CeO2含量对镓酸盐玻璃耐辐照性能的影响

镓酸盐玻璃是各种光学元件和头罩的理想材料，但是耐辐照性能较弱。采用不同含量的CeO₂掺杂镓酸盐玻璃，通过差热分析仪、紫外分光光度计、傅里叶红外光谱仪、X射线光电子能谱测试了不同CeO₂含量镓酸盐玻璃的玻璃化转变温度、玻璃晶化温度、辐照前后的透过光谱和各价态Ce离子的含量。结果表明，玻璃在CeO₂含量低于0.3wt%时，辐照后透过光谱出现降低，耐辐照稳定性较弱。CeO₂含量低于0.5wt%时，玻璃网络结构的稳定性随着CeO₂含量的增加而变大。提高玻璃网络结构的稳定性可以减少高能辐射后色心的形成，提高玻璃的耐辐照性能。CeO₂含量高于0.5wt%时，Ce³⁺的增加导致玻璃颜色加深，透过率降低。CeO₂含量高于0.8wt%以上时，玻璃中出现大量条纹。CeO₂含量为0.3wt%～0.5wt%的镓酸盐玻璃具有良好的耐辐照和光谱透过性能。     

基于BaO-CaO-Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2体系探究BaCO3的残余量及其对玻璃热性能的影响

采用中温固体氧化物燃料电池(IT-SOFC, Intermediate Temperature-Solid Oxide of Fuel Cell)封接玻璃BaO-CaO-Al₂O₃-B₂O₃-SiO₂体系探究三种熔制工艺(1300℃保温1 h; 1400℃保温1 h; 1400℃保温3 h)对玻璃原料BaCO₃的残余量及玻璃热性能的影响。利用差热-热重分析(DTA-TG)对配方粉体和不同熔制工艺获得玻璃的热性能进行表征, 根据DTA-TG数据进行了计算并验证BaCO₃的残余量。通过傅里叶红外光谱、XRD和热膨胀系数测定仪对样品进行了表征。结果表明: 采取1300℃保温1 h制备的玻璃中仍有59wt% BaCO₃未分解, 并且析出的单斜BaAl₂Si₂O₈晶体降低了玻璃的膨胀系数; 1400℃保温3 h制备的玻璃由于Al₂O₃含量增加, 玻璃软化点(T_s)明显升高(>800℃), 1400℃保温1 h制备的玻璃在室温到玻璃温度转变点范围内的膨胀系数为10.3×10^-6 K^-1。因此对于本实验玻璃配方, 1400℃保温1 h是最为合适的熔制工艺, 可以用于SOFC电堆的封接。     

性能增强的双层TiO2复合膜染料敏化太阳能电池

采用水热法制备了一维TiO₂纳米棒阵列、二维TiO₂纳米片和三维TiO₂微球。将TiO₂纳米棒阵列/纳米片-微球双层薄膜应用于染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC), 研究了TiO₂纳米片与微球的质量比对电池光电性能的影响。采用场发射扫描电镜、氮气吸附脱附等温线、X射线衍射、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、荧光光谱和电化学阻抗谱对样品进行了表征。研究表明, 纳米片与微球的质量比显著影响膜电极的光学和电学特性, 以及电池的光电性能。含50wt% TiO₂纳米片膜电极具有最高的染料吸附量、最强的光吸收、最小的传输电阻和最低的荧光强度。含25wt%、50wt%、75wt%和100wt%纳米片的DSSC的效率分别为1.46%、1.71%、1.26%和1.13%。含50wt% 纳米片的电池具有最优的性能, 这是因为该组分电极具有较好的光吸收特性、较小的载流子复合速率以及较快的电子传输。     

金属膜电极层对Na2O-PbO-Nb2O5-SiO2玻璃陶瓷电容器电性能的影响

玻璃陶瓷电容器内电极结构及界面形貌对电性能有重要影响.采用磁控溅射法在介质层与银浆料电极间分别制备了Pt、Au、Cu和Ag金属膜内电极层,研究此电极层对Na2O-PbO-Nb2O5-SiO2玻璃陶瓷电容器电性能的影响.与单层浆料的电极结构相比,引入Pt、Au金属膜可以更有效地改善电性能:等效电容值增加25%,漏电流降低一个数量级.由SEM结果可知:Pt、Au、Cu膜与玻璃陶瓷紧密的界面接触能够抑制银向介质中扩散;然而,采用单层银浆料或引入Ag金属膜的样品界面多孔且银扩散严重.以上分析表明:Pt、Au金属膜电极层能够改善玻璃陶瓷电容器界面微观结构,有效抑制银的扩散,提高整体电性能.     

VN-Ag-MoO3复合材料的制备及宽温域摩擦学行为

利用真空热压烧结技术制备了VN-Ag-MoO₃复合材料,研究了Ag₂MoO₄对VN基复合材料组织结构及宽温域摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:VN-Ag-MoO₃复合材料组织较致密,主要由VN、MoO₃和Ag组成,其中均匀分布于VN基体的MoO₃和Ag由Ag₂MoO₄经高温分解形成。宽温域摩擦磨损测试表明,Ag₂MoO₄的添加有效改善了室温(RT)~700℃温域范围VN陶瓷的摩擦磨损性能。其中,700℃时Ag₂MoO₄含量为10wt%的VN-10Ag-MoO₃的摩擦系数(0.285)和磨损率(1.37×10?5 mm3/(N·m))分别较VN降低了23%和72%,这归因于磨损表面的氧化钒、钒酸银和钼酸银等高温润滑相起到了优异的润滑及减磨作用。      

氧化铝改性钾长石牙科陶瓷的研究

利用氧化铝的颗粒增强作用, 采用常规烧结法制备了氧化铝改性钾长石牙科陶瓷. 通过实验确定了钾长石复合陶瓷的最佳烧结工艺, 分析了工艺条件对烧结效果、可加工性、显微硬度和抗弯强度等性能的影响. 用XRD、SEM对钾长石复合材料进行了表征. 研究表明: 添加氧化铝可以提高钾长石的烧结温度, 当Al₂O₃添加量为20wt%时, 其最佳烧结温度为1200℃, 相对密度达97.9%. 此外, 添加氧化铝可以显著改善钾长石陶瓷的性能, 当Al₂O₃添加量为5wt%时, 钾长石瓷的磨削率达到最大, 当Al₂O₃添加量为20wt%时, 钾长石瓷的显微硬度提高了26.9%. 并且随着氧化铝添加量的增加, 钾长石陶瓷的抗弯强度逐渐增强.     

有机载体对太阳能电池正银浆料性能影响研究

从硅太阳能电池正银浆料用有机载体的挥发性出发,研究了5种常用有机溶剂的挥发性,选取松油醇、丁基卡必醇以及丁基卡必醇醋酸酯3种溶剂作为混合溶剂。以乙基纤维素为增稠剂制备有机载体,研究了其含量对正银浆料丝网印刷性能及光电转换性能的影响。以蓖麻油为触变剂,研究了其含量对丝网印刷烧结后细栅线电极高宽比以及光电转换效率的影响。结果表明:当乙基纤维素的含量为6%时,正银浆料的印刷性能最好,光电转换效率可达17.707%;当蓖麻油的含量为3%时,所得细栅线的高宽比较高,光电转换效率为17.775%。     

GeO2-La2O3-TiO2玻璃的结构、热学和光学性质(英文)

La₂O₃-TiO₂玻璃以其折射率高、光学性能优异，在透镜、光学窗口、光通信等领域具有广阔的应用前景。受限于玻璃形成能力,人们难以制备出大尺寸La₂O₃-TiO₂玻璃,这严重限制其应用。本研究通过引入网络形成体GeO₂,有效提高了玻璃形成能力,从而可用常规方法制备大尺寸的GeO₂-La₂O₃-TiO₂(GLT)玻璃。差热分析表明,GLT玻璃具有较高的玻璃转变温度和抗析晶性能,玻璃转变温度T_g和ΔT(ΔT=T_c-onset–T_g)分别大于833和209℃。最大折射率为2.06,在可见光和近红外波段的透过率可达78%。实验还研究了Ti含量对GLT玻璃结构、热学和光学性能的影响。结果表明,随着钛含量增加,玻璃的形成能力和热稳定性均减弱。摩尔体积V_m和氧离子极化率α     

基于干共混法控制柔性模板上金属薄膜微裂纹形貌

以500 nm的SiO₂纳米粒子为填料,聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)为包覆纳米粒子的聚合物,通过一种新颖的干共混法制备了SiO₂纳米粒子含量高达83.8wt%的SiO₂/PDMS柔性模板。所制备柔性模板的弹性模量为16.58 MPa,热膨胀系数为96×10?6/℃,较SiO₂直接掺入PDMS中湿共混制备的纯PDMS柔性模板,弹性模量提高了91.56%,热膨胀系数降低了69.23%,且该柔性模板具有良好的透明度。最后,在柔性模板表面采用磁控溅射法沉积银薄膜,利用SEM和AFM对银薄膜表面形貌进行表征。结果显示,银薄膜表面光滑,粗糙度很小,且具有良好稳定性。干共混法制备的柔性模板有效抑制了金属薄膜微裂纹的产生,为制造导电性良好的电极及大面积的金属薄膜提供了新方案。      

银纳米相吸收增强型钙钛矿太阳电池薄膜的制备及性能研究

分别将银纳米相溶胶(银纳米颗粒、Ag@SiO₂核壳结构、银纳米线)掺入氧化铝异丙醇溶液中制成具有蜂窝结构的介孔层材料, 然后在介孔层表面制备CH₃NH₃PbI₃钙钛矿吸收层得到Al₂O₃/CH₃NH₃PbI₃复合薄膜, 并对复合膜的微观结构、光吸收特性及太阳电池器件性能进行了测试和分析。研究表明, Al₂O₃/CH₃NH₃PbI₃复合膜与CH₃NH₃PbI₃在可见光区域吸收光谱基本相同, 含量极少的Al₂O₃对CH₃NH₃PbI₃吸光性能影响较小。而掺入银纳米相可明显改善CH₃NH₃PbI₃钙钛矿薄膜的吸收性能。当银纳米颗粒、Ag@SiO₂核壳结构和银纳米线相对浓度比分别为0.15、0.3及0.15时, CH₃NH₃PbI₃吸光性能分别达到最佳; 银纳米相浓度继续增大时, 薄膜的光吸收性能逐渐减弱。此外, 掺入Ag@SiO₂核壳结构可使钙钛矿薄膜太阳电池光电转换效率由6.28%增大到7.09%, 而银纳米颗粒和银纳米线由于会增大太阳电池内部载流子传输路径, 提高电子空穴对复合效率, 最终反而降低了太阳电池短路电流密度和光电转换效率。     

球磨工艺对太阳能电池正面银浆用玻璃粉的影响

研究了球磨时间、固液比、料球比和磨球尺寸与级配对太阳能电池银浆用玻璃粉粒度及形貌的影响,并将其与一定比例的银粉、有机载体配制成导电银浆,印刷、烧结在硅片上形成晶体硅太阳能电池片,测试了其电学性能。实验结果表明,将玻璃粉用作正面银浆粘接剂时,其最佳的行星球磨工艺参数:球磨时间为4h,固液质量比为1∶0.8,料球质量比为2.5∶1,磨球级配w(大)∶w(中)∶w(小)为3∶2∶1。此时,制备的多晶硅太阳能电池串联电阻为7.15mΩ,光电转换效率可达16.56%。     

Investigation of contact resistance between silicon and silver paste made by screen-printing

In this paper, the front contact resistance of screen-printing crystalline silicon solar cells was investigated. By establishing a fine model for silicon and silver paste contact made by screen-printing and fire-through, the three kinds of conduction mechanism were analyzed quantitatively. According to the model, the comprehensive calculation of the contact resistance between silicon and silver paste sintering was made for the first time. The results calculated in this study suggest that the contact resistance of silicon and silver paste is about 1.20 mΩ for 125 mm × 125 mm single crystalline silicon solar cells, this approximately agrees with the measured values. By optimizing composition of silver paste according to our results, the silver consumption per watt can be reduced, and the efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells can be further improved. The results laid the foundation for studying the screen-printed crystalline silicon solar cell front contact metallization system.     

Characterization of TeO<Subscript>2</Subscript> based glass frits and morphology to their silver films

Novel Pb-free Ag paste with a TeO₂ based glass frit for front contact electrodes of crystalline silicon solar cells were prepared. The influence of TeO₂ content (44–80 mol%) on thermal properties, structure and chemical durability of TeO₂ based glass was investigated. The thermal expansion coefficient decreased firstly when the TeO₂ content reached 60 mol%, then increased with further increasing TeO₂ content. The glass transition temperatures are 400–450 °C and melting temperature was as low as 800 °C. The weight loss of Te-3 glass specimen value is 0.28?×?10^?3 mg/cm², improving the chemical durability of the TeO₂ based glass system. In addition, morphology of TeO₂ based Ag films sintering at various temperatures were also investigated. The grain size of the Ag film increased when the content of glass frit increased, and grain boundaries for sintering TeO₂ based Ag pastes was obvious. The host elements of Ag, Te, Bi, and O in AT-3 specimens were almost homogeneously distributed. The amounts of SiO₂ formed when the Ag films were firing at 750 °C, indicating the etching of SiN _x layer by TeO₂ based glass frit. The specific resistivity of silver conducting films with 3 and 5 wt% glass materials of silver component were 3.1 and 3.7 µΩ cm, respectively.     

Electrical properties of silver paste prepared from nanoparticles and lead-free frit

Recently, PbO containing glass systems in commercial silver paste have been used due to their low glass transition temperature, good thermal and electrical properties. However, PbO is a hazardous material to both health and the environment. In this study, Pb-free silver paste was prepared by mixing commercial silver powder and silver nanoparticles. The commercial powder has an average particle size of 1.6 microm. The silver nanoparticles with particles size of 20-50 nm were synthesized by a chemical reduction method using surfactant. Pb-free frit was added into the mixed silver powder as the amounts of 3, 6 and 9 wt%. Using the obtained paste, thick films were fabricated by a screen printing on alumina substrate and the films were fired at temperature from 400 to 550 degrees C. The films had thickness of 6-11 microm and sheet resistivity of about 4-11 microomega cm.     

Impact of interface microstructure on adhesion force between silver paste and silicon solar cells’ emitter

The adhesion strength between silver paste and silicon solar cell’s emitter is a primary source of long-term degradation in solar modules. In this study, the interface microstructure between screen-printed silver thick-film and silicon solar cells’ emitter was studied. Three kinds of commercial silver pastes were printed on silicon solar cells’ emitter to form different Ag–Si contact structures. The interface microstructure between silver paste and emitter was observed by SEM, while the compositions of Ag thick-film were analyzed by EDX. The deductions we got from SEM and EDX were verified by the pull test for the first time. The results presented in this study give some suggestions to the development of silver paste and crystalline silicon solar cells’ fire-through.     

锑掺杂氧化锡薄膜的制备及其对硅基太阳能电池工作温度的影响

硅基太阳能电池占据着光伏发电的最大份额, 但是在阳光下其工作温度过高会降低电池效率和功率输出, 因此降低硅基太阳能电池在阳光下的工作温度具有重要意义。本研究以氯化亚锡和三氯化锑为原料, 通过简单的溶胶-凝胶法制备锑掺杂氧化锡(ATO)薄膜, 将其作为硅电池盖板, 研究了锑(Sb)掺杂量和薄膜厚度对薄膜红外阻隔性能和硅电池降温性能的影响。研究表明, ATO薄膜的红外遮蔽性能随薄膜厚度增加而提高, 但可见光透过率随之降低。用AM1.5太阳光持续照射30 min后, 使用旋涂1~4层ATO薄膜盖板的硅电池温度比使用普通玻璃盖板的电池最大降低2.7 ℃, 晶硅电池效率可以保持在10.79%以上。此外, 使用10mol%锑掺杂的3层ATO薄膜盖板的硅电池在连续光照30 min后, 温度比使用普通玻璃盖板最大降低1.5 ℃, 效率提高了0.43%。     

Effect of inorganic binders on the properties of silver thick films

The technology for realizing conductive thick films from metal powders is of considerable importance in the manufacture of various electronic devices, such as hybrid integrated circuits, multilayer ceramic capacitors, three-dimensional circuits for mobile communication, etc. Silver thick films have been extensively used to provide electrical contacts in silicon solar cells, hybrid circuits, and other devices, as they have the lowest resistivity as well as the lowest cost among the noble metals. Metal powders for thick-film pastes are normally obtained through chemical precipitation from an aqueous or organic solution of their corresponding salts. This method is able to provide the desired particle shape and size and also offers a low preparation cost. In this paper, we have reported the effect of inorganic binders on the properties of silver thick films. The thick-film pastes were formulated from specially treated silver powders and using the three different types of inorganic binders such as glass frit, metal oxides, and a mixture of both. The effect of these inorganic binders on the surface structure, adhesion with alumina, solderability, and electrical properties was determined by analyzing the physical and chemical behavior of the inorganic binders in the silver thick films during firing. The films with an addition of glass frit and mixtures of glass frit and metal oxide did not provide good adhesion and solderability simultaneously. However, the silver thick films containing 10 wt % bismuth oxides exhibited excellent characteristics, i.e. high adhesion strength, good solderability, and low sheet resistivity. As expected, the adhesion strength decreased with decrease in the binder content.     

SnO2退火温度对钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的影响

电子传输层是钙钛矿太阳能电池的关键部分, 起到阻挡空穴、传输电子和减少电子空穴复合的作用。本研究采用低温溶液法制备SnO₂薄膜作为钙钛矿电池的电子传输层, 研究SnO₂的退火温度对电子传输层微观形貌、物理性能以及钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的影响。结果表明: 当退火温度为60、90、120和240 ℃时, SnO₂薄膜表面存在较多的孔隙; 而退火温度为150、180和210 ℃时, 薄膜表面孔隙较少。在实验温度下, 制备的SnO₂薄膜为四方相, FTO玻璃上涂覆SnO₂薄膜后其透过率要优于空白FTO玻璃的透过率。当SnO₂退火温度为180 ℃时, 薄膜的电子迁移率最高, 钙钛矿电池具有最佳的传输电阻和复合电阻, 所得电池的性能最优, 其光电转换效率为17.28%, 开路电压为1.09 V, 短路电流为20.91 mA/cm², 填充因子为75.91%。     

Fe2O3对原位制备SiCw/SiC太阳能储热陶瓷的结构与性能的影响

为调控SiC_w/SiC复相陶瓷中原位生长SiC晶须的生长发育和形貌, 以提高SiC复相储热陶瓷的性能, 在CF0配方(SiC 69.31wt%, AlN 20.30wt%, Si 10.39wt%)的基础上添加0.5wt%~2.0wt% Fe₂O₃作为催化剂。研究了Fe₂O₃对晶须形貌、生长机制及SiC复相陶瓷结构与性能的影响。研究结果表明, 引入Fe₂O₃后晶须生长机制由气-固机理转变为气-液-固机理。Fe₂O₃添加量通过调节C元素在Fe-Si熔球中的溶解度, 与烧成温度共同调控晶须形貌。经1500 ℃烧成的CF4(2.0wt% Fe₂O₃)样品性能最佳, 晶须直径50~100 nm, 长度1~6 μm, 其体积密度、抗折强度、比热容分别为2.19 g/cm ³、45.08 MPa、0.95 J/(g·K) (25 ℃), 热导率达18.15 W/(m·K) (25 ℃), 相比于未添加Fe₂O₃的样品增加了169%。气-液-固机理生长的SiC晶须缺陷少、直径大, 可有效降低晶须-基体传输势垒, 具有更好的热学性能。     

CaO-B2O3玻璃助烧的零膨胀系数β-锂霞石陶瓷的制备及性能研究

采用固相反应法制备CaO-B₂O₃玻璃（简称“CB”玻璃）助烧的零膨胀系数β-锂霞石陶瓷。通过差示扫描量热(DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)手段分别对CB玻璃的热学特性和助烧后的β-锂霞石陶瓷样品的物相与显微形貌进行表征。结果表明, CB玻璃具有良好的助烧效果, 可以显著降低β-锂霞石陶瓷的烧结温度(从1300℃降至1150℃), 并大幅提高陶瓷的相对密度(从93.3%提高到97.4%)。加入CB玻璃助烧剂, β-锂霞石陶瓷致密性显著提高, 内部无微裂纹存在。加入4wt%和6wt% CB玻璃的β-锂霞石陶瓷在室温~200℃范围内具有零膨胀系数, 分别为0.02×10^-6/K和0.4×10^-6/K。然而, 加入8wt% CB玻璃的β-锂霞石陶瓷样品中产生了具有高正膨胀系数的新物相LiAlO₂, 使样品的热膨胀系数提高至3.46×10^-6/K。