Effects of variety on chemical composition,in situ nutrient disappearance and in vitro gas production of spineless cacti

This study determined the chemical composition, in situ ruminal nutrient disappearance and in vitro gas production kinetics of three cactus varieties grown in northeastern Brazil. The varieties were Gigante, IPA‐20 and Miúda. Results of the chemical analysis showed no significant differences in ash, ether extract, crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) between the cactus varieties. However, acid detergent fibre was highest (P < 0.05) for IPA‐20, intermediate (P < 0.05) for Gigante, and lowest (P < 0.05) for Miúda. Fractionation of carbohydrate and true protein based on rates of ruminal degradation indicated that the main carbohydrate component was the rapidly degradable fraction, whereas the main true protein component was the intermediately degradable fraction. No differences in carbohydrate or protein fractions were observed between the cactus varieties. Results of the in situ experiment showed no differences in ruminal dry matter (DM, average 803 g kg^?1 of DM), CP (900 g kg^?1 of CP) and NDF (611 g kg^?1 of NDF) disappearance between the three cactus varieties after 48 h of ruminal incubation. Potential gas production at the end of 48 h of incubation was higher (P < 0.05) for Gigante than for the Miúda or IPA‐20 variety. However, rate of gas production and lag time in gas production were similar for the three cactus varieties at 6.8% h^?1 and 0.6 h respectively. Our results showed little or no differences in chemical composition or ruminal nutrient degradabilities between the three cactus varieties. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

挤压膨化处理对藜麦营养成分及体外酵解特性的影响

本研究采用挤压膨化技术对藜麦进行处理,分析处理后藜麦营养成分变化,并结合体外酵解实验,探究挤压膨化处理对藜麦酵解特性的影响。结果表明,挤压膨化能显著降低藜麦中直链淀粉、脂肪、总膳食纤维和不可溶性膳食纤维含量（P＜0.05）,并显著增加可溶性膳食纤维含量（P＜0.05）。体外酵解实验中,随着酵解时间的延长,培养基中产气量不断增加,pH值在发酵前期显著降低（P＜0.05）。相较于空白对照,挤压膨化处理后藜麦能显著上调体外酵解过程中普雷沃氏菌、巨单胞菌、巨球形菌、考拉杆菌、双歧杆菌以及拟杆菌等的相对丰度（P＜0.05）,显著下调瘤胃菌科和肠杆菌科的相对丰度（P＜0.05）。同时,各组发酵产物中短链脂肪酸浓度均增加,且发酵48 h结束时挤压膨化处理后藜麦组高于空白对照组。综上,挤压膨化能影响藜麦的营养组成,其制品作为发酵底物能有效改善肠道菌群,有益于肠道健康。该研究可为通过挤压膨化处理获得藜麦制品及其促进肠道健康产品的开发提供数据支持。     

Technical note: Methodological and feed factors affecting measurement of protein A,B, and C fractions,degradation rate,and intestinal digestibility of rumen-undegraded protein

When formulating dairy cow rations, characterization of protein in feeds requires estimation of protein degradation in the rumen and digestion in the intestine. The objective of this work was to evaluate experimental and feed-related factors that affect characterization using in situ, in vitro, or mobile bag techniques, of 0-h washout (A), potentially degradable (B), and undegradable (C) protein fractions, protein degradation rate (K_d), and digestibility of rumen undegradable protein (dRUP). Data sets of 136 studies on A, B, C, and K_d and 113 studies on dRUP were amassed from the literature. Mixed-effect linear models were used to relate these variables to methodological and feed factors while accounting for random differences among studies. Predictions of A, B, and C protein fractions were significantly influenced by crude protein and neutral detergent fiber interactions with bag pore size, incubation time, bag area, and sample-to-bag area ratio. For example, a 20.0% decrease in crude protein of a theoretical legume silage sample would increase A fraction prediction by 20.1%, but 34.7% with bag incubation time ?1 standard deviation below the mean. Similarly, reported K_d values were significantly influenced by crude protein interactions with bag area and sample-to-bag area ratio and by neutral detergent fiber interaction with pore size. Feed variables and measurement variables influencing protein digestibility measures suggest that these analytical factors are likely associated with variance among differing methodologies and within unique samples of the same feed. When predicting dRUP, the use of mobile bag method produced significantly different estimates compared with the in vitro 3-step method. The use of mobile bag resulted in an 8.9% (±3.8%) higher estimate of dRUP compared with the in situ technique. In 618 and 977 samples, sample variation to sample mean ratio for acid detergent fiber and pepsin-acid incubation time was 63.0 and 58.0%, respectively. Variation in feedstuff content and lack of standardization of methods used to measure protein disappearance led to a lack of robustness in the measurements commonly employed.     

Fatty acid profile of goat milk in diets supplemented with chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.)

Chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) is the greatest known plant source of n-3 α-linolenic acid. The present study evaluated the effects of 3 inclusion levels of chia seed [zero (control); low, 2.7% (CLow); and high, 5.5% (CHigh)] in diets of dairy goats on milk yield and fatty acid profile. Nine Saanen dairy goats in the last third of lactation period, live weight 38 ± 8.7 kg, housed in metabolic cages, were fed iso-proteic and iso-energetic (160 g of crude protein/d and 11 MJ of metabolizable energy/d) diets. Gas chromatography was used to analyze fatty acid profile and total conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Silver ion HPLC was used to analyze the isomeric profile of CLA. The results were subjected to variance analysis using a Latin square design repeated 3 × 3. The CHigh treatment was higher for dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber intake compared with CLow and control diets. Digestibility was not affected by the inclusion of chia seeds. The CHigh diet improved N intake with respect to the control and CLow diet. Milk yield and chemical composition were not affected by the treatment. The milk fatty acid profile of C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, and C:20 was higher for CHigh than the other treatments. The in vitro gas production (mL of gas/g of dry matter) was lower in CHigh than the control diet. In conclusion, the addition of chia seeds at the CHigh level in dairy goat diets negatively affected in vitro rumen fermentation, but increased the milk fatty acid profile of C18:0, C18:1n-9 cis, and C:20, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The total CLA content increased from 0.33 to 0.73% with the supplementation of chia to the diet, as well as the isomers cis-9,trans-11, trans-7,cis-9, trans-11,cis-13, and trans-12,trans-14.     

Effect of fermentation and cooking on protein quality of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars

Maize like other cereals shows qualitative and quantitative deficiency in protein content. Efforts were made to correct this by fortification, supplementation and fermentation. Two maize cultivars, Hudeiba 1 and Mugtama 45, were used to study the effect of fermentation followed by cooking on their protein quality. Maize flour was fermented for 32 h; samples were withdrawn at 8 h intervals. Results indicated that the proteins fractions albumins plus globulins were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the fermented doughs. This is an indication of improvement in the protein quality of maize. Cooking resulted in significant (P < 0.05) changes in protein solubility. The essential amino acids particularly lysine increased from 1.82 to 2.06 and from 1.88 to 2.60 g/100 g (i.e. an increase of 11.6% and 27.7%) for Hudeiba 1 and Mugtama 45, respectively. The in vitro protein digestibility of cooked samples decreased significantly (P < 0.05); however, the negative effects of cooking were lower than those of unfermented cooked samples.     

中性大蒜果聚糖体外发酵产短链脂肪酸

大蒜果聚糖是大蒜深加工后废弃蒜渣中的主要成分,不能被人体消化利用,可选择性增殖肠道益生菌,具有开发成新型益生元的潜力。体外发酵产短链脂肪酸的分析对进一步评价大蒜果聚糖对肠道微生态的影响有重要意义。方法:本研究通过体外模拟人体肠道系统的pH、温度和营养条件,接种人体新鲜粪便悬浮液进行间歇式静态厌氧培养,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析不同聚合度(平均DP为11、16、21)的中性大蒜果聚糖为唯一碳源,培养0、4、8、12、24 h产短链脂肪酸的情况。结果:发酵12 h时短链脂肪酸浓度达到最高,之后便开始下降。其中样a(平均DP为11)的发酵液中总SCFA浓度最高,达86.38μmol/mL。总短链脂肪酸产量为样a(DP 11)>样b(DP16)>样c(DP 21)。24 h时,各发酵液的短链脂肪酸中丁酸和乳酸的比例较乙酸和丙酸高。结论:大蒜果聚糖能被人体肠道微生物发酵利用在体外产短链脂肪酸。其中丁酸和乳酸的摩尔浓度较乙酸和丙酸高。聚合度低的大蒜果聚糖产酸高于聚合度高的果聚糖。     

Nut and kernel traits and chemical composition of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars

BACKGROUND: Nut and kernel traits and chemical composition of 24 Italian and foreign hazelnut cultivars were analysed in 2002–2004 in order to study the effect of genotype and environment on nut quality. Nuts were sampled in a germplasm collection in the Italian province of Viterbo. RESULTS: Quantitative and qualitative determinations of sugars, organic acids and lipids revealed good nutritional and health potential of the nuts, with several differences among cultivars and years. The total contents of oil and sugars ranged from 563.69 to 656.36 g kg^?1 dry weight (DW) and from 39.80 to 59.51 g kg^?1 DW respectively. Fatty acid profile and sugar and total phenolic contents varied with the year. Significantly higher palmitic acid concentration (6.18%) was found in the hot summer year 2003; lower saturated fatty acid concentration (8.20%) and higher unsaturated/saturated acid ratio (11.27) were observed in the coolest year (2004). These differences among years were highlighted by discriminant analysis. CONCLUSION: The information relating to secondary components such as sugars, organic acids and phenolics was useful for discriminating among cultivars and years. Owing to the effect of these compounds on sensory attributes perceived by consumers, their concentration and the varietal differences can be considered primary determinants of nut quality and should be valued when planning the cultivar choice for new plantations. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Morning versus afternoon cutting time of Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) affects feed intake, milk yield and composition in Girgentana goats

Twenty lactating Girgentana goats were used to evaluate the effect of morning v. afternoon cutting time of Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition. Goats were randomly divided into two groups of ten animals, receiving 10 kg of fresh Berseem clover cut at 9.00 (AM group) or 16.00 (PM group), respectively; 500 g of concentrate was given individually to goats before offering forage. Feed intake increased (P<0·01) in the PM group (30·5 v. 25·3 g dry matter/kg body weight), associated with the different nutrient content of diets: lower crude protein but higher dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and total fatty acids in the PM-harvested forage. Milk production, protein and casein content were higher (P<0·05) in the PM group (1415 g/d, 3·25% and 2·42% v. 1277 g/d, 3·15% and 2·33%, respectively), whereas no differences between groups were detected for milk fat, lactose or urea content. Body weight slowly decreased from the start to the end of the experiment, without differences between groups. This study showed an important milk yield responses in Girgentana goats offered afternoon-cut compared with morning-cut Berseem clover, due to a marked increase in WSC in the afternoon-cut forage.     

Chemical Composition and In Vitro Polysaccharide Fermentation of Different Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

ABSTRACT:  The composition of bioactives including polysaccharide yield and resistant starch (RS) content of 4 raw and cooked bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris  L.) cultivars was evaluated. Polysaccharide was fermented  in vitro  by incubation with human gut flora under anaerobic conditions and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production was compared at 6, 12, and 24 h by gas chromatography. Polysaccharide and soluble fiber contents increased upon cooking with stachyose as the major oligosaccharide. Cooked bean of cultivar Bayo Madero had the highest yield of polysaccharides (55%) and resistant starch (37%), followed by those of Negro 8025 (48% and 32%, respectively). Acetate was the most abundant SCFAs formed in all bean varieties. The concentration of SCFAs was cultivar-dependent; Bayo Madero and Negro 8025 displayed the highest concentration of butyrate (15 mmol/L), while Azufrado Higuera had the lowest and highest concentrations of acetate (39 mmol/L) and propionate (14 mmol/L), respectively. The results suggest that the common bean is an excellent source of polysaccharides that can be fermented in the colon and produce SCFAs, compounds previously reported to exert health benefits.     

Comparison of in vitro degradation of temperate forages using the gas production and filter bag techniques

BACKGROUND: Two of the most promising in vitro techniques for dynamic forage evaluation are the gas production (GP) and filter bag (FB) techniques. To improve our understanding of how these techniques describe the dynamic degradation of forages, 20 temperate forage samples were analysed by each method at different time points during a 96 h incubation period. The results of the recordings were fitted to a biphasic Michaelis–Menten model describing the degradation of rapidly and slowly degrading forage fractions. RESULTS: GP and disappearance from the FB measurements were correlated at all time points from 6 to 96 h (R² = 0.27–0.74), except at the 24 h incubation point. When GP was transformed into organic matter degradation (OMD), there was an even stronger correlation (R² = 0.54–0.75) between the techniques at all intervals. Comparison of the parameters from the Michaelis–Menten model resulted in correlations (R² = 0.83) between the sizes of the estimated forage fractions, but not between parameter determining the rates of their degradation. CONCLUSIONS: Both the GP and FB techniques have the potential to estimate the degradation of individual feed fractions in forages. Further studies in which the in vitro parameters are evaluated against livestock data, are needed to confirm the findings of this study, however. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of different types of potato resistant starches on intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids under in vitro fermentation

The prebiotic effects of potato resistant starches RS1, RS2, RS3a, RS3b and RS4 were studied using simulated gut fermentation in vitro. The intestinal microbial composition was significantly changed by resistant starch (RS) after 24-h fermentation. All RSs (P < 0.05) decreased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B), and RS2 exhibited the lowest value of 0.95 ± 0.07. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium was significantly increased by RS4, whereas Megamonas and Prevotella were promoted by RS2. Further, RS4 produced the highest levels of acetate (138.34 µM), whereas RS2 produced the highest levels of propionate (41.45 µM) and butyrate (21.65 µM). However, Bifidobacterium did not promote the production of propionate or butyrate, even though it was proficient in fermenting RS. Megamonas and Prevotella were positively associated with the higher production of propionate and butyrate. Here, different RSs played key roles in promoting intestinal health, and RS2 especially showed more abundant probiotic functions.     

Effect of an intramammary lipopolysaccharide challenge on the hindgut microbial composition and fermentation of dairy cattle experiencing intermittent subacute ruminal acidosis

Feeding grain-rich diets often results in subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), a condition associated with ruminal dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. Yet, the effect of SARA on hindgut microbiota, and whether this condition is aggravated by exogenous immune stimuli, is less understood. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine the effects of an intermittent high-grain SARA model on the hindgut microbial community, and to evaluate whether the effects of SARA on the fecal microbiome and fermentation were further affected by an intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. A total of 18 early-lactating Simmental cows were divided into 3 groups (n = 6); 2 were fed a SARA-inducing feeding regimen (60% concentrate), 1 was fed a control (CON) diet (40% concentrate). On d 30, 1 SARA group (SARA-LPS) and the CON group (CON-LPS) were intramammarily challenged with a single dose of 50 µg of LPS from Escherichia coli O26:B6, whereas the remaining 6 SARA cows (SARA-PLA) received a placebo. Using a longitudinal randomized controlled design, with grouping according to parity and days in milk), statistical analysis was performed with baseline measurements used as a covariate in a mixed model procedure. The SARA-inducing feeding challenge resulted in decreased fecal pH and increased butyrate as a proportion of total short-chain fatty acids in the feces. On d 30, SARA-challenged cows had decreased fecal diversity as shown by the Shannon and Chao1 indices and a decrease in the relative abundance of Euryarchaeota and cellulolytic genera, and numerical increases in the relative abundance of several Firmicutes associated with starch and secondary fermentation. The LPS challenge did not affect the fecal pH and short-chain fatty acids, but increased the Chao1 richness index in an interaction with the SARA challenge, and affected the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia (1.13%), Actinobacteria (0.19%), and Spirochaetes (0.002%), suggesting an effect on the microbial ecology of the hindgut during SARA conditions. In conclusion, the SARA-inducing feeding regimen promoted important microbial changes at d 30, including reduced diversity and evenness compared with CON, whereas the external LPS challenge led to changes in the microbial community without affecting fecal fermentation properties.     

高链玉米淀粉-不饱和脂肪酸复合物的体外大肠发酵特性及其对肠道菌群的影响规律

该研究以高直链玉米淀粉（High-Amylose Maize Starch,HAMS）与四种饱和度不同的脂肪酸为原料,制备淀粉-不饱和脂肪酸复合物,研究不同复合物体外大肠发酵特性及菌群调控的影响。结果表明,随着脂肪酸不饱和度的增加,除淀粉-油酸复合物（34.87%）外,形成的复合物V型结晶越少（30.42%~32.93%）。淀粉-不饱和脂肪酸复合物在整个发酵过程中发酵速率无显著性差异（p>0.05）,最终产气量基本一致（13.8~14.2 mL）。淀粉-不饱和脂肪酸复合物产丁酸浓度（14.83~17.91 mmol/L）低于HAMS （22.42 mmol/L）,但产较多乙酸（60.25~63.73 mmol/L）和丙酸（21.22~24.81 mmol/L）。淀粉-不饱和脂肪酸复合物均能显著促进Prevotella的相对丰度,这与其较高的丙酸产量有关。综上,淀粉-不饱和脂肪酸复合物大肠发酵特性受脂肪酸饱和度的影响较小,主要与淀粉-脂质复合物自身结构有关,复合物中脂肪酸的饱和度对高链玉米淀粉-不饱和脂肪酸复合物菌群结构具有一定影响。     

羊肚菌多糖PMEP-1对大鼠肠道内短链脂肪酸的影响

研究羊肚菌多糖PMEP-1 对大鼠肠道内短链脂肪酸的影响。以SD 大鼠为实验模型,进行分组喂养,分别灌胃高剂量(400mg/(kg bw·d))、中等剂量(200mg/(kg bw·d))、低剂量(mg/(kg bw·d))的羊肚菌多糖PMEP-1,为期4 周,定期收集大鼠粪便样。粪便处理后通过气相色谱法测定大鼠肠道内的短链脂肪酸含量。结果表明：羊肚菌多糖PMEP-1 对于大鼠肠道内乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、戊酸、己酸的产生有较大影响,而对于庚酸和异戊酸没有明显作用;不同的灌胃剂量对大鼠肠道短链脂肪酸的影响有较大差异,以中等剂量和低剂量多糖对短链脂肪酸的产生影响明显,各剂量组大鼠肠道内短链脂肪酸的含量在第7～14 天时最多。     

基于体外模拟肠道微生态体系比较不同果蔬全粉的益生元功效

体外模拟肠道系统逐渐成为研究肠道菌群及其代谢产物的一种操作简便、重现性好的方法。本研究通过建立体外模拟肠道微生态体系,对丝瓜、桑葚、枸杞和香菇冻干粉的益生元功效展开研究。结果表明,经24 h体外发酵后,丝瓜冻干粉对乳酸杆菌属、普氏菌属、拟杆菌属数量和丙酸产量增加的促进作用显著高于其它果蔬组,桑葚对双歧杆菌数量和乙酸产量增加的促进作用显著高于其它果蔬组。以上结果说明基于体外模拟肠道微生态体系,丝瓜和桑葚冻干全粉均具有较为显著的益生元功效。