Evolution of available lysine and lactose contents in supplemented microencapsulated fish oil infant formula powder during storage

In this work we report the evolution of available lysine, lactose and lipid hydroperoxide contents as indicators of food quality and stability of two types of infant formula powder stored at 25° and 37 °C for 12 months. The first type was supplemented with microencapsulated fish oil (MFO), made of little powder particles in a food starch‐coated matrix of caseinate and saccharose to prevent the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). The second type was not supplemented and was used for reference. MFO might not be stable during storage and affect negatively the quality of the formula in two ways: by oxidation of PUFA, which may also easily react with lysine upon oxidation, blocking lysine, or by hydrolysis of saccharose, producing reducing sugars and increasing the Maillard reaction. Slight changes were observed in lysine and lactose evolution. By comparing the two formulae, this study shows that the MFO material did not negatively affect the studied parameters, indicating therefore acceptable stability in the conditions tested.     

耐酸型微胶囊粉末油脂的研制及其性能研究

在对乳化剂品种、用量进行深入研究的基础上,采用喷雾干燥法制备了耐酸型粉末油脂,并对其性能进行了研究。结果表明,用此法可以得到耐酸性很强的微胶囊粉末油脂。复合乳化剂Lc含量下降,制备的产品性能下降,乳化剂Lc对产品的性能影响很大。随着复合乳化剂TH的加入,产品的性能有所回升,复合乳化剂TH对产品性能的改善也会有作用。     

Effect of freeze-dried leek powder (FDLP) and nitrite level on processing and quality characteristics of fermented sausages

Fermented sausages were produced with 0.84% and 1.68% freeze-dried leek powder (FDLP), providing 75 and 150 mg/kg NaNO₃, respectively, and three levels of added nitrite (0, 75, and 150 mg/kg NaNO₂). A control treatment was also produced with 150 mg/kg NaNO₂. Sausages with FDLP were darker and yellower (p < 0.05) than the control. Higher FDLP levels produced less red, yellower and darker sausages (p < 0.05). Lower FDLP levels resulted in higher (p < 0.05) sensory scores for external appearance, flavour and overall acceptability. No differences were found among the treatments with FDLP plus 75 or 150 ppm NaNO₂ in TBA value, lightness, redness (cross section), redness stability, yellowness, texture parameters and sensory firmness, flavour and overall acceptability. The use of 0.84% FDLP and 75 ppm NaNO₂ is considered more appropriate for the production of fermented sausages, as it results in a 50% reduction in added nitrite.     

Effect of the use of a commercial phosphate mixture on selected quality characteristics of 2 Spanish-style dry-ripened sausages

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the addition of a commercial phosphate mixture in 2 dry‐ripened Spanish‐style sausages: “salchichón” and “chorizo.” Three batches of each of those sausages were prepared with low and high levels of phosphates, and selected quality variables (moisture, pH, a_w, lactic and acetic acid, α‐amino nitrogen, total free fatty acids, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, microbial counts, color, and texture analysis) were compared against controls. Furthermore, phosphate‐added and control sausages were ranked by consumers in order of preference. In “salchichón,” phosphate addition resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in drying rate, and tendencies (not significant) toward a decrease in lipid oxidation and an increase in hardness and chewiness. In “chorizo,” the addition of phosphates resulted in higher hardness, elasticity and chewiness, and lower yellowness (P < 0.05). In the manufacture process of dry‐ripened sausages, phosphates can be considered as additives with potential enhancement effect in drying and eating quality. Practical Application: The main outcome from the present study is to find evidence on which points of reference could be drawn for the technological application of phosphates in dry‐ripened sausages. It has been observed that the drying rate and several eating quality characteristics can be enhanced with the use of phosphates.     

The utilisation of grapeseed oil in improving the quality of dry fermented sausages

This study aims to examine the scope of changes in colour, texture and sensory characteristics of fermented sausages by substituting 20% of backfat with grapeseed oil prepared as liquid (GS), encapsulated (EGS) and pre‐emulsified [with soy protein isolate (GSI) and alginate (GSA)], and their stability during 30 days of refrigerated storage. Protein and fat contents, pH and TBA values were not significantly different between products after production and storage. Treatments with added oil had higher weight loss (1.5–2.5%), while moisture content was significantly lowest in GS. Internal product colour evaluation showed the highest values of L*, b* and hue angle in GSI. GSI had the highest hardness and chewiness. Storage affected more surface than internal product colour, hardness was significantly changed only in GSI (lower) and EGS (higher), and increasing of TBA did not lead to significant differences between treatments. The study showed that GSA was the most promising of all treatments investigated.     

Effect of carrageenan level and packaging during ripening on processing and quality characteristics of low-fat fermented sausages produced with olive oil

Eight low-fat fermented sausages were produced with partial replacement of pork backfat with olive oil. The total fat content of the sausages was 10% of which 8% was animal fat and 2% was olive oil. The sausages were produced with two types of carrageenan (ι- and κ-) in four levels (0%, 1%, 2% and 3%). ι-Carrageenan had a better effect (p<0.05) than κ-carrageenan on such characteristics as pH, weight loss and lipid oxidation of the sausages, as well as, on sensory attributes. Low-fat fermented sausages with κ-carrageenan had the same (p>0.05) firmness as high-fat commercial sausages (control). The carrageenan level of 3% negatively affected the firmness of the sausages. In a 2nd experiment, a high-fat control (30% total fat) and three low-fat fermented sausages (10% total fat) with olive oil were produced with three levels of ι-carrageenan (0%, 1% and 2%). Low-fat sausages were vacuum packed for the last two weeks of ripening. ι-Carrageenan added at levels up to 2% had a positive effect (p<0.05) on the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the low-fat fermented sausages. The application of vacuum packaging over last two weeks of ripening improved the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the sausages and resulted in sensory attributes equal to or better than the high-fat controls.     

Effect of melon seed meal addition on some quality characteristics of chicken sausages

A study was conducted in which melon seed meal (MSM) replaced fat at levels of 0, 330, 660 and 1000 g kg^?1 in four batches of chicken sausage. The chemical, storage and sensory properties of the sausages were determined in a meat processing laboratory. MSM increased both the ash and protein contents but decreased the ether extract content. The highest ether extract content (257.5 g kg^?1) was obtained for batch 1 (control) while the lowest value (241.5 g kg^?1) was recorded for batch 4. Differences of refrigeration weight loss were statistically significant (P < 0.05) while the results recorded for cooking weight loss did not show any particular trend. MSM decreased refrigeration weight loss and improved overall acceptability of the finished products. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Stress relaxation characteristics of low-fat chicken sausages made in Argentina

Low-fat sausages were prepared with fresh chicken breast meat and formulated with different levels of added fat, whey protein concentrate, and hydrocolloids (xanthan and guar gums) to study the effect of composition on the stress relaxation behavior of the products. Stress relaxation experiments were conducted on precooked sausages at 25°C. Generalized Maxwell and empirical Peleg models were used to predict the stress relaxation behavior of the material. A model with seven maxwellian elements in parallel with a pure elastic element showed a very good agreement with experimental data. Results show that the proposed model satisfactorily fits the experimental data better than Peleg's model or Maxwell models with less elements. The relaxation time distribution functions were obtained. The characteristic relaxation time was shorter (2500s) for the formulations with no added fat which produced a less elastic product while the sausages with added fat showed longer characteristic relaxation time (5000s). The stress relaxation experiment differentiated the viscoelastic nature of different formulations due to reduction of fat content.     

Chemical properties and sensory quality of ice cream fortified with fish protein

BACKGROUND: Fish protein powder is a functional ingredient that can be used for enhancing the nutritional value of food products. In this study the effect of fortification with different levels of fish protein powder (FP) on chemical properties and sensory quality of Persian ice cream with 0, 30 and 50 g kg^?1 FP during storage at ? 18 °C for 4 months was investigated. RESULTS: Ice creams fortified with 50 and 30 g kg^?1 FP had significantly higher protein and solid‐non‐fat content than ice cream with 0% FP or 83, 69 and 51 g kg^?1 protein and 215, 204 and 181 g kg^?1 solid non‐fat, respectively. All products had the same levels of fat, lactose, acidity and pH. They had similar sensory quality after production except for colour, but sensory properties of fortified samples changed significantly after 2 months of storage. Colour faded, cohesiveness decreased, sandiness/coarseness increased, sweetness decreased and fish flavour and off‐odour increased. The control ice cream scored highest for additives odour and flavour. CONCLUSION: Development of ice cream fortified with fish protein powder could be an effective way to enhance nutritional and functional value of ice cream. But studies on storage stability, consumers' acceptance and attitudes are recommended if companies are planning to do so. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

滤油粉对大豆油煎炸品质的影响

目的考察滤油粉对大豆油煎炸品质的影响。方法以一级大豆油为研究对象,对其早期煎炸过程中的酸价、色泽、极性组分等3项评价指标进行检测并分析其变化趋势,并对煎炸后的食材进行了风味差异性对比的感官评价实验。结果随着煎炸时间的增加,使用了滤油粉后,一级大豆油的酸价、色泽、极性组分都呈现下降的趋势。此外,使用滤油粉的大豆油所炸制出来的的食物在风味上并没有明显差异。结论滤油粉能改善大豆油在煎炸过程中的部分品质。     

章鱼内脏鱼油的提取及品质分析

对章鱼内脏的基本营养成分、脂质组成及脂肪酸组成进行分析,比较不同提取方法对油脂提取率的影响,确定了酶解法与溶剂提取法结合的提取方法。采用单因素试验和正交试验优化酶解工艺条件,确定最优酶解工艺条件为采用中性蛋白酶进行酶解、酶解温度50℃、料液比1∶0. 5、加酶量3 500 U/g、酶解时间4 h,在此条件下油脂提取率为74. 81%。通过脱胶、脱酸、脱胆固醇、脱色、脱臭得到精制章鱼内脏鱼油,精制章鱼内脏鱼油的理化指标基本达到SC/T 3502—2016精制鱼油二级标准,油脂脂肪酸组成未发生改变,鱼油中多不饱和脂肪酸含量为50. 51%,EPA、DHA含量达37. 30%。章鱼内脏鱼油具有较高的应用价值和开发前景。     

远红外油炸对鸡肉品质的影响

主要研究了远红外辅助油炸和普通热传导式油炸两种方式对鸡肉油炸品质的影响。实验选用新鲜市售鸡胸肉,油炸温度为(165±2)℃,考察其在70～110s油炸时间段内色泽、质构、中心温度、水分含量、含油量和失重率的变化规律。结果表明:除鸡肉的硬度值外,不同的油炸方式和油炸时间对鸡肉各项测定指标均影响显著(P<0.05)。以普通热传导式油炸为对照,远红外油炸的鸡肉明度(L*)降低,红度(a*)和黄度(b*)增加;硬度值变化不显著,弹性值略有增加;内部的温度上升均匀、波动小;最高含油量降低33%,最大失重率降低10.21%。因此,远红外油炸促进了鸡肉色泽的变化,使内部受热均匀,降低了含油量,减少油炸损失,对油炸品质的提高起到积极作用。     

Effect of fat level and partial replacement of pork backfat with olive oil on processing and quality characteristics of fermented sausages

Six formulations of dry fermented sausages were produced in three replications with three initial fat levels (30, 20 and 10%) and two levels (0 and 20%) of pork backfat replacing olive oil. After 4 weeks of fermentation and ripening the fat content of the treatments with 30, 20 and 10% fat level ranged from 38.86 to 43.60%, 25.56 to 26.86% and 19.01 to 20.14%, respectively. Fat level affected (P<0.05) the weight losses, the chemical composition, the Gram −ve bacterial count, the lightness, the texture and the appearance of fermented sausages. Replacing 20% of pork backfat by olive oil affected (P<0.05) the lightness and yellowness of sausages. Fat-reduced sausages without olive oil and low-fat sausages with olive oil had the highest score for odour and taste. However, the appearance of fat-reduced sausages was just acceptable while that of low-fat sausages was unacceptable, because the surface was intensively wrinkled and case hardening had developed. Further research is needed to improve the appearance of these sausages.     

The effect of whey protein concentrates and hydrocolloids on the texture and colour characteristics of chicken sausages

The effects of fat reduction by increasing water content and the addition of whey protein and hydrocolloids on the instrumental texture profile, microstructure and water holding capacity of low‐fat chicken sausages were analysed. Low‐fat sausages were prepared with fresh breast chicken meat; in all formulations, a 3:7 ratio guar/xanthan gum was used. A factorial design with three levels of added fat (0%, 1.98% and 4.96%), two levels of whey protein concentrate (0.64% and 1.94%), and two levels of the hydrocolloids (0.13% and 0.32%) was applied. Samples were heat‐processed (73 °C final internal temperature) and, after cooling, chemical composition of the sausages was determined and scanning electron microscopic images were obtained. Colour was measured with a tristimulus reflectance colorimeter. Texture profile analysis of sausages was performed and the results were related to sample formulations. Extra‐lean products with a fat content lower than 0.5 g/100 g product showed very good quality attributes determined by a sensory panel.     

Effect of selected yeast strains on the sensory properties of dry fermented sausages

This study examines the role of yeasts in the sensorial characteristics of dry fermented sausages. A total of 172 yeast strains were isolated from commercially obtained dry fermented sausages and their enzymatic activities studied. Those most active against meat proteins and pork fat were selected. Experimental sausages were manufactured and the yeasts inoculated onto the surface or into the mince. Control batches were manufactured similarly, but without inoculation. After ripening, the composition of the protein and lipid fractions were studied. The sensory properties of the products were evaluated by trained judges. Despite the enzymatic activity of the yeasts, the organoleptic characteristics of the sausages—irrespective of inoculation site—did not differ significantly from those of the controls. The influence of yeasts on the ripening of dry fermented sausages is, therefore, doubtful.     

月见草油微胶囊粉末油脂中油脂过氧化值测定之提油方法的研究

为测定月见草油微胶囊粉末油脂中油脂过氧化值,比较了碱性乙醚法、机械研磨法、超声波振荡法提油的优劣,结果表明:碱性乙醚法提油率虽高(94.69%),但测得的POV值与原料油相比偏高很多,明显失真;机械研磨法提油率偏低(40.68%),且不稳定,不宜采用;超声波振荡法提油率居中(59.63%),重现性好,精确度高,POV测定值与原料油最接近;试验还表明超声振荡时间以3min为宜。     

专用油脂对月饼品质的影响研究

以大豆油和棕榈硬脂为原料制备的专用油脂应用于月饼产品中,采取传统工艺制备月饼,研究了专用油脂对月饼回油、质构及感官品质的影响。结果表明,该专用油脂熔点为30.9℃,具有良好的流动性、操作性和功能性;添加专用油脂制备的月饼色泽金黄、纹理均匀清晰、质构及感官品质优良;专用油脂赋予月饼快速回油并趋于稳定的性能。     

Low-fat meat sausages with fish oil: Optimization of milk proteins and carrageenan contents using response surface methodology

Response surface methodology was used to analyze the effect of milk proteins and 2:1 κ:ι-carrageenans on cooking loss (CL), weight lost by centrifugation (WLC) and texture attributes of low-fat meat sausages with pre-emulsified fish oil. A central-composite design was used to develop models for the objective responses. Changes in carrageenans affected more the responses than milk proteins levels. Convenience functions were calculated for CL, WLC, hardness, and springiness of the product. Responses were optimized simultaneously minimizing CL and WLC; ranges for hardness and springiness corresponded to commercial products (20 g of pork fat/100 g). The optimum corresponded to 0.593 g of carrageenans/100 g and 0.320 g of milk proteins and its total lipid content was 6.3 g/100 g. This formulation was prepared and evaluated showing a good agreement between predicted and experimental responses. These additives could produce low-fat meat sausages with pre-emulsified fish oil with good nutritional quality and similar characteristics than traditional ones.