添加葡萄球菌和微球菌对广式腊肠亚硝酸盐残留量和色泽研究

本文旨在研究葡萄球菌和微球菌对广式腊肠亚硝酸盐残留量和色泽的影响及其机制。首先将分离筛选自广式腊肠的两株优良特性菌株(葡萄球菌H33B和微球菌X142B)接种至腊肠测定相关指标,然后通过紫外扫描图谱来确定菌株是否具有转化高铁肌红蛋白能力。结果表明,接种单菌和混合菌株都能够降低腊肠中的高铁肌红蛋白含量和亚硝酸盐残留量,并且能够增加亚硝基肌红蛋白含量,其中以接种葡萄球菌和微球菌2:1时效果最好,与对照组差异明显(p0.05);紫外扫描图谱显示接种葡萄球菌的培养基中溶液出现了亚硝基肌红蛋白的特征吸收峰,并且溶液中的亚硝酸盐含量最低。这些结果表明葡萄球菌H33B具有转化高铁肌红蛋白的能力。因此添加葡萄球菌H33B的腊肠,由于其具有转化高铁肌红蛋白的能力,会形成更多的还原性肌红蛋白与亚硝酸盐反应,不仅进一步减少了亚硝酸盐含量还改善了色泽。     

Nitric Oxide Complex of Iron(II) Myoglobin Converted from Metmyoglobin by Staphylococcus xylosus

With Staphylococcus xylosus FAX-1, metmyoglobin in MRS broth (pH 5.8) was found to undergo conversion to hexacoordinate nitric oxide (NO) complex of Fe(II) myoglobin. When the pH of the MRS culture containing myoglobin changed from 5.8 to 4.0, it affected the conversion from hexacoordinate to pentacoordinate NO complex of Fe(II) myoglobin. This conversion process was reversible. Salami without nitrite or nitrate addition was prepared by inoculating S. xylosus FAX-1, and pentacoordinate NO complex of Fe(II) myoglobin (nitrosylmyoglobin formed in cured meat) was formed in the salami.     

Formation and identification of nitrosylmyoglobin by Staphylococcus xylosus in raw meat batters: A potential solution for nitrite substitution in meat products

Staphylococcus xylosus and Pediococcus pentosaceus isolated from Chinese dried sausage were assessed for their ability to convert metmyoglobin into nitrosylmyoglobin in Mann–Rogosa–Sharp broth model systems and raw pork meat batters without the addition of nitrite. The results showed that samples in model systems with S. xylosus cultures had an absorption spectra that is typical of nitrosylmyoglobin, an obvious pink colour (judged by visual inspection) and a significantly higher a*-value than the control samples or samples inoculated with P. pentosaceus. In raw meat batters, the a*-values of the S. xylosus samples were almost the same as those for the meat with nitrite added. The complementary analysis of meat batter samples by photochemical information from UV–vis, electron spin resonance and resonance Raman spectroscopy revealed that the existing status of the myoglobin in meat batters inoculated with S. xylosus was mainly pentacoordinate nitrosylmyoglobin. This study provides a potential solution for nitrite substitute in meat products.     

乳酸菌替代亚硝酸盐对香肠发色及质量的影响

亚硝酸盐常被用作香肠的发色剂,但是亚硝酸盐具有强致癌性。文章主要研究了乳酸菌完全替代亚硝酸盐对发酵香肠亚硝基肌红蛋白、高铁肌红蛋白、抗氧化性能及持水性的影响。结果表明,随着菌浓度的增加,香肠的亮度值和红度值明显增加。在未添加亚硝酸盐的情况下即可形成亚硝基肌红蛋白,乳酸菌添加量越多,对高铁肌红蛋白的还原能力越强,抗氧化性能及持水性能也随之增强。     

Relationship between nitrate/nitrite reductase activities in meat associated staphylococci and nitrosylmyoglobin formation in a cured meat model system

Quantitative determination of catalase, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and nitric oxide synthase activities (NOS) was performed on 11 different bacterial strains, mainly staphylococci, isolated from fermented sausages, bacon brine or cured meat products. All except one strain possessed catalase activity in the range from 1.0 to 6.1 μmol min^− 1 ml^− 1. Ten out of 11 bacteria strains showed nitrate reductase activity in the range between 50 and 796 nmol min^− 1 ml^− 1 and nine showed nitrite reductase activity in the range between 6 and 42 nmol min^− 1 ml^− 1. No evidence of NOS activity of the selected strains was detected. In a colour formation assay containing myoglobin all strains affected nitrosylmyoglobin (MbFe^IINO) formation in assays containing nitrite, whereas only strains having nitrate reductase activity generated MbFe^IINO in assays containing nitrate as the sole nitrosylating agent. The quantitative nitrate and nitrite reductase activity did not fully explain or correlate well with the observed rate of formation of MbFe^IINO, which seemed to be more affected by the growth rate of the different strains. The mechanism of the reduction of nitrite into NO of strains not having nitrite reductase activity remains to be fully elucidated, but could be due to a dual-mode action of nitrate reductase capable of acting on nitrate.     

Colour formation in fermented sausages by meat-associated staphylococci with different nitrite- and nitrate-reductase activities

Three Staphylococcus strains, S. carnosus, S. simulans and S. saprophyticus, selected due to their varying nitrite and/or nitrate-reductase activities, were used to initiate colour formation during sausage fermentation. During fermentation of sausages with either nitrite or nitrate added, colour was followed by L^*a^*b measurements and the content of nitrosylmyoglobin (MbFe^IINO) quantified by electron spin resonance (ESR). MbFe^IINO was rapidly formed in sausages with added nitrite independent of the presence of nitrite reducing bacteria, whereas the rate of MbFe^IINO formation in sausages with added nitrate depended on the specific Staphylococcus strain. Strains with high nitrate-reductase activity showed a significantly faster rate of pigment formation, but other factors were of influence as well. Product stability for the sliced, packaged sausage was evaluated as surface colour and oxidation by autofluorescence and hexanal content, respectively. No significant direct effect of the Staphylococcus addition was observed, however, there was a clear correspondence between high initial amount of MbFe^IINO in the different sausages and the colour stability during storage. Autofluorescence data correlated well with hexanal content, and may be used as predictive tools. Overall, nitrite- and nitrate-reductase activities of Staphylococcus strains in nitrite-cured sausages were of limited importance regarding colour development, while in nitrate-cured sausages strains with higher nitrate reductase activity were crucial for ensuring optimal colour formation during initial fermentation stages.     

干酪乳杆菌和戊糖片球菌在发酵香肠中的作用研究

本研究对以干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)和戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)为发酵剂的发酵香肠在成熟过程中微生物和理化生化指标变化进行测定,通过与自然发酵和添加抑菌剂的香肠进行比较,确定两种乳酸菌均对发酵香肠成熟中活菌总数、乳酸菌总数有显著的增加作用,均能有效抑制发酵香肠中有害菌的生长,迅速降低香肠的pH、AW值,显著降低香肠中的亚硝酸盐残留量,更好的保障发酵香肠的安全性;干酪乳杆菌在抑制有害菌、降低香肠的pH值、AW值等方面的作用明显强于戊糖片球菌,更适合发酵香肠安全性的要求;发酵香肠的内源酶对其蛋白质和脂肪的变化起决定性作用。     

Weissellahellenica1501对发酵香肠品质的影响

研究希腊魏斯菌单菌或与植物乳杆菌配合使用对发酵香肠生产过程中的微生物指标、pH、亚硝酸盐残留量和发色效果等的影响,以不接种发酵剂添加亚硝酸钠生产的香肠为对照.结果表明,两种菌配合使用时能迅速降低香肠pH,对香肠的色泽有很大的贡献.     

Conversion of Metmyoglobin to Bright Red Myoglobin Derivatives by Chromobacterium violaceum, Kurthia sp., and Lactobacillus fermenturn JCM1173

Lactic: acid bacteria (LAB) and various bacteria isolated from the environment were screened on microbiological media for the ability to convert brown metmyoglobin to more desirable bright red derivatives. Of 1,550 environmental isolates tested, two isolates (Kurthia sp. K-22 and Chromobacterium violaceum K-28) were recovered which consistently converted metmyoglobin to more desirable color derivatives as characterized spectrophotometrically. Strains K-22 and K-28 produced oxymyoglobin and nitric oxide myoglobin, respectively. Of 347 LAB tested, one strain (Lactobacillus fermentum JCM1173) was identified that generated nitric oxide myoglobin. These data indicate certain bacteria can effectively convert metmyoglobin to more red forms, and establish the potential of bacterial systems for preserving or improving rhe color of meat products.     

亚硝酸钠对自然发酵哈尔滨风干肠微生物生长、脂肪氧化及挥发性化合物的影响

研究不同添加水平的亚硝酸钠（NaNO2）对自然发酵哈尔滨风干肠微生物生长、脂肪氧化和挥发性化合物的影响。结果表明,添加NaNO2对风干肠发酵过程中的pH值、水分活度、总菌落数和乳酸菌菌落数无显著影响（P＞0.05）,但添加0.10?g/kg以上的NaNO2可以显著降低风干肠中大肠杆菌菌落数（P＜0.05）。色差分析表明当NaNO2添加量达到0.10?g/kg时可以起到良好的发色作用,过氧化物值和硫代巴比妥酸反应产物显示NaNO2具有良好的抗氧化作用,NaNO2残留量随发酵时间的延长而逐渐降低,发酵结束后,各实验组间差异不显著（P＞0.05）。与此同时,挥发性化合物的分析结果显示,NaNO2添加量不影响风干肠中由碳水化合物发酵和氨基酸降解所产生的挥发性化合物的相对含量（P＞0.05）,但显著影响由脂肪氧化所产生的醛类和酮类化合物的相对含量（P＜0.05）,NaNO2添加量越大,对脂肪氧化产物的抑制作用越显著。     

Red Pigment of Parma Ham and Bacterial Influence on its Formation

The red pigment of Parma ham was compared with the myoglobin derivatives present in meat and meat products. Spectral patterns of 75% acetone extracts and electron spin resonance spectra from Parma ham differed from those of the myoglobin derivatives. Staphylococci isolated from Parma ham generated red myoglobin derivative from metmyoglobin. Model fermented sausage prepared by inoculation with the isolates developed a more desirable red color without nitrite or nitrate treatment. The red pigment of Parma ham and the model sausage appeared to be the same myoglobin derivative. The reddening of Parma ham is probably caused by the action of bacteria.     

液体培养条件下产气肠杆菌与阴沟肠杆菌产生物胺交互作用研究

产气肠杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌是发酵香肠中产尸胺和腐胺的主要肠杆菌,常同时被检测分离出来。本研究将产气肠杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌按7:1、5:3、4:4、3:5、1:7的比例混合接种培养,及分别纯菌培养,发现在48h培养过程中,产气肠杆菌有较强的产尸胺能力,而阴沟肠杆菌的产腐胺能力则相对较强;两者混合接种培养时,在产尸胺方面存在明显的协同作用,几乎所用混合体系的尸胺产量都高于两个纯菌体系(P＜0.01),在产腐胺方面亦存在协同交互作用,但相对较弱,混合体系的腐胺产量一直介于两个纯菌体系之间。     

发酵条件对香肠中亚硝酸盐和亚硝胺的影响

以发酵香肠为对象,研究了不同亚硝酸盐添加量以及发酵条件下亚硝酸盐残留和二乙基亚硝胺(NDEA)的变化规律。结果表明:各因素对香肠中亚硝酸盐残留和NDEA形成影响的大小顺序为,发酵时间>亚硝酸盐添加>发酵温度>发酵剂。正交实验分析表明:最佳发酵条件为,发酵时间2 d、亚硝酸盐添加量50mg/kg、发酵温度25℃。     

发酵风干肠中乳酸菌的发酵性能

对从自然发酵风干肠中分离的6 株乳酸菌的发酵性能进行评价,主要包括测定菌株的生长曲线、产酸能力、对NaCl及NaNO2的耐受能力,同时通过吲哚实验和抗生素敏感性测定对菌株的安全性进行初步评价。结果表明：6 株乳酸菌生长趋势接近,均在8 h左右进入生长稳定期,pH值在0～8 h下降最快,清酒乳杆菌和发酵乳杆菌的产酸能力更强;所有菌株均可在6 g/100 mL NaCl和0.015 g/100 mL NaNO2条件下生长,植物乳杆菌和弯曲乳杆菌的NaCl耐受能力最优,清酒乳杆菌和发酵乳杆菌则对NaNO2具有最强的耐受能力;吲哚实验中6 株乳酸菌的反应结果均为阴性,对实验所选抗生素无耐药性,说明6 株乳酸菌具有较好的发酵性能和安全性,可作为功能性发酵剂用于发酵肉制品的生产。     

发酵香肠中益生性乳杆菌的分离及筛选

利用PH2.5和1%胆盐的MRS液体培养基,对自然发酵香肠中耐低酸耐胆盐的乳杆菌进行富集,从中分离纯化得到184株乳杆菌。通过一级筛选:24h产酸、耐盐耐硝性、产粘液、产过氧化氢等实验,筛选出20株符合发酵香肠乳酸菌发酵剂基本要求的菌株。通过二级筛选:耐低酸能力、耐胆汁酸盐能力和抑菌能力,最终筛选出了性能优良乳杆菌3株,可作为益生型发酵剂用于发酵香肠生产。文中还对所获得菌株的相关发酵性能进行了测定。     

Carbon Monoxide as a Colorant in Cooked or Fermented Sausages

ABSTRACT:  The study aimed at substituting nitrite with carbon monoxide (CO) in cooked or fermented meat batter products by investigating color and color stability in myoglobin solutions, model meat systems, and full-scale hotdog and salami sausages of pork and beef. For cooked model meat systems and hotdogs at 75 to 80 °C core temperatures, direct flushing with a 1% CO gas mixture during the last stage of the batter chopping produced an initial red color equal to nitrite or more intense than with nitrite. For fermented model meat systems and salami sausages with a final pH of 4.7, pretreatment and storage of ground raw meat in a 1% CO mixture, and later use of the pretreated meat in batters, also formed an initial red color in the final products. The color stability during air and light display of cooked and fermented meat products with CO was inadequate compared to products with nitrite, although the red color of CO products was largely maintained by anaerobic packaging and storage. Spectra of carboxy- and nitrosomyoglobin at pH 4.7 demonstrated higher absorbance for carboxymyoglobin.     

Effect of selected strains of Debaryomyces hansenii on the volatile compound production of dry fermented sausage “salchichón”

Different biotypes of Debaryomyces hansenii, characterized by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction analysis, were inoculated in dry fermented sausages to evaluate their influence as single starter culture on volatile compound generation throughout the ripening process. Similar evolution of physicochemical parameters and microbial population was observed in both uninoculated and inoculated sausages. The tested biotypes modified the volatile compound profile of sausages specially in esters, branched alcohols and aldehydes. The biotype of D. hansenii with the E mtDNA restriction pattern is the most suitable to be used as starter culture since it produced volatile compounds involved in flavour development of dry-cured meat products such as 3-methylbutanol, 3-methylbutanal and 2-propanone. Moreover, the use of D. hansenii strains with the B, C2 and E mtDNA restriction patterns, as a mixed starter culture, should be also considered to generate low amount of sulphur compounds in dry-cured meat products.     

降胆固醇乳酸菌的筛选及其在内蒙古发酵香肠中的应用

通过对乳酸菌降胆固醇生物学特性及对发酵肉制品中胆固醇降解作用进行研究,结果表明,从内蒙古传统肉肠中分离筛选得到的8 株乳酸菌中,菌株X3-2B有较强的胆固醇降解能力。且在MRS培养基中添加3 g/L胆盐、20 g/L胆固醇和 20 g/L葡萄糖时菌株X3-2B的胆固醇降解能力最大,在不同培养基中发酵不同时间菌株X3-2B对胆固醇的降解能力显著高于标准菌株。在以菌株X3-2B为发酵剂的发酵香肠中,其胆固醇含量显著低于对照组。故菌株X3-2B可作为一株降胆固醇性能较好的肉制品发酵剂。     

Dried sausages fermented with Staphylococcus xylosus at different temperatures and with different ingredient levels - Part II. Volatile components

Sausages, with added Staphylococcus xylosus, were fermented at different temperatures and with different added levels of salt, glucose, nitrite, nitrate and Pediococcus pentosaceus in accordance with a six factor fractional design. The volatile compounds from the sausages were collected by dynamic headspace sampling and quantified and identified by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effects of temperature and different ingredients on the levels of individual volatiles were tested using multiple linear regression and analysis of variance. The study showed that sausages fermented under modern production conditions (high temperature, addition of glucose, nitrite, Pediococcus pentosaceus) in contrast to 'old-fashioned' sausages (added nitrate and fermented at low temperature) are likely to contain higher amounts of volatile acids, but lower levels of ethyl esters, certain short chain aldehydes as well as lipid autoxidation products. Several nitriles, nitro-alkanes and one organic nitrate were identified for the first time in fermented sausages. Reaction mechanisms for those compounds and other classes of compounds are proposed and discussed in detail.     

发酵香肠乳酸菌发酵剂筛选标准

乳酸菌是发酵香肠最重要的发酵剂菌种。本文介绍了发酵香中乳酸菌的作用,乳酸菌发酵剂的发展历史,着重探讨了发酵香肠乳酸菌发酵剂筛选标准。