Flow electrification of transformer oil effects of mixed fields

Static electrification in transformer oil is investigated experimentally using a laboratory synthetic closed cycle, where the oil is pumped in a coaxial electrode arrangement. The electrode system is electrically energized radially with dc and/or ac, and the electrostatic charging tendency (ECT) of the oil is quantified by measuring the streaming current. The results indicate that for the same voltage ratio (K=Vˆ/(Vˆ+V)), increasing the ac or the dc voltage component leads to higher ECT of oil, although the ECT under only ac field is much lower than that under dc field. The unenergized streaming current is inherently affected by the electrode material and configuration; where electrodes having a lower work function give higher positive ECT of oil at high temperature. The energized streaming current increases with oil temperature, oil velocity and electric field; where negative dc voltage application to the outer electrode gives both higher conduction and streaming currents. While the conduction current decreases with oil velocity, increasing the frequency of mixed ac voltage has no significant effect on streaming current. Moreover, the effect of combined radial electric (ac or dc) and axial magnetic (ac or dc) fields on ECT of oil is investigated, and the results reveal that the ECT is enhanced by the magnetic field while the radial conduction current decreases. Derived formulas for the streaming current for unenergized and ac energized cases are also presented together with expressions of the volume and surface charge densities for the coaxial electrode system     

dc field effects on streaming electrification in insulating oils

The results of an experimental investigation into the influence of impurities on electrification in insulating liquids in a tube model under an external dc field effect is described. Both conduction and streaming currents were measured as a function of temperature and flow rate using a paper-pressboard model with concentric cylindrical electrode geometry. Positive or negative dc voltage was applied to the inner electrode. The streaming current was measured from a shielded test chamber and the conduction current was measured from the ground electrode. Energization by positive dc voltage always enhanced the streaming electrification; however, when the applied voltage was negative, the polarity of streaming current was field strength dependent. At low fields (<0.52 kV/mm), the streaming current with negative dc field I_sn^c increased with increased field and with field strength >0.52 kV/mm, polarity reversal was observed. The field at which current crossed the zero value has been defined as the zero cross over point (ZCOP). Flow rate did not have any influence on the ZCOP; however, the additive concentration, moisture content and the temperature affected this ZCOP. In the presence of the corrosion inhibitor carbazole, the streaming current with negative dc field, I_sn attained zero at low fields. The conduction currents corresponding to fields where streaming currents were zero were also relatively low. It is therefore possible that by applying a moderate dc field of appropriate polarity the streaming current can be reduced to very low values by adjusting the carbazole concentration in the test liquid     

邻近交流线路时直流输电线路电晕损失的计算与分析

为了对与交流线路邻近的直流输电线路的电晕损失进行预测,提出了一种计算交直流混合输电线路走廊中直流输电线路电晕损失的数值计算方法。该方法采用有限元和有限体积法计算交直流输电线路产生的混合离子流场,通过在每一时间步上进行迭代求解导线表面的电荷密度,使其满足Kaptzov条件,进而获得导线电晕电流,实现电晕损失的计算。该方法采用隐式时间差分,可采用较大的时间步长,提高了计算速度。通过与多种结构交直流邻近线路模型的测量结果的对比,验证了算法的有效性。利用实验和仿真分析,获得了电晕损失随邻近距离、交流电压值的变化规律。最后,基于所提出的方法对与1 000 kV交流线路邻近的±800 kV直流线路的电晕损失进行了分析计算,得到了不同接近距离时的直流电晕损失值。     

Induction of Waves on a Horizontal Water Film by an Impinging Corona Wind

The electric wind produced by corona discharge of a high-voltage electrode in air is employed for destabilizing a horizontal water film. In wire-to-plane geometry, the phenomenon is characterised by current versus voltage curves and visual observations of the onset of free-surface oscillations. The effect of the following parameters is examined for both positive and negative coronas: distance between the wire and the film (S), film thickness (h), wire diameter (phi) and composition, applied voltage (HV), and relative humidity (RH). The free-surface destabilisation is retarded by increasing d and phi and is insensitive to h in the tested range. The onset of corona discharge is predicted by Peek's law and compared with the experimentally observed threshold. In negative corona discharge, the current values are higher and the film is destabilised at lower HV than in positive polarity. Humidity tends to decrease the corona current at a given HV. Correlations are proposed for the current-voltage curves, in terms of the mean electric field in the inter-electrode gap and of RH, satisfactorily agreeing with the experimental data. Both positive and negative corona currents turn out to be stable for days of operation. The power loss by corona discharge is in any case lower than 12 W. Wave induction on the liquid-gas interface can effectively enhance heat and mass exchange between the two phases.     

气压湿度对负直流电晕特性影响的研究

为得到负直流电晕特性随着气压湿度的变化规律,建立了考虑气压湿度影响的负直流电晕起始电压的物理模型,利用模拟电荷法和计算表面光电子数目的方法求解了负直流电晕起始电压。在人工气候罐中,利用棒–板电极,测量了不同气压湿度下的负直流电晕起始电压和电晕电流。计算和试验结果表明:电晕起始电压随气压下降、湿度升高而减小,主要原因分别是有效电离系数增大导致的电离区域的扩大和高场强区域内碰撞电离能力的增强。当直流电压和电晕起始电压的比值一定时,电晕电流随气压下降、湿度升高而减小;当直流电压一定时,电晕电流随气压降低而增大,随湿度升高而减小。电晕电流和直流电压、电晕起始电压关系式中的系数C随湿度增大的不同变化趋势和正负离子与水分子结合状态的差异有关。     

Positive corona in air using a point/cup electrode system

The authors have previously published some measurements of negative corona currents in air using a spherically-symmetric point/cup electrode system, and also the related simulations. In this paper the corresponding current/voltage measurements and simulations for positive-point corona, again using the highly symmetric electrode system, are described. Although the corona onset voltages are again predicted with reasonable accuracy for different point radii and air pressures, the currents are very much lower, presumably due to the effect of positive space charge accumulating close to the point electrode (since the simulations assume the absence of space charges). In agreement with this assumption, the streamer pulses are only seen at or just above the onset voltage. Only avalanches occur from about 1 kV above the onset voltage.     

交流电晕放电特性的影响因素研究

介绍交流电晕放电实验平台的组成,通过试验研究交流电压作用下电极导线直径对电晕放电的影响、气压对电晕放电特性的影响、湿度对电晕脉冲电流的影响,分析试验结果得出电晕脉冲电流的幅值随电压升高和气压降低而增大等结论。     

空气湿度对导线电晕起始电压的影响

我国特高压工程中,输电线路要经过山地、湖泊等高湿度地区,空气湿度对架空输电线路电晕放电有较大影响。为研究湿度对导线电晕放电的影响,利用同轴线-筒电极研究了不同大气湿度对交流以及直流正负极性电晕起始电压的影响规律。试验结果表明:湿度对直流正极性电晕起始电压影响较小,而对直流负极性以及交流电压电晕起始电压影响较大:在相对湿度达50%～60%时,直流负极性与交流起晕电压最高。分析认为,空气湿度对空间电荷分布的影响以及湿度对导线表面状态的影响是导致起晕电压变化的主要因素。     

Factors affecting corona on twin-point gaps under dc and ac HV

The factors affecting corona formation on twin-point/plane gaps are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. In the theoretical analysis, an electrostatic field computation program based on the charge simulation method was used to get the electric field profile on the plate for different gap lengths and interspacings between the two points. Also, the effect of voltage level, air pressure and gap length on the number of axial streamers occurring across the critical field line was introduced for a constant time duration. The variation of the integral of the ionization coefficient with the axial length from the point was studied. Finally, a study of the effect of air pressure and gap length on both the corona inception voltage and critical length was presented. Corona formation in single and twin-point/plane gaps also was investigated experimentally under both high direct and alternating voltages. There are many factors affecting such corona formation. The investigated factors were the interspacing between the two points, gap length between the point and the plane, ambient temperature, relative humidity, polarity or frequency of the applied voltage, and electrode material. In order to study and explain such phenomena, a photographic investigation together with a simultaneous measurement of both the applied voltage and the corona current were introduced. Curve fitting of the dc corona current vs. gap length and voltage for both single and twin-point/plane gaps gave the conventional relationship, but in case of twin point the power of the gap length varies between 1.2 and 1.3     

变压器油道内冲流电流的一种计算方法

对紊流态下变压器油道内冲流电流的计算进行了研究。描述油内电荷分布的输运方程是一个非线性方程,不存在精确的解析解。应用文中所给定的绝缘油/纸板界面的边界条件并经过合理的简化,推出了该方程的近似解析解和冲流电流的计算公式。公式能描述油流速度、电导率、油温和外加交流电场对变压器油流带电的影响,所引入的修正量可通过实验数据确定。实验证明,计算公式可以用于预测冲流电流的大小,从而避免了繁重的数值计算,为变压器油流带电的计算提供了一种方便的手段。     

Effect of Discharge Electrode Parameters on the Flow Velocity Profile of the Wire?rod Type Electrohydrodynamic Gas Pump Exit

Experimental investigation has been conducted to study the effects of corona wire diameter, pipe length, and corona polarity on outlet flow velocity distribution profile of a wire-rod type electrohydrodynamic (EHD) gas pump. Upon applying negative or positive dc high voltage between a wire electrode (outer diameter (o.d.) 60 μm, 200 μm, or 300 μm) and a rod electrode (o.d. 3 mm) in atmospheric air, corona discharge occurs and EHD gas flow is generated in the direction from the wire electrode to the rod electrode through a cylindrical pipe (inner diameter (i.d.) 20 mm). For both polarities, the discharge current and average flow velocity increase monotonically on increasing the applied voltage before the onset of spark discharge. Using wire electrodes with a smaller diameter, stable corona discharge between corona onset and spark onset is generated in a wider voltage range, and the discharge current becomes larger, resulting in a higher flow velocity. The maximum average flow velocity of 2.0 m/s, corresponding to a flow rate of 38 l/min, was achieved with a wire of diameter 60 μm by applying a voltage of ?16 kV.     

正直流电晕特性随气压和湿度变化的研究

电晕是输电线路设计和运行中面临的重要问题之一。文中通过实验测量和模拟计算，得到了不同气压湿度下的正直流电晕起始电压和电晕离子电流。计算结果和实验结果吻合较好。电晕起始电压随气压下降、湿度升高而减小，其主要原因分别为有效电离系数增大导致的电离区域的扩大和高场强区域内碰撞电离能力的增强。当直流电压和电晕起始电压的比值一定时，电晕离子电流也随气压下降、湿度升高而减小。电晕离子电流和直流电压、电晕起始电压关系式中的系数C随湿度升高而减小。当气压降低，C随湿度下降的斜率增大。湿度一定时，C和相对空气密度近似成反比。正离子迁移率是影响C变化的主要因素。     

Measurements of Pulsed Corona in Coaxial Electrode Structures

A low-inductance pulse generator is used to deliver a high-voltage short-duration pulse to an air-filled coaxial electrode configuration. When the voltage is below the sparkover value, the pulse energy is delivered to a diffuse corona which visually appears to fill the Interelectrode region. Energy transfer, current distribution, and pulse shape are measured for variations in electrode diameters, air temperature, and voltage. Over a range of voltages up to sparkover, the entire stored energy is delivered to the corona. Pulse rise times are approximately 0.2 ?s, the maximum peak voltage is 92 kV, peak currents equal approximately 400 A, and pulse energies range up to 1.6 J.     

土壤结构对流入变压器中性点直流电流的影响

当直流输电系统单极大地回路运行时，会在直流接地极附近的中性点接地变压器中流过较大直流电流，从而导致变压器直流偏磁等一系列后果。采用复合分层土壤结构模型，基于特定的计算模型，对直流接地极流入直流电流时引起的地中电流场分布和地电位分布进行计算，分析流入变压器中性点的直流电流。同时通过改变土壤结构模型参数，分析不同土壤结构配置下流入变压器中性点直流电流的变化。研究表明，土壤结构对流入变压器中性点的直流电流影响较大，因此在精确计算流入变压器中性点的直流电流时应考虑土壤情况的复杂性。研究结果为实际工程中直流接地极附近变电站选址提供理论参考。     

A critical survey of technologies of large offshore wind farm integration: summary, advances, and perspectives

Offshore wind farms (OWFs) have received widespread attention for their abundant unexploited wind energy poten tial and convenient locations conditions. They are rapidly developing towards having large capacity and being located further away from shore. It is thus necessary to explore effective power transmission technologies to connect large OWFs to onshore grids. At present, three types of power transmission technologies have been proposed for large OWF integration. They are: high voltage alternating current (HVAC) transmission, high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission, and low-frequency alternating current (LFAC) or fractional frequency alternating current transmission. This work undertakes a comprehensive review of grid connection technologies for large OWF integration. Compared with previous reviews, a more exhaustive summary is provided to elaborate HVAC, LFAC, and five HVDC topologies, consisting of line-commutated converter HVDC, voltage source converter HVDC, hybrid-HVDC, diode rectifier-based HVDC, and all DC transmission systems. The fault ride-through technologies of the grid connection schemes are also presented in detail to provide research references and guidelines for researchers. In addition, a comprehensive evalu ation of the seven grid connection technologies for large OWFs is proposed based on eight specific indicators. Finally, eight conclusions and six perspectives are outlined for future research in integrating large OWFs.     

浅论绝缘子串电晕电流的统计特性

论述了绝缘子串在高电压作用下的电晕电流特性,并通过试验进行了验证。试验表明,绝缘子电晕电流具有统计特性,它与外加电压、绝缘子表面污秽程度及空气湿度等参数有关。用电晕电流法在线检测绝缘子运行状况是完全可行的。     

Influence of switching on dielectric properties of vacuuminterrupters

This paper deals with the influence of switching operations `closing without current/breaking without current', `closing without current/breaking with rated current', and `closing without current/breaking of rated short-circuit current' on vacuum interrupter dielectric strength. Two types of commercially available vacuum interrupter with transverse magnetic field CuCr contacts were tested. Breakdown voltages and emission currents, which appear before and after switching operations, were determined experimentally. The corresponding characteristics were determined after conditioning. The voltage shapes, dc, lightning impulse voltage (1.2/50 μs), and 50 Hz ac were applied. The obtained results were statistically treated. After taking into account theoretical considerations, it was concluded which physical mechanisms determine the influence of switching operations on the dielectric strength. It was found that in interrupters with poor contact material, the dielectric strength can deteriorate below the limits required by standards     

Internal electrical fault detection techniques in DFIG-based wind turbines: a review

Offshore wind farms (OWFs) have received widespread attention for their abundant unexploited wind energy potential and convenient locations conditions. They are rapidly developing towards having large capacity and being located further away from shore. It is thus necessary to explore effective power transmission technologies to connect large OWFs to onshore grids. At present, three types of power transmission technologies have been proposed for large OWF integration. They are: high voltage alternating current (HVAC) transmission, high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission, and low-frequency alternating current (LFAC) or fractional frequency alternating current transmission. This work undertakes a comprehensive review of grid connection technologies for large OWF integration. Compared with previous reviews, a more exhaustive summary is provided to elaborate HVAC, LFAC, and five HVDC topologies, consisting of line-commutated converter HVDC, voltage source converter HVDC, hybrid-HVDC, diode rectifier-based HVDC, and all DC transmission systems. The fault ride-through technologies of the grid connection schemes are also presented in detail to provide research references and guidelines for researchers. In addition, a comprehensive evaluation of the seven grid connection technologies for large OWFs is proposed based on eight specific indicators. Finally, eight conclusions and six perspectives are outlined for future research in integrating large OWFs.     

Negative corona in air using a point/cup electrode system

Calculations and simulations of potential and charged-particle distributions have been made by various workers for single pulses along the axis of point/plane electrode systems but not for the overall current. The difficult geometry makes this inevitable. In this paper the authors describe measurements of corona currents in air using a high-symmetry `point/cup' electrode system comprising a hemispherical-tipped point which is concentric with a concave hemispherical electrode; and simulations based on a spherically symmetric geometry. The simulations assumed avalanches to originate from the random release of electrons in the inter-electrode gap. The predicted onset voltages and the shape of the experimental curves for corona current vs. Voltage were in good agreement with the experimental results over a range of point-tip radii (0.5 to 3 mm) and pressures (0.02 to 0.10 MPa). Space charge effects were not included in the simulation so it follows that the accumulation of space charge is negligible at the onset voltage in air, although it is likely that it will have an increasing effect as the voltage increases     

Flow electrification in high power transformers: BTA effect on pressboard degraded by electrical discharges

The flow electrification process occurring at the oil-pressboard interface in high power transformers seems to cause electrical discharge incidents and may cause failures. The goal of this experimental study is to measure and to compare the streaming current obtained from unused pressboard, pressboard artificially degraded by electrical discharges, and pressboard obtained from a damaged power transformer. The influence of additive 1,2,3 Benzotriazole (BTA) in oil is also analyzed. The results show that flow electrification is greatly increased by the degraded pressboards compared with the new one. On the other hand, adding of BTA significantly reduces flow electrification.