染料敏化太阳能电池用CuO-NRs/GNs复合对电极的研究

采用均匀沉淀法制得的氧化铜纳米棒(CuO-NRs)与石墨烯(GNs)浆料复合,利用电流体动力学技术(EHD技术)在FTO导电玻璃基片上制备CuO-NRs/GNs复合对电极。通过XRD物相分析,和SEM、TEM结构表征,表明CuO-NRs/GNs复合薄膜具有多孔的网络结构,通过一系列电化学性能测试,证明CuO-NRs/GNs复合对电极具有较高的电催化活性,和较快的电子传输速率,由CuO-NRs/GNs复合对电极组装的DSSC光电转换效率(2.57%)达到了与Pt对电极(3.46%)相当的水平。     

钼酸锌-碳复合材料在染料敏化太阳能电池对电极中的应用

采用水热合成法制备出片状结构钼酸锌, 并以其为原料, 添加石墨(G)或导电碳(Cc), 利用喷涂法分别制备出ZnMoO₄、ZnMoO₄-G和ZnMoO₄-Cc对电极催化材料, 应用于染料敏化太阳能电池(DSCs)中。实验结果表明: 以ZnMoO₄为对电极材料的DSC光电转换效率为4.19%, 在分别添加石墨及导电碳制备成复合对电极材料后, 其相应的光电转换效率分别提高到6.56%及7.36%。其中, ZnMoO₄-Cc对电极与相同条件下铂对电极的光电转换效率(7.81%)相当。电化学阻抗(EIS), 循环伏安法(CV)及Tafel极化曲线测试结果表明, ZnMoO₄、ZnMoO₄-G和ZnMoO₄-Cc三种材料均具有一定的导电性和电催化性能。     

微波还原法制备石墨烯及其在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用研究

采用改良Hummers法和微波还原法制备石墨烯,通过XRD、FT-IR探究不同微波还原时间对石墨烯结构的影响。将经不同微波还原时间所得的石墨烯应用在染料敏化太阳能电池的对电极中,通过伏安曲线、电化学阻抗谱分析其性能。结果表明,随着微波还原时间的延长,石墨烯还原程度逐渐增加。在模拟太阳能光源(AM 1.5)下,以微波还原时间为90min的石墨烯作对电极而组装得到的染料敏化太阳能电池的内阻最小(24Ω),性能最佳。其短路电流、填充因子及光电转换效率分别为2.75(mA/cm~2)、14%和0.174%。     

染料敏化太阳电池石墨/聚苯胺复合对电极的低温制备和性能

通过低温制备(120℃)构建出不同比例石墨/聚苯胺复合对电极,分析了复合对电极组装的染料敏化太阳电池(DSCs)的光电性能,并通过X射线衍射仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪、电化学交流阻抗法和循环伏安法等表征方法探讨了光电性能变化的内在原因,同时探讨了复合对电极中引入镍纳米颗粒对DSCs光电性能的影响。结果表明:在对电极中,聚苯胺质量含量25%的复合对电极对I_3~-/I~-氧化还原反应具有更佳的催化活性,其DSCs短路电流密度、开路电压分别达到7.41mA·cm~(-2),和0.595V,其DSCs光电转换效率最大为2.193%,与纯石墨对电极和纯聚苯胺对电极时相比,光电转换效率分别提高了86.6%和45.3%。添加镍纳米颗粒后,导致复合对电极串联电阻的增加以及催化活性的弱化,最终促使相应器件的四个光电性能参数均有不同程度的下降。     

透明硫化钴对电极在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用

硫化钴纳米材料是一种重点研究的染料敏化太阳能电池对电极材料。本工作以氟掺杂二氧化锡导电玻璃为基片, 采用反向恒压电沉积法制备透明硫化钴薄膜。实验结果表明: 电镀溶液的pH是硫化钴薄膜表面形貌形成的关键性因素, 而电沉积圈数可以有效控制硫化钴薄膜的厚度。电化学测试结果表明: 硫化钴薄膜对电极展现出了良好的电催化活性, 尤其是在电镀溶液pH为7.2、电沉积圈数为12圈的最佳条件下制备的硫化钴对电极具有大量的纳米薄片状结构, 有利于增加电催化活性位点, 使得其展现出了比铂电极更加优异的电催化性能。由此电极组装的染料敏化太阳能电池的能量转换效率达到7.26%, 10个电池器件的平均效率为7.18%, 高于相应铂电极器件的电池效率(6.94%)。     

MoS2/碳纤维对电极的制备及其在DSSCs中的应用

以钼酸、硫氰酸铵和碳纤维(直径0.4mm,长8cm)为原料,采用一步水热法制备了MoS2/碳纤维对电极。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及X射线能谱(EDX)对MoS2/碳纤维的微观组织结构进行了表征。采用循环伏安法(CV)对MoS2/碳纤维对电极的催化活性进行了研究。光电性能测试表明,基于MoS2/碳纤维对电极染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs)的光电转换效率为3.26%,大于基于Pt/碳纤维电极的光电转换效率2.93%,为低成本DSSC产业化技术研究奠定了基础。     

合成介质对PEDOT催化染料敏化太阳电池光阴极性能的影响

采用聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩(PEDOT)/FTO为对电极,研究了合成介质对循环伏安法电聚合制备的PEDOT/FTO对电极性能的影响。通过SEM、CV、EIS、Tafel曲线,并首次采用SECM方法对所制备的对电极的电催化性能进行了表征。结果表明:在LiClO4水溶液和1-丁基-3-甲基四氟硼酸盐离子液体(IL)中制备的光阴极具有良好的电催化性能。J-V测试曲线表明,在LiClO4水溶液和IL中制备的光阴极所组装的DSSC器件的光电转化效率分别达6.4%和6.6%,接近于同等条件下以Pt对电极构建的DSSC器件的光电转化效率。     

用于染料敏化太阳能电池的多壁碳纳米管基对电极的制备与表征(英文)

经酸化处理的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)与纳米石墨复合后沉积在FTO导电玻璃基底上制备出染料敏华太阳能电池薄膜对电极。利用SEM、TEM、EDS与IR光谱对其进行表征。以Mg O掺杂的Ti O2薄膜为光阳极对电池通过循环伏安法(CV曲线)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和伏安特性曲线(J-V)进行光电性能分析。结果表明:酸化处理的MWCNTs与纳米石墨复合对电极展现出优异的光催化性能,有利于电池光电性能的提高。电池开路电压及短路电流密度分别可达0.53 V、4.67 m A/cm2,其光电转换效率达到4.10%,与铂对电极的性能相当。     

聚吡咯/石墨烯复合导电材料的制备及性能表征

利用电化学合成和化学还原方法制备了超级电容器用聚吡咯/石墨烯(PPy/GNs)复合电极材料,分别对比了恒电流和脉冲电流条件下石墨烯对电极材料电化学性能的影响,断口形貌及电性能测试结果表明,石墨烯因其良好的导电性能可有效提高电极的比容量,与聚吡咯(PPy)相比,恒电流制备的PPy/GNs(DC-PPy/GNs)电极比容量提高了13.5%。另外发现,脉冲电流制备的PPy/GNs(PC-PPy/GNs)超级电容器具有更大的比容量和更好的循环稳定性。导通时间为100ms时,PC-PPy/GNs复合电极材料在100mV/s的扫描速率下比容量可达280F/g。     

TiO_2/微波还原石墨烯阳电极的制备及光电性能研究

采用改良Hummers法和微波还原法制备石墨烯,将得到的石墨烯与TiO_2混合,并以此作为阳电极材料组装得到染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs)。通过XRD和荧光光谱对所制备的阳电极材料进行表征,并通过伏安曲线和电化学阻抗谱分析电池性能。结果表明,添加石墨烯可提高DSSCs的性能,其原因可归结于添加石墨烯后,阳电极表面吸附和沉积的染料量增加,从而使电池激发态电子数量增多所致。在模拟太阳能光源(AM 1.5)下,当石墨烯添加量为40μL(0.5mg/LmL)时,DSSCs的性能达到最佳。其短路电流、开路电压、填充因子和光电转换效率分别达到10.28、0.68V、47%和3.33%mA/cm~2。与以纯TiO_2作阳电极而组装得到的DSSCs的光电转换效率(2.27%)相比,其光电转换效率提高了46.70%。     

Synergistic catalytic effect of a composite (CoS/PEDOT:PSS) counter electrode on triiodide reduction in dye-sensitized solar cells

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite counter electrodes comprised of sheetlike CoS nanoparticles dispersed in polystyrenesulfonate-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (CoS/PEDOT:PSS) offer a synergistic effect on catalytic performance toward the reduction of triiodide for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), yielding 5.4% power conversion efficiency, which is comparable to that of the conventional platinum counter electrode (6.1%). The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry measurements revealed that the composite counter electrodes exhibited better catalytic activity, fostering rate of triiodide reduction, than that of pristine PEDOT: PSS electrode. The simple preparation of composite (CoS/PEDOT:PSS) electrode at low temperature with improved electrocatalytic properties are feasible to apply in flexible substrates, which is at most urgency for developing novel counter electrodes for lightweight flexible solar cells.     

Facile construction of high-electrocatalytic bilayer counter electrode for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells

To improve the mechanical rigidity of the electrocatalyst and assure a higher number density of catalytic sites of the counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs), we have extended widely applied titanium tetrachloride treatment to construct a rough scaffolding underlayer for the platinized counter electrode. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images clearly depicted the platinum nanoparticles with a diameter of ca. 10 nm homogeneously distributed on the scaffolding underlayer of the bilayer counter electrode and thus led to a characteristically high surface roughness. The electocatalytic activity of this novel bilayer counter electrode was measured and compared with the corresponding properties of conventional sputtered Pt electrode. Interestingly, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry measurements further demonstrated the notably larger electrochemical active surface area and thereby higher electrocatalytic activity of the bilayer counter electrode. Consequently, under standard 1 sun illumination (100 mW cm(-2), AM 1.5), device with this bilayer counter electrode achieved a considerably improved fill factor of 0.67 and overall energy conversion efficiency of 7.09%, which was apparently higher than that of 0.60 and 6.37% for sputterd Pt electrode. Therefore, this present method paves a facile and inexpensive way to prepare high-electrocatalytic bilayer counter electrode in DSCs.     

Facile synthesis of papillae-like polyaniline nanocones on graphene nanosheets for ultracapacitors

Papillae-like polyaniline (PANI) nanocones arrays growing on graphsene nanosheets (GNs) were synthesized in mass at low cost by in situ polymerization with the assistant of ethanol. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images show that papillae-like PANI nanocones arrays are located uniformly on flexible two-dimensional GNs. Electrochemical properties are tested by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical performances of GNs/PANI hybrid are better than those of bare GNs or PANI. GNs/PANI electrode delivered a maximum specific capacitance of 372 F g^?1 at a current density of 0.1 A g^?1 in 1.0 M Na₂SO₄ aqueous solution. And the composite exhibit an excellent cycle life with ~80% specific capacitance retention over 3000 cycles at 1 A g^?1. The GNs/PANI nanocomposites will be one of the most promising flexible electrode materials for high-performance ultracapacitors.     

透明Pt对电极的制备及其在DSSC中的应用

采用简单的电化学沉积法在FTO导电玻璃表面制备了透明的Pt电极,用紫外可见分光光度计和电化学循环伏安法分析了透明Pt对电极的透光性及电催化活性,结果表明,此种方法制备的透明Pt对电极的透光率达到了80%,且具有良好的电催化性能,组装DSSC的效率达到了3.54%。     

Study of adsorption behaviors of meso-tetrakis (4-N-Methylpyridyl) porphine p-Toluenesulfonate at indium-tin-oxide electrode/solution interface by in-situ internal reflection spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry

In situ electrochemical-absorption spectra of meso-tetrakis (4-N-Methylpyridyl) porphine p-Toluenesulfonate (TMPyP) adsorbed on the surface of an ITO (indium-tin-oxide) electrode was observed by simultaneous measurements using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and internal reflection spectroscopy. The CV experiment was performed using ITO coated on glass as the working electrode, platinum wire as the counter electrode and silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode as the reference electrode. It was found that, in 1 M HCl and pH = 2 Britton-Robinson solutions, TMPyP were adsorbed on ITO as P(0)H₄²⁺ state and P(0)H₂ state, respectively. Moreover, when the potential was applied on the ITO electrode, the redox reactions of TMPyP in 1 M HCl were also different from those in pH = 2 Britton-Robinson solutions. The adsorption rate, desorption rate and equilibrium constants as well as the adsorption free energy of TMPyP were determined by fitting adsorption process between TMPyP and ITO using Langmuirian adsorption model. The effect of pH on the internal reflection spectra was also explored, in which it was shown that the increase of pH lead to the enhancement of the intensity of the internal reflection spectra and the blue shift of the peak position. With the increase of ionic strength of TMPyP solution, the intensity of the internal reflection spectra decreased.     

硅负极添加剂对锂离子电池的影响

选用乙炔黑(AB)、SuperP、VulcanXC-72和BP2000四种导电剂, 研究其物化性能及含量对硅电极电化学性能的影响; 探讨了粘合剂种类和用量对硅电极电化学性能的影响。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜对硅电极的形貌进行表征; 采用恒流充放电测试及循环伏安法对硅电极的电化学性能进行测试。结果表明, 导电剂SuperP具有良好的导电性、适中的比表面积(75.8 m²/g)和颗粒尺寸(39.2 nm), 有利于提高硅负极的循环性能及倍率循环性能。采用15wt%的导电剂 SuperP与15wt%的粘合剂CMC所制备的电极循环50次后可逆比容量保持在1143.8 mAh/g。     

Anthocyanin-sensitized solar cells using carbon nanotube films as counter electrodes

Carbon nanotube (CNT) films have been used as counter electrodes in natural dye-sensitized (anthocyanin-sensitized) solar cells to improve the cell performance. Compared with conventional cells using natural dye electrolytes and platinum as the counter electrodes, cells with a single-walled nanotube (SWNT) film counter electrode show comparable conversion efficiency, which is attributed to the increase in short circuit current density due to the high conductivity of the SWNT film.     

Response times of carbon fiber microelectrodes to dynamic changes in catecholamine concentration

The electrode response time and the measured concentrations during dynamic catecholamine changes were compared using constant potential amperometry and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. The amperometric response to a rectangular pulse of catecholamine is more rectangular than the cyclic voltammetric response; however, the response times are very similar when, during cyclic voltammetry, the temporal lag due to adsorption and desorption of catecholamine to the electrode is removed by deconvolution. Deconvolution of cyclic voltammetry data was applied to stimulated dopamine release in vivo, allowing for modeling of release and uptake kinetics and to measure catecholamine release from single cells, resulting in better resolution of peaks from single vesicles. In vitro postcalibrations were performed to calculate concentrations of catecholamine measured with cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. The addition of 600 microM ascorbic acid to the postcalibration buffer, allowing a catalytic reaction to regenerate dopamine, resulted in similar calculated concentrations for stimulated release of dopamine using amperometry and cyclic voltammetry. Using deconvoluted cyclic voltammetry to remove the response time lag and adding ascorbic acid to the calibration buffer, the shape and concentration of dynamic catecholamine changes are very similar when measured with constant potential amperometry and cyclic voltammetry.     

有机体系中聚苯胺电化学性能研究

有机体系中，采用循环伏安法（CV）在铂片表面电聚合制备聚苯胺，并通过循环伏安、恒流充放电测试了聚苯胺的电化学特性，结果表明：聚苯胺电极的循环伏安曲线呈现矩形特征，恒流充放电的电压和时间关系为线性关系。说明该电极具有典型的电容行为，其比电容高达320．8F／g。CV循环500圈后比电容基本没有变化，电极的循环寿命较高。