵过程中总酸、pH值、亚硝酸盐、番茄红素、可溶性固形物含量变化以及对成品感官评价。结果显示：美宝、奥宝番茄感官评价较好,品种间pH值变化无显著差异（P＞0.05）,美宝总酸含量、亚硝峰峰值最高,发酵结束后美宝总酸比市售番茄酱高出34%。美宝、经典欧卡番茄其与市售番茄酱番茄红素含量相近。美宝可溶性固形物含量最高为42%,各品种可溶性固形物含量均大于市售番茄酱。不同品种番茄酱发酵后成分具有一定的差异,结合不同品种的发酵番茄酱之间的特点,美宝番茄发酵后风味比市售番茄酱更佳。     

工艺过程对干酪品质及产率的影响

探讨了干酪制作过程中工艺过程、发酵剂、凝乳酶及CaCl2的添加量等对干酪产率及品质的影响,从而确定最佳工艺参数。实验结果表明:在干酪生产过程中,为了使产品的凝乳时间短、状态好、产率高,采用72℃、15s的杀菌条件,发酵剂的添加量为1.2%,预酸pH为6.1,CaCl2添加量为0.015%,凝乳酶添加量为4g/L,干酪切割时间为100min,切割大小为5mm,干酪浸渍在6℃16%的食盐水中放置24h。     

烹饪方式对芹菜和番茄品质的影响

以炒、炖、焖三种方法处理芹菜和番茄,比较烹饪后芹菜和番茄感官、营养品质的变化,研究不同烹饪方式对芹菜和番茄品质的影响,便于快速对膳食进行营养评价和营养配餐。结果表明,烹饪后芹菜和番茄中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、维生素C含量都有明显降低,番茄中膳食纤维则有显著增加,两者表面的颜色加深,亮度减小,黄褐色加深。相对于炖和焖,炒对芹菜总色差、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、膳食纤维含量的破坏性较小;炒后番茄总色差损失量较大;焖对两者中的维生素C有一定保护作用。不同蔬菜经不同烹饪处理后各项品质指标变化不同,宜建立相应的品质指标变化特征库,以便于快速对膳食进行营养评价和配餐。      

辐照和巴氏杀菌对番茄果浆品质及微生物生长情况的影响

为了探索辐照剂量和巴氏杀菌对番茄果浆的品质和杀菌效果的影响,对番茄果浆进行1、2、3kGy的辐照和巴氏杀菌处理,分别考察处理后的番茄果浆在25℃下的总酸、总糖、pH、花青素、VC含量及大肠菌群数、菌落总数和霉菌总数的变化情况,由此得到最适宜的处理方式.结果表明:辐照处理和巴氏杀菌处理对番茄果浆均起到了较好的杀菌效果,且...     

乙烯受体LeETR-3缺失对鲜切番茄贮藏品质的影响

果蔬鲜切后会产生伤乙烯,加快果蔬的后熟和衰老。本文以野生型（Wide-type,Wt型）和乙烯受体Le ETR-3缺失型（Never-ripe,Nr突变型）两个品种绿熟期番茄为实验材料,鲜切处理后于4℃贮藏,并在贮藏期间测定了番茄生理品质指标。结果表明:与Wt型番茄相比,Nr突变型番茄果皮亮度变暗和颜色转红发生推迟,呼吸强度明显降低,失重损失减小,硬度下降延缓,可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸和VC含量下降缓慢,表明在贮藏期间Nr突变型番茄贮藏品质能够较好的得到保持。      

超声波辅助提取对亚麻籽油得率和品质的影响

以亚麻籽为原料,利用超声波辅助提取技术提取亚麻籽油,研究超声波辅助提取工艺参数对亚麻籽油提取得率和品质的影响。结果表明:虽然较高的提取温度、超声波功率和较长的提取时间在一定程度上利于亚麻籽油提取得率的增加,但是却会导致亚麻籽油品质下降(酸值、过氧化值升高,碘值降低)。综合考虑亚麻籽油的提取得率和品质,各因素对亚麻籽油生产影响的主次顺序为:超声波功率提取温度提取时间。根据正交试验,超声波辅助提取亚麻籽油的最优工艺参数为:提取时间25 min,提取温度35℃,超声波功率800 W。     

提高酱油产量和质量的探讨

分析了影响酱油质量和产量的因素，并从酱油生产工艺的原料处理、制曲、后期调配、防腐剂等方面探讨了如何提高酱油质量及产量的措施。     

大豆品种对双蛋白干酪得率和品质特性的影响

用8种不同品种大豆制作的豆乳与牛奶混合,按照切达干酪生产工艺制作双蛋白切达干酪,以同批次纯牛奶制作的干酪为对照组,对产品的得率、色泽、质构和感官特性等指标进行了分析和比较。实验结果表明,各组双蛋白干酪均比纯牛奶干酪的得率高,各组双蛋白干酪之间得率存在较大差异。质构测定结果表明,不同大豆品种生产的双蛋白干酪在硬度、弹性和粘聚性等指标方面具有较大差异。感官评价中,除添加小粒豆8号豆乳的双蛋白干酪带有较浓豆腥味外,其余组与对照组相差不大。相关性分析结果表明,大豆蛋白中球蛋白和β-伴球蛋白的比值(11S/7S)与双蛋白干酪的硬度和粘聚性显著相关,而大豆的蛋白含量、脂肪含量和植酸含量等指标与双蛋白干酪的品质指标无显著相关性。     

基于Solidworks Motion的番茄收获机测产装置的运动学仿真分析

为了研究番茄初始速度对测产装置称量精度的影响,建立番茄收获机测产装置的运动仿真模型。以番茄收获机测产装置上的番茄为研究对象,采用运动学理论分析和运动仿真分析相结合的方法,分析番茄在测产装置上的运动过程,并考察初始速度对番茄称量精度的影响。结果表明:为避免番茄运动对称量精度的影响,使番茄在进入称重皮带有效范围之前与称重皮带相对静止,要求从色选皮带传送的番茄的初始运动速度v0在合理范围:0mm/s≤v0≤1 350mm/s。     

微波处理对芝麻出油率及油脂品质的影响

对芝麻油料进行微波处理,选择微波功率、微波时间、增湿比例、缓苏时间为影响因素,饼残油率为考察指标,进行单因素实验,再在单因素实验结果基础上,进行正交实验,确定最佳微波条件,最后对比未经微波处理和最佳条件微波处理后所得油脂的品质。结果表明,微波处理能够提高芝麻出油率,且微波处理能够提高油中芝麻素和芝麻林素的含量,但对芝麻油的色泽、碘值、酸值、主要脂肪酸含量影响不大。微波处理后芝麻油的过氧化值会提高,但其含有的芝麻素、芝麻林素等抗氧化物质会使其氧化稳定性提高。微波处理油料可用作油料的预处理。     

10% S-诱抗素可溶性粉剂对葡萄产量及品质的影响

目的研究10%S-诱抗素可溶性粉剂对葡萄产量及品质的影响。方法选用10%S-诱抗素可溶性粉剂为实验药剂、0.01%芸苔素内酯可溶液剂为对照药剂,设置5个浓度在葡萄绒球期灌根,处理7、15、25d后测量葡萄生长指标,果实成熟后测定产量和品质指标。结果10%S-诱抗素可溶性粉剂对葡萄芽纵径、横径、果粒直径均有促进作用,并显著提高产量和品质。与清水对照相比,10%S-诱抗素2500倍液灌根后7 d对葡萄芽生长促进效果最好,纵径和横径促进率分别为34.23%和26.16%;施用2500倍液增产效果最好,果粒重和果穗重增长率分别为6.38%和30.01%。果实品质检测结果表明,施用10%S-诱抗素可显著提高葡萄可溶性固形物、含糖量、可滴定酸和原花青素含量。结论10%S-诱抗素可溶性粉剂可有效提高产量并改善葡萄品质。     

A new quality parameter in tomato and tomato products: ergosterol

The poor precision of the "percentage of discarded fruits" and "Howard mold count" methods has increased the importance of ergosterol for the microbiological quality evaluation of tomato and tomato products. Ergosterol, a constituent of the cell wall of some important vegetable parasites, such as molds, has been recently recognized as a potential objective parameter useful for the characterization of the quality of processing tomatoes. Thus, 15 mg of ergosterol/kg total solids has been stated as an acceptability maximum limit of tomato products.     

Effect of pilot-scale aseptic processing on tomato soup quality parameters

Tomatoes are often processed into shelf-stable products. However, the different processing steps might have an impact on the product quality. In this study, a model tomato soup was prepared and the impact of pilot-scale aseptic processing, including heat treatment and high-pressure homogenization, on some selected quality parameters was evaluated. The vitamin C content, the lycopene isomer content, and the lycopene bioaccessibility were considered as health-promoting attributes. As a structural characteristic, the viscosity of the tomato soup was investigated. A tomato soup without oil as well as a tomato soup containing 5% olive oil were evaluated. Thermal processing had a negative effect on the vitamin C content, while lycopene degradation was limited. For both compounds, high-pressure homogenization caused additional losses. High-pressure homogenization also resulted in a higher viscosity that was accompanied by a decrease in lycopene bioaccessibility. The presence of lipids clearly enhanced the lycopene isomerization susceptibility and improved the bioaccessibility. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The results obtained in this study are of relevance for product formulation and process design of tomato-based food products.