共聚物高吸水树脂凝胶堵水剂的合成和性能评价

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)、N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)为单体,增强剂为填充料,合成了一种均质的网络结构的吸水树脂凝胶选择性堵水剂。结果表明,高吸水树脂凝胶的最佳配方为:单体配比AM∶AA∶MBA为1∶3∶8(质量比).交联剂用量为0.02%(占单体总质量的比例,下同),引发剂的用量为0.05%,增强剂的用量为5%,pH为9。该吸水树脂在常压下,吸盐水率可以达到140 g/g,吸水率可以达到600.2 g/g,堵水率大于80%,堵油率小于20%。产品具有较好的耐温抗盐性能和较好的选择性堵水能力。     

接枝改性CMC凝胶的合成及其调剖性能研究

以一种CMC接枝改性共聚物CMC-g-p(AM-co-STS)为调剖主剂,甲醛-间苯二酚为交联剂,硫脲为交联助剂,制备了一种耐温抗盐的高强度凝胶。通过研究交联剂加量、成胶温度、pH对体系成胶性的影响,确定交联体系配方为:4000 mg/LCMC-g-p(AM-co-STS)、4000 mg/L甲醛、666 mg/L间苯二酚、150 mg/L硫脲。在80℃、50009.1 mg/L矿化度下老化100 d后,该交联凝胶的黏度保留值仍然有28600 mPa·s,具有很好耐温抗盐性。室内封堵实验表明:凝胶封堵率达到99%以上,具有非常好的封堵能力。     

一种聚合物/蒙脱土复合堵水剂的研制

为提高堵水剂耐温抗盐性,将蒙脱土引入含AMPS的聚合物中,合成了一种复合堵水剂。通过红外、SEM、EDS等对其结构进行分析,并对其进行吸水倍率、封堵率等性能进行探究,结果表明:蒙脱土成功掺杂进了共聚物;凝胶吸水倍率的最优合成条件为:成胶温度为60℃;单体摩尔比(AM∶AMPS∶AA)为12∶2.5∶4;交联剂质量分数为0.3%;蒙脱土为0.5 g(50 m L)。各因素影响吸水倍率的大小:单体摩尔比交联剂量成胶温度蒙脱土量。70℃条件下,105mg/L的Na+中成胶15 d仍能保持强度I,且热稳定性强于普通凝胶(不加蒙脱土)。普通凝胶的吸水倍率优于复合凝胶,但吸水后的耐热性弱于复合凝胶。在4×104mg/L的模拟地层水中浸泡12 h,90℃时吸水性能最好,可达18.29 g/g。堵水剂具有良好的封堵效果,岩心封堵率可达99.43%,突破压力梯度达123.85 MPa/m。     

耐温抗盐弱凝胶体系的研究

由于普通的弱凝胶体系在高温高盐的环境下成胶性能不稳定,室内研究优选合成一种以疏水缔合聚合物为主剂,再加入酚-醛复合有机交联剂及硫脲高温稳定剂形成的弱凝胶体系。体系中由于疏水缔合聚合物的疏水缔合作用有很高抗盐重要,酚醛复合交联剂抗温性能良好。通过分组对照试验确定了弱凝胶体系的最佳配方:疏水缔合聚合物质量浓度2 000 mg/L,酚-醛交联剂质量浓度800 mg/L,硫脲质量浓度200 mg/L。该体系经测试在高温高盐条件下具有长期的稳定性,抗剪切性能良好。     

低温时间可控冻胶堵水调剖剂的制备

以交联有机聚合物为骨架、无机聚合物为刚性填充物、催化剂控制成胶时间,制备低温时间可控冻胶堵水调剖剂。利用单因素控制法研究有机聚合物、交联剂、无机聚合物、催化剂对冻胶强度、成胶时间及初始黏度的影响,对冻胶耐盐性、黏弹性、封堵性进行评价。结果表明有机聚合物质量浓度0.2%,无机聚合物质量浓度为12%,交联剂质量浓度0.3%,催化剂质量浓度为0.05%时,制得强度好、黏弹性好、封堵率高、时间可控等优点的冻胶堵水调剖剂。     

耐温抗盐悬浮隔板凝胶堵剂研究

传统溶洞型油藏可固化颗粒注入性较差,密度选择性差,同时无机颗粒堵剂刚性大、变形能力弱、通过能力差,树脂类堵剂无选择性封堵作用等一系列问题,使得塔河油田堵水效果不佳。针对塔河油田堵水现状,通过系统考察凝胶体系成胶强度和脱水率来筛选合成了一种耐温抗盐性复合凝胶体系,通过耐温抗盐性机理分析等方法对样品迚行评价,得到最佳配方:0.8%AM/AMPS+0.04%酚类交联剂+0.04%醛类交联剂+0.04%多酚+0.3%硫脲+0.1%POP+0.5%轻质纤维BX。结果表明,此凝胶体系具有良好的耐温抗盐性、热稳定性和悬浮稳定性,在130℃时,30 d脱水率低于10%,凝胶成胶时间大于8 h,可耐矿化度达到223 000 mg/L。     

低温时间可控冻胶堵水调剖剂的制备

以交联有机聚合物为骨架、无机聚合物为刚性填充物、催化剂控制成胶时间,制备低温时间可控冻胶堵水调剖剂。利用单因素控制法研究有机聚合物、交联剂、无机聚合物、催化剂对冻胶强度、成胶时间及初始黏度的影响,对冻胶耐盐性、黏弹性、封堵性进行评价。结果表明有机聚合物质量浓度0.2%,无机聚合物质量浓度为12%,交联剂质量浓度0.3%,催化剂质量浓度为0.05%时,制得强度好、黏弹性好、封堵率高、时间可控等优点的冻胶堵水调剖剂。     

一种抗温抗盐交联聚合物堵水剂的合成及性能评价

采用丙烯酰胺,2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸和交联剂为N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺进行二元共聚,开展了以油井堵水为目的交联聚合物溶液体系研究,考察了单体的组成比例、单体质量分数、引发剂质量分数、反应温度、反应时间等对交联聚合物的影响,通过考察交联聚合物的成胶时间、凝胶强度来优化反应条件,并对所合成聚合物进行评价。结果表明,合成的交联共聚物耐温抗盐性良好,在矿化度5 000 mg/L模拟地层水中,吸水倍率为23倍左右,体积膨胀25倍左右,此外,封堵率也达到了98%左右。在90℃和110℃的高温下滚动老化24 h,交联聚合物仍保持良好的弹性和韧性,老化后吸水性吸水倍率分别为86.5和94.68,水化后其强度较好、富有弹性。     

一种潜在气驱用防气窜剂的研究与应用

本文对高温高盐油藏潜在气驱用防气窜剂的室内研制及应用进行了系统报道,该研究对四种不同种类的聚合物进行了耐温、耐盐性能评价实验,确定使用一种耐温耐盐能力较强的三元共聚物,交联剂选用无机铬/木质素磺酸盐复合体系。优选出三元共聚物为主剂,其浓度为0.3-0.5%,交联剂浓度为0.1-0.5%。并进行了室内静态评价实验：适应的pH值范围为6-9,可抗盐（NaCl）2.5×105m g/l,成胶时间4-6小时,适应温度70-110℃,在110℃下放置50天,其强度基本不变,可满足现场需要。     

三次采油用抗温抗盐聚合物分析

对聚丙烯酰胺不能适应油田三次采油耐温耐盐要求的原因和目前国内外三次采油用抗温抗盐聚合物进行了分析，将国内外正在研制的三次采油用抗温抗盐聚合物分为五大类，并对不同结构聚合物的抗温抗盐作业机理进行了分析，指出当前研制抗温抗盐聚合物存在的问题，认为两性聚合物、疏水缔合聚合物、耐温耐盐单体共聚物、多元组合共聚物在目前情况下，还不适合用于油田三次采油，提出了提高油田三次采油用聚合物抗温抗盐能力的途径和抗温抗盐聚合物驱油剂的研究发展方向。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。