Robust detection of a known signal in nearly Gaussian noise

A detector that is not nonparametric, but that nevertheless performs well over a broad class of noise distributions is termed a robust detector. One possible way to obtain a certain degree of robustness or stability is to look for a min-max solution. For the problem of detecting a signal of known form in additive, nearly Gaussian noise, the solution to the min-max problem is obtained when the signal amplitude is known and the nearly Gaussian noise is specified by a mixture model. The solution takes the form of a correlator-limiter detector. For a constant signal, the correlator-limiter detector reduces to a limiter detector, which is shown to be robust in terms of power and false alarm. By adding a symmetry constraint to the nearly normal noise and formulating the problem as one of local detection, the limiter-correlator is obtained as the local min-max solution. The limiter-correlator is shown to be robust in terms of asymptotic relative efficiency (ARE). For a pulse train of unknown phase, a limiter-envelope sum detector is also shown to be robust in terms of ARE.     

Modeling of a nonpinchoff depletion mode MOSFET

A depletion-mode MOSFET is typically formed with a thin channel of opposite conductivity type to the substrate. When a large gate voltage is applied to deplete this channel, an inversion layer is induced. As strong inversion occurs, the depletion layer depth reaches a maximum and cannot be further increased. If this depth is less than the thickness of the channel, the channel cannot be pinched off unless a reverse bias is applied to the substrate. Such a depletion-mode MOSFET is modeled as a MOSFET connected in parallel with a JFET which shares a portion of the channel. The MOSFET has zero background bias so long as the JFET is not pinched off. When the substrate bias V/SUB SS/ is larger than V/SUB p/ to pinch off the JFET, the MOSFET channel depth is reduced, equivalent to applying a background bias to the MOSFET. This background bias V/SUB B/ is shown to be a square root function of V/SUB SS/ and V/SUB p/.     

Filter-embedded design and its applications to passive components

A design in which a filter is embedded in a fiber fixed on a substrate is proposed. It was successfully applied to the fabrication of low loss fiber optic components for a single-mode fiber transmission system. These components have a wide operational temperature range. The design is easily adapted to a multifilter or multifiber component. Filter embedding is achieved in two ways. One is to insert a thin filter chip in a slit which is machined into a fiber fixed on a substrate by a dicing saw (filter inserted type). The other is to evaporate a filter film directly on a fiber end face and butt this fiber to another fiber on a guide groove on a substrate (filter evaporated type)     

A Study on Straight-Line Tracking and Posture Control in Electric Bicycle

The development of automatic control for driving a bicycle is a challenging theme and is expected to be a human assist system. Previously, an acceleration-based method for stabilizing bicycle posture was proposed by the authors. In the experiments with this controller, the posture of the bicycle might be stabilized, but it is impossible to run on the desired trajectory, because there is no consideration with respect to a trajectory control. For the sake of expanding this system into more sophisticated equipment, a realization of the trajectory control for the bicycle is important. From the viewpoint of an assist system for human motion, a unified control of posture and trajectory brings a sophisticated function to a bicycle, and a high-performance bicycle is expected to be a convenient vehicle, similar to a small car. This paper proposes two strategies to stabilize bicycle posture and trajectory control that realizes a straight-line tracking: one is a lateral velocity controller, and the other is a steering function controller. The validity of the proposed approaches is evaluated by simulations and experiments.     

Diffraction by a perfectly conducting semi-infinite screen in an anisotropic plasma

The scattering of a plane electromagnetic wave by a perfectly conducting semi-infinite screen embedded in a homogeneous plasma is investigated. A uniform magnetic field is assumed to be impressed externally in a direction parallel to the edge of the half plane. The plasma is idealized to be a dielectric characterized by a tensor dielectric constant. The direction of the incident wave is assumed to be in a plane perpendicular to that of the screen. This vector problem is separable into two equivalent scalar problems for which either the electric or the magnetic vector is parallel to the edge of the half plane. It is found that for the case of theEmode, the magnetic vector parallel to the edge of the half plane satisfies a simple wave equation and a new type of impedance boundary condition on the screen. This problem is formulated in terms of an integral equation which specifies the current induced on the screen. The integral equation is of the Wiener-Hopf type and is solved by the usual function-theoretic methods. For a given orientation of the external magnetic field, a surface wave is found to exist along the screen but on one side only. The characteristics of this surface wave are determined.     

Analog Computation Using Single-Electron Circuits

Analog computation is a processing method that solves a given problem by utilizing an analogy of a physical system to the problem. An idea is presented here for relating the behavior of single-electron circuits to analog computation. As an instance, a method is proposed for solving a combinatorial problem, the three-colorability problem, by using the properties of single-electron circuits. In problem solving, a single-electron circuit is constructed that is analogous to a given problem; then, through an annealing procedure, the circuit is made to settle down to its minimun energy state. The correct solution to the problem can be obtained by checking the final arrangement of electrons in the circuit. Analog computation is a promising architecture for single-electron computing systems.     

Electromagnetic Field Due to a Magnetic Dipole in a Medium Containing Both Planar and Cylindrical Boundaries

An approximate method based on perturbation theory is used to calculate electromagnetic fields due to a vertical magnetic dipole in an Earth formation having both horizontal and cylindrical boundaries. The medium is first assumed to have a constant background permittivity. Any deviation from the background permittivity is treated as a perturbation. Correction terms are then found and expressed in multiple integrals. The first and the second correction terms involve threefold and sixfold integrations, respectively. An efficient integration technique is used to compute these multiple integrals. As an example, this method is used to calculate the field due to a vertical magnetic dipole over a layered Earth containing a cylindrical cavity. In another example, the response of a two-coil induction tool is calculated when it is located in a rugose borehole.     

GaAs dynamic memory design

Subthreshold leakage loss is a serious problem for GaAs dynamic memory. Since the leakage current in a MESFET is several orders of magnitude higher than that in a MOSFET, it is difficult to retain the charge at dynamic nodes resulting in data storage errors, In order to solve this problem, a novel DRAM architecture is proposed. The design is based on a cell consisting of a MESFET switch and a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) planar capacitor as the storage element. The leakage current is reduced by a level-shift technique and a self-biased transistor is used to maintain the dynamic charge during the sense period. A high performance sense amplifier is used to detect small bit line voltage changes and refresh the stored data. A 1 Kb prototype, fabricated in a 1 μm nonself-aligned GaAs MESFET technology, exhibited a total read/write access time of the order of 3 ns     

An approximate model for boron drive diffusions in oxidizing ambients

The linear diffusion equation may be transformed to a moving reference frame which corresponds to a linear-parabolic or experimental oxide growth law. The resulting partial differential equation is separable and may be Laplace transformed. If the initial distribution is piecewise constant the solutions may be written in terms of Kummer functions in the transform domain. Use is made of this fact for a drive diffusion in an oxidizing ambient. The initial distribution is approximated by a rectangle and a two-region solution is used to determine all coefficients.The inversion of the solution to the time domain is accomplished by numerical residue techniques. The amount of boron which is lost to the oxide is computed and approximate relationships are given which allow its computation without the aid of a computer. It is found that boron leaching is controlled by the first few minutes of oxidation and may involve as much as 90% of the boron due to the deposition. Experimental data is presented which supports the theory.     

Transferred-electron logic gates

A two-dimensional modeling technique is used to simulate GaAs transferred-electron devices operated as a logic gate (the TELD) and as a threshold gate. The simple logic gate has a good transfer characteristic but is shown sensitive to bias variations and operates with monostable output. For an input logic swing of 0.6 V and a fanout of 2, a propagation delay of 26 ps and gain of 1.25 is predicted. A bi-stable threshold gate shows a turn-on time of about 80 ps. An FET-triggered two-terminal transferred-electron device is calculated to have propagation delay of 27 ps with a gain of -1.2. Subsequent similar stages would require a noninverted output obtainable from a capacitive electrode on the TED. However, it is shown that additional anode load resistance is required to obtain a significant positive pulse output from such capacitive electrodes. The bias power requirement is estimated to be similar to the simple TELD gate.     

一种禁忌搜索算法在计算网格中的并行化策略

禁忌搜索算法是求解组合优化问题的一种主要方法，是克服NP完全问题的有效的解决途径，随着计算网格的发展．将算法移植到这种弱的分布式并行计算环境中，具有广泛的应用意义。Master-Worker计算模式被认为是比较适宜于计算网格的模式。本文在分析讨论了Rolland等人提出的一种高效禁忌搜索算法的基础上，提出了两种并行化策略并进行了比较。结果表明，对于区域分解困难，同时算法复杂性低的情况，利用分散搜索的策略，可以提高求解精度。     

The Assignment of CDMA Spreading Codes Constructed from Hadamard Matrices and Almost Bent Functions

Almost bent functions and Hadamard matrices can be used to construct spreading codes for code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. Four specific Hadamard matrices can be constructed and each one can be divided into eight octants in such a way that spreading codewords from certain pairs of octants have zero correlation. It is possible to assign these octants to a regular tessellation of hexagonal cells in such a way that there is zero correlation between adjacent cells, small correlation between non-adjacent cells and a large codeword re-use distance. If synchronous CDMA is used in a satellite system, interference is reduced in comparison with the use of a single Hadamard matrix. In this case the regular hexagonal tessellation is usually a good model of the areas covered by satellite spot beams. The same approach can be advantageous when the Hadamard matrices are used to construct loosely synchronized codes for a terrestrial system. The tessellation of cells is unlikely to be a regular hexagonal tessellation and the question arises of whether an assignment to an irregular tessellation with these properties can be found. In this paper a positive answer is given to this question, confirming that the approach is applicable to a terrestrial system.     

Image restoration using a modified Hopfield network

A modified Hopfield neural network model for regularized image restoration is presented. The proposed network allows negative autoconnections for each neuron. A set of algorithms using the proposed neural network model is presented, with various updating modes: sequential updates; n-simultaneous updates; and partially asynchronous updates. The sequential algorithm is shown to converge to a local minimum of the energy function after a finite number of iterations. Since an algorithm which updates all n neurons simultaneously is not guaranteed to converge, a modified algorithm is presented, which is called a greedy algorithm. Although the greedy algorithm is not guaranteed to converge to a local minimum, the l (1) norm of the residual at a fixed point is bounded. A partially asynchronous algorithm is presented, which allows a neuron to have a bounded time delay to communicate with other neurons. Such an algorithm can eliminate the synchronization overhead of synchronous algorithms.     

Optimal robust control of a contactless brake system using an eddy current

As vehicle speed increases, a more powerful brake system is required to ensure vehicle safety and its reliability. A contactless eddy current brake (ECB) is developed to take the superior advantages of fast anti-lock braking to the conventional hydraulic brake systems. Braking torque analysis is performed by using an approximate theoretical model and the model is modified through experiments to have a more reliable result. Designs of an ECB for a scaled model for demonstration and actual vehicle model are performed. Optimal torque control which minimizes a braking distance is achieved by maintaining a desired slip ratio corresponding to the road condition. Optimal controller which is robust to the varying road friction coefficients is designed by using a sliding mode controller. Simulation and experimental results for a scaled model are presented to investigate the performance of a contactless ECB.     

On the Capacity of Randomly Used Shared Channels

The channel capacity of a communication channel made available to a user on a shared basis with other users is here considered. An overall system bandwidth B is divided into segments and parceled out to subscribers in an overlapping manner. Viewing emissions by the sharing user as Gaussian noise, the channel capacity is treated as a random variable, and its probability function, mean, and variance are studied. For a fixed power to each user, it is found that the average capacity of a user is maximum when the number of multiple assignments of a frequency band is approximately the inverse of the probability of use. The increase in channel capacity over exclusive assignment is also determined. The probability function of the capacity is worked out for some specific case to show its dependence on the frequency assignment policy, and a general procedure for determining the probability function is given.     

基于液晶光阀调制的赝热光源制备技术研究

高质量赝热光源的制备是强度关联成像技术中一个非常重要的内容。采用赝热光作为光源是因为一般的热光源相干时间极短,常用的探测器无法响应,且亮度低。利用激光照射旋转的毛玻璃形成的动态散斑作为赝热光源可以解决上述问题,是目前常用的一种方法。提出一种采用液晶光阀(LC-SLM)对激光束进行控制来获得赝热光场的方法。利用该装置产生的赝热光场不仅可以极大程度地模拟真实热光场的热涨落,且光场涨落服从真实热光场所具有的高斯统计分布,更重要的是该系统没有机械转动,光场的时间和空间相干性可以完全分开对待,产生的散斑场结果可以重复,并研究了应用该方法产生的动态散斑场的各种特性。     

Low-order approximations of Markov chains in a decision theoretic context (Corresp.)

The idea of finding a low-order approximation to a Markov chain is considered. The approximating process is characterized by a smaller number of parameters than the original one. As a criterion for approximation the lower order process is required to be the most difficult to discriminate from the original one in a decision theoretical context, i.e., achieving maximal Bayes error probability. It is shown that the Hellinger distance metric is closely related to the discrimination performance and provides robust approximation. It is then used to derive the best memoryless approximation, with a possibly reduced number of states, to a first-order Markov chain.     

Evaluation of two-diode-model of a solar panel in a wide range of environmental conditions

In this article, a standard and comprehensive two-diode model of a solar cell is first fully described, and a solar panel model based on this model is developed. A measurement system is designed and implemented to evaluate the validity of the developed model. This measurement system is capable of extracting the electrical behaviour of solar panels in different environmental conditions. A comparison between measurement data and simulation results is performed to evaluate the model's accuracy. It is observed that the extracted electrical parameters have a good compatibility with the simulated data only near to nominal conditions. The main conclusion to be drawn is that the obtained model of a solar panel cannot fully describe its behaviour in a wide range of environmental conditions and consequently a modification is needed. Finally an appropriate method, using curve fitting, is introduced to modify the model. By adding several nonlinear terms to the equations of the solar panel model, the accuracy of the model is considerably boosted.     

Direction estimation in partially unknown noise fields

The problem of direction of arrival estimation in the presence of colored noise with unknown covariance is considered. The unknown noise covariance is assumed to obey a linear parametric model. Using this model, the maximum likelihood directions parameter estimate is derived, and a large sample approximation is formed. It is shown that a priori information on the source signal correlation structure is easily incorporated into this approximate ML (AML) estimator. Furthermore, a closed form expression of the Cramer-Rao bound on the direction parameter is provided. A perturbation analysis with respect to a small error in the assumed noise model is carried out, and an expression of the asymptotic bias due to the model mismatch is given. Computer simulations and an application of the proposed technique to a full-scale passive sonar experiment is provided to illustrate the results