新型热扩散法制备耐海洋环境腐蚀钢筋及其耐蚀性

通过热扩散工艺在自行研制的钢筋原坯表面形成一层化学成分满足不锈钢要求且耐蚀性能优异的"类不锈钢"表面层。采用XRD、SEM及EDS对热扩散层的相结构、表面形貌和截面成分分布进行了分析和表征。通过浸泡加速腐蚀试验、动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱研究了HRB400、316L以及"类不锈钢"钢筋试样在含氯离子混凝土模拟孔隙液中的腐蚀行为及规律。结果表明,热扩散层主要由Cr_(23)C_6、Fe-Cr和Cr_2N等相组成。在含有氯离子的混凝土模拟孔隙液中,"类不锈钢"钢筋的耐蚀性比HRB400提高了287.4倍,比316L提高了1.4倍。"类不锈钢"钢筋的腐蚀电流密度是HRB400的1/299,是316L的1/223。"类不锈钢"钢筋的极化电阻R_p值是HRB400的28.7倍,是316L的4.5倍。因此,"类不锈钢"钢筋在混凝土模拟孔隙液中的耐氯离子腐蚀性能优于316L和HRB400。     

不锈钢盐酸露点腐蚀行为的原位研究

利用一种新型的露点腐蚀模拟装置结合原位的电化学阻抗谱,电化学噪声等测试手段评价了304和316L两种不锈钢的盐酸露点腐蚀行为.结果表明,316L不锈钢表现出更优异的耐盐酸露点腐蚀性能,主要原因可归结为两点:一是316L不锈钢钝化膜中含有较高的Cr/(Cr+Fe) 比以及较低含量的Fe;二是316L不锈钢钝化膜中含有能改善抗点蚀性能的Mo.     

316NG不锈钢在高纯水环境中的腐蚀行为

通过腐蚀失重试验,获得了316NG不锈钢在高纯水环境中的腐蚀失重曲线及均匀腐蚀速率;采用XPS、XRD、SEM等手段对腐蚀产物的组成元素、物相、形貌进行了分析。结果表明:316NG不锈钢在高纯水环境中的平均腐蚀速率为0.05mm/a,远小于304NG不锈钢和321不锈钢的;腐蚀产物膜主要以耐蚀性强的磁铁矿Fe_3O_4、尖晶石类氧化物FeCr_2O_4和NiFe_2O_4、镍和铬氧化物及氢氧化物等形式存在,且(铬+镍)与铁的原子比高于基体的,说明316NG不锈钢具有良好的耐腐蚀性能。     

The performance of a 12% chromium steel in concrete in severe marine environments

3CR12, essentially a 12% Cr steel, was used in two series of exposure programmes to assess its performance as reinforcing in concrete. In the first exposure programme, steel and 3CR12 in the pickled and passivated condition were exposed in a specially designed marine climate simulator. Comparative performance after years exposure confirmed 3CR12 as a viable durable reinforcing material for concrete. In the second exposure programme, steel, 3CR12, 316 and 304 stainless steel were exposed in the hot rolled condition (scale intact). Galvanised steel and powder epoxy coated rebar were also exposed. Exposures were carried out at a severely corrosive marine site and in the simulator. Within 2 years, the results from this programme emphasized the need to remove all hot-roll scale from the 3CRI2, the 316 and 304 stainless steel rebars before being used as reinforcing in concrete. Galvanized steel rebars performed poorly. Powder epoxy coated rebars showed severe under-rusting and corrosion. By comparison steel rebars performed extremely badly. Despite the highly alkaline conditions (i.e. the absence of carbonation), chloride penetration caused severe corrosion; the chloride front penetrating through 25 mm of good concrete cover within 2 years.     

Studies of the tensile and corrosion fatigue behaviour of austenitic stainless steels

Corrosion fatigue behaviour of four types of austenitic stainless steels were investigated in boiling 45% magnesium chloride solution at a stress ratio of 0.25 and a frequency of 0.1 Hz. Type 316LN stainless steel possessed the best resistance and type 304 stainless steel had the lowest resistance to corrosion fatigue. XPS studies on the fracture surface indicated that the presence of nitrogen as ion in the surface film of type 316LN stainless steel gave it the highest resistance to corrosion fatigue. Fractographic examination showed wholly transgranular cracking in all cases.     

热加工对复合板不锈钢表层晶间腐蚀的影响

对压力容器用低合金钢/不锈钢复合板在热加工后的晶间腐蚀行为进行研究,主要针对三种常用表层不锈钢304,321及316L热加工后的晶间腐蚀特性进行探讨。结果表明:表层不锈钢中,321钢存在少量阶梯组织,接近凹坑组织,过多的热处理工序会引起其晶间腐蚀,但程度上轻于316L钢;304钢为明显的晶间腐蚀类型,受热处理的影响较大,严格控制热加工工艺可使其晶间腐蚀的倾向相对最轻;316L钢热加工过程中的晶间腐蚀倾向最为严重,应尽量减少热处理。合金元素较多的钢种(321和316L)在敏化温度热处理后,晶间腐蚀特征改变不大;低碳不锈钢(304)经热处理后,晶间腐蚀所受影响较大。     

Performance of galvanized and stainless steel rebars in concrete under macrocell corrosion conditions

In the recent past, the damage caused by rebar corrosion in concrete structures has been considered as one of the major durability problems affecting the service life of concrete structures. In order to prevent corrosion of steel reinforcement, various types of protective methods have been adopted. One of the protective measures is using galvanized reinforcement in concrete to enhance the service life. In the present study various types of galvanized rebars namely bare – Cold Twisted Deformed (CTD), bare – Thermo Mechanically Treated (TMT), galvanized – Cold Twisted Deformed, Galvanized – Thermo Mechanically Treated, galvanized and chromated – Cold Twisted Deformed, galvanized and chromated – Thermo Mechanically Treated and stainless steel rebars have been evaluated for their corrosion resistance in M30 grade concrete under macro cell corrosion condition over a period of one year. From the studies it has been observed that TMT bars performed better when compared to CTD bars. Among the rebars tested, stainless steel rebar has shown negligible corrosion in chloride contaminated concrete.     

黄磷尾气燃气锅炉的腐蚀行为

采用实验室加速腐蚀实验对比研究316L、304不锈钢和20^#锅炉钢(记为20g)在模拟黄磷尾气腐蚀环境条件下的腐蚀性能。结果表明,316L不锈钢的耐蚀性要优于304不锈钢和20g,在250℃~300℃时304和316L不锈钢均发生酸蒸汽的露点腐蚀,且 304不锈钢出现较为严重的孔蚀现象。     

CORROSION FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION BEHAVIOR OF 316L STAINLESS STEEL IN HANK’S SOLUTION

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Corrosion resistance of laser cladded 304L stainless steel enriched with Ru in hydrochloric acid

The corrosion behaviour of laser surface cladding made from 304L stainless steel alloyed with varying concentrations of ruthenium in 1M HCl at 25°C was evaluated, fresh and after 12 hours, by electrochemical tests including open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarisation scans. The ruthenium concentration in the 800?µm cladded layer varied from 0.82?wt-% to 4.67?wt-% ruthenium. The ruthenium doped samples were compared against a 304L stainless steel laser surface cladding with no ruthenium, 304L stainless steel samples with no laser cladding, 316L stainless steel, SAF2205 duplex stainless steel and Hastelloy C276®. Initial passivation was not observed in the 1M HCl but after 12 hours the addition of ruthenium led to reduced corrosion rates and improved passivation characteristics compared to the surface cladding without ruthenium. An optimum ruthenium range was observed between 3?wt-% and 5?wt-%. It was shown that at this optimum concentration, the ruthenium containing stainless steel clad on 304L stainless steel can compete commercially with the SAF2205 and Hastelloy C276® as long as the clad is 200?µm or less.     

低碳钢表面激光熔覆不锈钢的组织和性能

采用JHM-1GY-400型脉冲Nb∶YAG固体激光器和316L不锈钢粉末在20低碳钢表面制备了激光熔覆层。利用OM、XRD、SEM等表征方法分析了不锈钢熔覆层的物相组成和显微组织,并分别利用旋转摩擦试验机和电化学工作站对熔覆层和基材的耐磨损和耐腐蚀性进行了研究。试验结果表明,不锈钢熔覆层厚度约为50 μm,由γ相(奥氏体)和α相(铁素体)组成,其显微组织主要包括细小的树枝晶、粗大的胞状晶以及平面晶;不锈钢熔覆层表面硬度约为基材的2倍,摩擦因数比基材低0.0418,磨损量更低,不锈钢熔覆层比基材具有更高的耐磨性。与基材相比,不锈钢熔覆层具有更低的自腐蚀电流和更高的自腐蚀电位,其耐腐蚀性能更优异。     

API X65、316L不锈钢及Inconel 625间电偶腐蚀风险研究

目的：确定API X65、316L不锈钢及inconel625相互偶接后的电偶腐蚀风险。方法采用电化学测试、标准电偶腐蚀评价实验和腐蚀模拟实验对电偶腐蚀进行分析研究。结果在模拟地层水中,经过电化学测试,X65的自腐蚀电位在-0.75 V左右,316L和625的电位在-0.35 V左右。对于标准电偶腐蚀评价实验,敞口溶液及CO2分压分别为100 kPa和500 kPa的溶液中,X65与316L之间的电偶电流最大,其次是X65与625,316L和625之间的电偶电流最小,几乎为零。通过电偶腐蚀模拟试验可知,X65与316L或625偶接,都发生了明显的电偶腐蚀,而且X65侧靠近焊接接头位置发生了严重的沟槽腐蚀,未偶接异金属时X65的平均腐蚀速率为1.24 mm/a,异金属接触导致的电偶腐蚀使X65的腐蚀速率增加, X65与316L偶接后的平均腐蚀速率为1.49 mm/a,X65与625偶接后的平均腐蚀速率为1.75 mm/a。X65与316L偶接后的局部腐蚀速率最大为16.8 mm/a,X65与625偶接后的局部腐蚀速率高达26.4 mm/a,由于电偶腐蚀导致的局部腐蚀速率要比X65的自腐蚀速率超出十几倍。X65与316L偶接的电偶腐蚀的速率要比X65和625偶接的大,316L和625间几乎没有电偶腐蚀发生。结论 X65、316L和625间偶接的电偶腐蚀风险大于X65与316L的,316L和625间偶接的电偶腐蚀风险较小。     

减压塔顶板式空冷器腐蚀失效分析及建议

利用宏观形貌观察、化学成分分析、金相观察和X射线衍射等方法,分析了某石化公司减压塔顶预冷板式空冷器的腐蚀失效原因.采用电化学测试对常用不锈钢在3.5% NaCl溶液和减顶冷凝水中的腐蚀性能进行对比研究.结果表明,316L不锈钢材料合格,预冷板式空冷器板束腐蚀失效是由于冷却水垢下腐蚀造成的.304和316L不锈钢均在减顶...     

304和316L管材在两类模拟介质中的晶间腐蚀形貌

通过自制的模拟循环试验装置,对两种不锈钢管材进行冲刷腐蚀模拟试验,SEM形貌表明在模拟的河水和海水介质中,304和316L不锈钢均发生了晶间腐蚀。     

不锈钢和镍基合金在高温高压醋酸溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用特制高压釜设备,研究304L不锈钢、316L不锈钢、317L不锈钢和镍基合金(Incoloy 800)在高温高压醋酸溶液中的腐蚀,初步探讨了不锈钢和镍基合金在醋酸溶液中的腐蚀机理及Ni和Mo元素对提高不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响.结果表明,温度对不锈钢和镍基合金耐蚀性有显著影响,随着温度的升高,腐蚀速率逐渐增大,当温度升高到一定值,不锈钢的耐蚀性会急剧下降.在低温醋酸溶液中,Ni对于提高不锈钢耐蚀性是有益的;在高温醋酸溶液中,Ni对于提高不锈钢耐蚀性没有显著影响.在低温醋酸溶液中,Mo对于提高不锈钢耐蚀性没有显著影响;在高温醋酸溶液中,Mo对于提高不锈钢耐蚀性是有益的.     

氯化物溶液中不锈钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹初始萌生的过程机理

研究了动应力（往复弯曲疲劳应力）对氯化物溶液中不锈钢点蚀敏感性的促进作用。 在固溶态３１６Ｌ不锈钢表面点蚀孔中产生了明显的非敏化态晶间腐蚀。在点蚀孔内受腐蚀晶界处孕育 产生了初态腐蚀疲劳裂纹,裂纹由沿晶转变为穿晶扩展,形成主裂纹并继续扩展直至材料失稳断裂。阐 述了在动应力和侵蚀性介质联合信息作用下ＣＦ裂纹萌生的过程机理。论述了动应力－环境介质－材料 特性在多种腐蚀类型交互作用中的贡献和相关性。     

316L不锈钢焊接头耐蚀性能研究

分别采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、动电位极化技术及零内阻安培表方法研究爆炸焊接316L不锈钢接头的显微组织形貌、物相、点蚀及电偶腐蚀行为。结果表明,316L不锈钢侧焊缝金属存在严重的组织形变和金属间化合物相,且相对于基体试样,316L不锈钢侧焊缝和熔合区产生了更多的δ铁素体相,这些因素导致焊接后的316L不锈钢耐点蚀和电偶腐蚀性能降低。     

炼油加工过程中氯离子与硫离子对 316L 不锈钢和Monel 合金腐蚀的影响

目的研究常减压装置高温原油馏分及塔顶水相中氯离子、硫离子含量对316L不锈钢和Monel合金(镍基合金)腐蚀的影响。方法通过腐蚀挂片实验,获得316L不锈钢和Monel合金在含不同浓度氯离子和硫离子的水相、油相中的腐蚀速率变化规律。利用扫描电子显微镜,研究316L和Monel合金表面腐蚀后的微观形貌,探讨两种离子对316L不锈钢和Monel合金腐蚀的影响规律。结果在酸值较高的脱后原油中,316L不锈钢和Monel合金的腐蚀速率分别为0.0091,0.0248 mm/a;在酸值较低的常二段馏分中,316L不锈钢和Monel合金的腐蚀速率分别为0.0078,0.0031 mm/a。在常二段馏分中,加入600mg/L氯离子和30 mg/L硫化钠时,316L不锈钢和Monel合金的腐蚀速率分别为0.1755,0.1707 mm/a。在相同条件的脱后原油中,316L不锈钢的腐蚀速率为0.0545 mm/a,Monel合金的腐蚀速率为0.1281mm/a。结论油相中氯离子含量较低时,环烷酸腐蚀占主导因素;而氯离子含量达到较高水平后,氯离子对腐蚀的影响占主导作用。316L不锈钢和Monel合金的腐蚀速率都随氯离子含量的增加而增加,并且硫离子的存在对腐蚀也有一定的促进作用。在塔顶水相中,氯离子和硫离子均对Monel合金腐蚀的影响不大。     

316L不锈钢在高含氯离子乙二醇中的腐蚀行为

采用失重法实验研究了温度、Cl-浓度对316L不锈钢腐蚀动力学行为的影响;实验判别了316L的晶间腐蚀倾向.结果表明:在C1-质量浓度为36 516 mg/L,Fe3+质量浓度为776 mg/L的情况下,316L的腐蚀速率随温度的升高而增大,温度超出60℃时腐蚀速率迅速增大,120℃时腐蚀速率达到最大值0.0781 m...     

己内酰胺精制薄膜蒸发器腐蚀失效分析

用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析等技术分析己内酰胺精制用薄膜蒸发器腐蚀减薄器壁的化学成分、金相组织、腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物。结果表明：蒸发器内壁减薄主要是由于高速液膜流体所造成的有机酸冲刷腐蚀所致,装置提量后加剧了腐蚀减薄的速度。通过电化学极化测量304L、316、321三种不锈钢在酸性己内酰胺介质中的耐蚀性进行了比较,证实316不锈钢的耐冲刷腐蚀性能较好。