高效率双结钙钛矿叠层太阳能电池研究进展

以钙钛矿电池为顶电池的叠层太阳电池发展迅速,成为太阳能光伏领域的研究热点之一。随着电池结构和制备工艺的优化,叠层电池的光电转换效率快速提升,单片钙钛矿/晶硅叠层电池的效率已达到31.3%。本综述对近年来以宽带隙钙钛矿电池作为顶子电池、晶体硅电池及其他新型中窄带隙电池(钙钛矿电池、有机电池、铜铟镓硒(CIGS)电池)作为底子电池的叠层电池的研究进展进行了系统梳理,总结了叠层电池的顶电池、中间互联层和底电池的材料、结构及光电性能等方面的关键技术及难点,希望能够为进一步提升叠层电池效率提供一些思路。并对未来低成本高效叠层太阳能电池的光学和电学优化需求做出了分析与展望。     

基于全无机CsPbBr3钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电性能研究

钙钛矿太阳能电池具有制作工艺简单和光电转换效率高等优点,成为光伏领域研究的热点。而全无机钙钛矿太阳能材料CsPbBr₃具有较强的稳定性,是具有竞争力的钙钛矿光吸收材料。主要利用SCAPS-1D软件构建了FTO/TiO₂/CsPbBr₃/Cu₂ZnSnS₄(CZTS)/Ag平面异质结结构。研究了全无机钙钛矿材料CsPbBr₃厚度和带隙对钙钛矿太阳能电池的影响。     

NiOx介孔层的成膜过程对碳电极钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的影响(英文)

碳基钙钛矿太阳能电池(C-PSCs)具有稳定性好且成本低的优势,展现出广阔的应用前景。本研究基于MAPbI₃材料,选择高质量的NiO_x介孔层作为空穴传输层(HTL),对比了NiO_x介孔层不同制备方法对电池性能的影响,并对NiO_x介孔层的厚度进行优化。研究发现,与旋涂工艺制备的NiO_x介孔层相比,丝网印刷工艺制备的介孔层的孔径分布均匀,可改善钙钛矿(PVK)前体溶液填充在介孔支架中的填充状态。最终得到含HTL的高效率和低滞后的钙钛矿太阳能电池,其开路电压(VOC)为910m V,光电转换效率(PCE)为14.63%,认证效率达14.88%。此外,在空气中储存近900 h,其PCE没有明显衰减。     

CuxO用于调控全无机碳基CsPbI2Br钙钛矿太阳能电池的界面性能

基于CsPbI₂Br的全无机碳基钙钛矿太阳能电池由于碳电极与钙钛矿层间接触性能较差和能带不匹配等问题,导致其光电转化效率较低。本文采用简单的葡萄糖还原法结合煅烧技术制备了两种不同形貌和结构的规则八面体构型Cu_xO,将之作为无机空穴传输材料,制备了结构为导电玻璃(FTO)/SnO₂/CsPbI₂Br/CuxO/C的碳基钙钛矿太阳能电池,研究了CuO和Cu₂O的形貌、结构对光电性能的影响机制。结果显示：CuO和Cu₂O皆具有良好的化学稳定性和p型载流子传输特性,可有效增强CsPbI₂Br钙钛矿层与碳电极层之间的界面接触,改善载流子传输性能,减少电荷复合,延长光电子寿命。基于Cu₂O和CuO的CsPbI₂Br基碳基钙钛矿太阳能电池(C-PSC)器件的光电转换效率最高分别为11.62%和13.22%,分别比空白对照器件的光电转化效率提高了19.5%和36.0%。此外,通过添加Cu₂     

银纳米相吸收增强型钙钛矿太阳电池薄膜的制备及性能研究

分别将银纳米相溶胶(银纳米颗粒、Ag@SiO₂核壳结构、银纳米线)掺入氧化铝异丙醇溶液中制成具有蜂窝结构的介孔层材料, 然后在介孔层表面制备CH₃NH₃PbI₃钙钛矿吸收层得到Al₂O₃/CH₃NH₃PbI₃复合薄膜, 并对复合膜的微观结构、光吸收特性及太阳电池器件性能进行了测试和分析。研究表明, Al₂O₃/CH₃NH₃PbI₃复合膜与CH₃NH₃PbI₃在可见光区域吸收光谱基本相同, 含量极少的Al₂O₃对CH₃NH₃PbI₃吸光性能影响较小。而掺入银纳米相可明显改善CH₃NH₃PbI₃钙钛矿薄膜的吸收性能。当银纳米颗粒、Ag@SiO₂核壳结构和银纳米线相对浓度比分别为0.15、0.3及0.15时, CH₃NH₃PbI₃吸光性能分别达到最佳; 银纳米相浓度继续增大时, 薄膜的光吸收性能逐渐减弱。此外, 掺入Ag@SiO₂核壳结构可使钙钛矿薄膜太阳电池光电转换效率由6.28%增大到7.09%, 而银纳米颗粒和银纳米线由于会增大太阳电池内部载流子传输路径, 提高电子空穴对复合效率, 最终反而降低了太阳电池短路电流密度和光电转换效率。     

硅异质结太阳能电池用透明导电氧化物薄膜的研究现状及发展趋势

硅异质结(SHJ)太阳能电池是目前光伏产业中的重要组成部分,其由于具有高开路电压(V_oc)等优点而引起了广泛的关注。在硅异质结太阳能电池中,透明导电氧化物(TCO)薄膜层的光学性能和电学性能分别影响着电池的短路电流(J_sc)、填充因子(FF),进而影响电池的转换效率。近年来,SHJ电池中TCO层的研究主要集中于掺杂的In₂O₃和ZnO体系。本文从硅异质结太阳能电池的不同结构出发,概述了TCO薄膜的光电性能(透过率、禁带宽度、方块电阻、载流子浓度、迁移率和功函数)以及与相邻层的接触对电池性能的影响,介绍了不同体系的透明导电氧化物薄膜在硅异质结太阳能电池中的应用及研究现状,并展望其未来的发展趋势。     

高质量钙钛矿单晶CH3NH3PbI3研究进展

有机-无机钙钛矿材料因为具有光谱吸收范围宽、缺陷密度低、载流子复合率低等非常优良的光电性能吸引了广泛关注, 掀起了钙钛矿材料研究热潮。近年来杂化钙钛矿型太阳能电池发展迅速, 光电转化效率目前已达到22.1%, 展现出极大的应用潜力。与多晶薄膜相比, 单晶具有极低的缺陷密度和极少的界面缺陷。多个课题组成功培养出大尺寸钙钛矿单晶, 发现钙钛矿单晶材料具有比其他薄膜多晶材料更好的光响应特性, 是设计制备光伏器件的理想材料。在各类钙钛矿材料中, CH₃NH₃PbI₃是研究和应用最广泛的一类钙钛矿材料。本文主要针对近年来CH₃NH₃PbI₃单晶材料的研究制备进行综述, 介绍了CH₃NH₃PbI₃单晶材料的结构及性能, 重点总结了CH₃NH₃PbI₃单晶材料生长制备方法和应用, 并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

铜膜碘化法制备p型CuI薄膜及其用作空穴传输层的反型钙钛矿电池性能

γ相碘化亚铜(γ-CuI)是一种带隙为3.1 eV的p型半导体材料, 适合应用于发光二极管和太阳能电池等光电子器件。本研究利用简单的铜膜碘化法制备了CuI薄膜, 探究了碘化时间、温度及铜/碘比等生长条件对其透明导电性能的影响。在最优碘化时间(30 min)和碘化温度(120℃)下, 制备出了高透过率(可见光范围>75%)、导电性能好(电阻率4.4×10^-2 Ω·cm)的CuI薄膜。利用CuI薄膜作为空穴传输层, 组装了CuI/CH₃NH₃PbI₃/PCBM反型平面钙钛矿电池, 获得的最高光电转换效率为8.35%, 讨论了CuI薄膜透明导电性能对钙钛矿电池光电转换效率的影响机理。     

SnO2退火温度对钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的影响

电子传输层是钙钛矿太阳能电池的关键部分, 起到阻挡空穴、传输电子和减少电子空穴复合的作用。本研究采用低温溶液法制备SnO₂薄膜作为钙钛矿电池的电子传输层, 研究SnO₂的退火温度对电子传输层微观形貌、物理性能以及钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的影响。结果表明: 当退火温度为60、90、120和240 ℃时, SnO₂薄膜表面存在较多的孔隙; 而退火温度为150、180和210 ℃时, 薄膜表面孔隙较少。在实验温度下, 制备的SnO₂薄膜为四方相, FTO玻璃上涂覆SnO₂薄膜后其透过率要优于空白FTO玻璃的透过率。当SnO₂退火温度为180 ℃时, 薄膜的电子迁移率最高, 钙钛矿电池具有最佳的传输电阻和复合电阻, 所得电池的性能最优, 其光电转换效率为17.28%, 开路电压为1.09 V, 短路电流为20.91 mA/cm², 填充因子为75.91%。     

Cs2AgBiBr6钙钛矿太阳能电池研究进展

近年来,有机–无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池以其优异的性能和低廉的制造成本受到了广泛关注。然而,其含有铅元素的毒性以及稳定性阻碍了进一步商业化应用。双钙钛矿材料Cs₂AgBiBr₆具有稳定性优异、毒性低、载流子寿命长和载流子有效质量小的优势,是一种颇具潜力的光伏材料,已被应用于太阳能电池并展现出良好的性能。但是Cs₂AgBiBr₆钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电转换效率还无法与有机–无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池相媲美,发展仍面临诸多挑战。本文首先介绍了Cs₂AgBiBr₆的晶体结构及容忍因子等结构参数;然后介绍了溶液法、反溶剂辅助成膜法、气相法、真空辅助成膜法以及喷涂法等薄膜制备工艺的进展,评述了各种薄膜制备工艺的优缺点;接着从元素掺杂、添加剂工程及界面工程(界面能级匹配和界面缺陷钝化)三方面介绍了Cs₂AgBiBr₆钙钛矿太阳能电池的性能优化策略,结合近年来的研究进展进行了评述;最后指出Cs₂AgBiBr     

Perovskite Solar Cells with Inorganic Electron‐ and Hole‐Transport Layers Exhibiting Long‐Term (≈500 h) Stability at 85 °C under Continuous 1 Sun Illumination in Ambient Air

Despite the high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), poor long‐term stability is one of the main obstacles preventing their commercialization. Several approaches to enhance the stability of PSCs have been proposed. However, an accelerating stability test of PSCs at high temperature under the operating conditions in ambient air remains still to be demonstrated. Herein, interface‐engineered stable PSCs with inorganic charge‐transport layers are shown. The highly conductive Al‐doped ZnO films act as efficient electron‐transporting layers as well as dense passivation layers. This layer prevents underneath perovskite from moisture contact, evaporation of components, and reaction with a metal electrode. Finally, inverted‐type PSCs with inorganic charge‐transport layers exhibit a PCE of 18.45% and retain 86.7% of the initial efficiency for 500 h under continuous 1 Sun illumination at 85 °C in ambient air with electrical biases (at maximum power point tracking).     

In Situ Back‐Contact Passivation Improves Photovoltage and Fill Factor in Perovskite Solar Cells

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have seen a rapid rise in power conversion efficiencies in recent years; however, they still suffer from interfacial recombination and charge extraction losses at interfaces between the perovskite absorber and the charge–transport layers. Here, in situ back‐contact passivation (BCP) that reduces interfacial and extraction losses between the perovskite absorber and the hole transport layer (HTL) is reported. A thin layer of nondoped semiconducting polymer at the perovskite/HTL interface is introduced and it is shown that the use of the semiconductor polymer permits—in contrast with previously studied insulator‐based passivants—the use of a relatively thick passivating layer. It is shown that a flat‐band alignment between the perovskite and polymer passivation layers achieves a high photovoltage and fill factor: the resultant BCP enables a photovoltage of 1.15 V and a fill factor of 83% in 1.53 eV bandgap PSCs, leading to an efficiency of 21.6% in planar solar cells.     

Metal-Organic Framework Materials in Perovskite Solar Cells: Recent Advancements and Perspectives

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are among the most promising candidates for the next generation of photovoltaic devices because of the significant increase in their power conversion efficiency (PCE) from less than 10% to 25.7% in past decade. The metal-organic framework (MOF) materials owing to their unique properties, such as large specific surface area, abundant binding sites, adjustable nanostructures, and synergistic effects, are used as additives or functional layers to enhance the device performance and long-term stability of PSCs. This review focuses on the recent advancements in the applications of MOFs as/in different functional layers of PSCs. The photovoltaic performance, impact, and advantages of MOF materials integrated into the perovskite absorber, electron transport layer, hole transport layer, and interfacial layer are reviewed. In addition, the applicability of MOFs to mitigate leakage of Pb²⁺ from halide perovskites and corresponding devices is discussed. This review concludes with the perspectives on further research directions for employing MOFs in PSCs.     

无机电荷传输层在有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用及研究进展

近年来,基于有机-无机杂化钙钛矿材料为光活性层构建的太阳能电池由于具有直接带隙、吸光系数高、激子束缚能低、激子和载流子扩散距离长,以及成本低、制备工艺简单、光电转换率高、易于实现大面积柔性器件等优点,而成为当今新型光伏技术中一颗耀眼的新星。在钙钛矿太阳能电池中,电荷传输层在提高光电转换效率、稳定性及寿命等方面扮演着非常重要的角色,其中无机电荷传输层因具有载流子迁移率高、稳定性好、制备工艺简单等优势越来越受到人们的关注。本文总结了无机电荷传输层在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用,详细介绍了各种无机电子/空穴传输层在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的研究进展,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

Efficient,Hysteresis‐Free,and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells with ZnO as Electron‐Transport Layer: Effect of Surface Passivation

The power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has ascended from 3.8% to 22.1% in recent years. ZnO has been well‐documented as an excellent electron‐transport material. However, the poor chemical compatibility between ZnO and organo‐metal halide perovskite makes it highly challenging to obtain highly efficient and stable PSCs using ZnO as the electron‐transport layer. It is demonstrated in this work that the surface passivation of ZnO by a thin layer of MgO and protonated ethanolamine (EA) readily makes ZnO as a very promising electron‐transporting material for creating hysteresis‐free, efficient, and stable PSCs. Systematic studies in this work reveal several important roles of the modification: (i) MgO inhibits the interfacial charge recombination, and thus enhances cell performance and stability; (ii) the protonated EA promotes the effective electron transport from perovskite to ZnO, further fully eliminating PSCs hysteresis; (iii) the modification makes ZnO compatible with perovskite, nicely resolving the instability of ZnO/perovskite interface. With all these findings, PSCs with the best efficiency up to 21.1% and no hysteresis are successfully fabricated. PSCs stable in air for more than 300 h are achieved when graphene is used to further encapsulate the cells.     

To Be Higher and Stronger—Metal Oxide Electron Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells

Organometallic mixed halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a promising photovoltaic technology with increasingly improved device efficiency exceeding 24%. Charge transport layers, especially electron transport layers (ETLs), are verified to play a vital role in device performance and stability. Recently, metal oxides (MOs) have been widely studied as ETLs for high‐performance PSCs due to their excellent electronic properties, superb versatility, and great stability. This Review briefly discusses the development of PSCs' architecture and outlines the requirements for MO ETLs. Additionally, recent progress of MO ETLs from preparation to optimization for efficient PSCs is systematically summarized and highlighted to associate the versatility of MO ETLs with the performance of devices. Finally, a summary and prospectives for the future development of MO ETLs toward practical application of high‐performance PSCs are drawn.     

Critical review of recent progress of flexible perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a ‘rising star’ in recent years due to their high-power conversion efficiency (PCE), extremely low cost and facile fabrication techniques. To date, PSCs have achieved a certified PCE of 25.2% on rigid conductive substrates, and 19.5% on flexible substrates. The significant advancement of PSCs has been realized through various routes, including perovskite composition engineering, interface modification, surface passivation, fabrication process optimization, and exploitation of new charge transport materials. However, compared with rigid counterparts, the efficiency record of flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) is advancing slowly, and therefore it is of great significance to scrutinize recent work and expedite the innovation in this field. In this article, we comprehensively review the recent progress of FPSCs. After a brief introduction, the major features of FPSCs are compared with other types of flexible solar cells in a broad context including silicon, CdTe, dye-sensitized, organic, quantum dot and hybrid solar cells. In particular, we highlight the major breakthroughs of FPSCs made in 2019/2020 for both laboratory and large-scale devices. The constituents of making a FPSC including flexible substrates, perovskite absorbers, charge transport materials, as well as device fabrication and encapsulation methods have been critically assessed. The existing challenges of making high performance and long-term stable FPSCs are discussed. Finally, we offer our perspectives on the future opportunities of FPSCs in the field of photovoltaics.     

钙钛矿太阳电池的理论性能研究进展

钙钛矿太阳电池近年来发展迅速,其电池最高转换效率已突破22%,有望成为改变现有光伏产业格局的重要新型太阳电池。理论分析钙钛矿太阳电池内部机理是进一步提高电池性能的重要基础。主要介绍了现阶段研究者对钙钛矿太阳电池的不同结构、不同功能层之间的电学参数、最优尺寸等方面的最新理论研究进展。同时针对电池的稳定性,介绍了目前各研究者对新型空穴传输层材料的探索。还对钙钛矿吸光层的电学性质做了理论分析,为进一步提高电池的性能提供了参考。     

钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究进展

钙钛矿太阳能电池由纳米晶致密层、钙钛矿型光活性层CH₃NH₃PbX₃ (X= Cl、Br、I)、空穴传输层及对电极组成。其中光活性层吸光材料的种类及其成膜技术、空穴传输层材料类型及结构设计是影响钙钛矿太阳能电池光电性能的重要因素。本文结合钙钛矿太阳能电池近年来的最新研究进展, 对影响器件光电性能的关键因素: 光吸收层、空穴传输层、工艺参数以及结构设计等进行综述, 同时展望了钙钛矿太阳能电池未来的发展趋势。