基于B样条模糊神经网络的刀具磨损监测

刀具状态监测是实现自动化加工和无人化加工的关键技术。本文使用切削力和声发射传感器监测金属切削过程,提出了基于B样条模糊神经网络作为刀具磨损量监测模型。该模型能够准确描述刀具磨损和信号特征之间的非线性关系,和常用的BP前馈神经网络相比,具有收敛速度快和局部学习能力等优点。试验结果表明:采用B样条模糊神经网络对提高刀具磨损在线监测的准确度和可靠度非常有效。     

基于动态树理论的刀具磨损监测技术

提出了基于动态树理论的刀具磨损监测方法,通过相关系数法提取传感器信号与刀具磨损最相关的几组特征,并采用具有局部记忆的B样条模糊神经网络建立刀具磨损量与声发射信号、切削力信号和振动信号特征之间的非线性映射关系,构造了任意加工条件下的刀具磨损监测系统,刀具磨损的识别结果由集成神经网络输出。试验结果表明,基于此方法构建的刀具磨损监测系统具有精度高、可靠度强、增殖性好和在线识别速度快等优点,值得工业推广。     

一种在线监测铣刀磨损量的新方法

提出了一种在线监测铣刀磨损量的新方法,该方法利用B样条神经网络建立不同刀具磨损状态下加工参数与切削力之间的映射关系。通过比较实时采集的切削力与不同刀具磨损值对应的切削力大小,可确定刀具的磨损状态,并利用建立的简化模型计算刀具的精确磨损值。试验结果表明,该方法消除了加工参数变化对特征的影响,简化了特征选取的方法,能够适应外部加工环境的变化,完全满足刀具状态监测系统的实用化需求。     

刀具磨损的机器视觉监测研究

为提高铣削加工时的刀具利用率、降低刀具成本,提出采用机器视觉技术在机监测铣刀磨损状态,及时更换刀具。建立刀具磨损监测系统,由电荷耦合器件(Charge coupled device,CCD)相机获取刀具磨损图像,通过图像预处理、阈值分割、基于Canny算子和亚像素的边缘检测方法建立刀具磨损边界,提取刀具磨损量。开展GH4169镍基高温合金铣削实验,将监测系统检测的磨损量与超景深显微镜的测量结果进行比对,结果表明:该系统具有较高的检测精度,可实现铣削加工时刀具磨损状态的在机监测。     

基于对偶四元数的五轴等距双NURBS刀具路径规划

针对由离散刀位构成的一阶线性不连续刀路影响机床运动平稳性的问题,提出在工件坐标系下对线性刀路进行光顺,获取满足精度且达到G1以上连续的等距双非均匀有理B样条刀具路径。采用对偶四元数描述五轴刀位,利用对偶四元数B样条矢量函数拟合线性刀路,获取五轴联动的刀具B样条运动轨迹,插值得到描述刀具中心点和刀轴点运动轨迹的等距双非均匀有理B样条曲线刀具路径。算例表明,采用本算法对工件坐标系中的线性刀路进行光顺,在提高刀具轨迹运动平稳性的同时,可以获得满意的加工精度,适用于五轴高速精密加工。     

遗传算法优化的模糊神经网络在刀具磨损诊断中的应用

针对刀具磨损监测时,采集的振动信号含有强烈的背景噪声,难以提取故障频率的问题,提出采用形态滤波消噪后进行经验模态分解来提取故障频率;同时,为了准确监测刀具的磨损状态,将提取的故障特征输入到遗传算法优化的模糊神经网络对刀具的磨损进行识别,模糊神经网络的基函数采用B样条基函数。传统的网络学习算法采用梯度下降法,这在学习过程中容易陷入局部最小,论文采用遗传算法寻求全局的最优解。实验表明,该方法能有效地应用于强噪声背景下的刀具磨损识别。     

HMM技术在数控镗刀状态监测中的应用

通过对声发射传感器采集的刀具磨损状态信号进行分析,提取出反映刀具磨损状态的特征向量MFCC系数及差分系数,然后利用HMM进行信号处理。建立了检测镗刀刀具状态的监测系统。实验结果表明,该监测系统在刀具的正常磨损阶段,可以实现刀具大致磨损量的预报;在刀具破损或损坏情况下,能够及时监测和预报刀具损坏状态。这种监测方法能够进行实时在线监测,为刀具的磨损监测提供了一条切实可行的途径。     

基于加工表面盒维数的刀具磨损状态研究

在车削加工过程中,随着刀具磨损量的增加,在工件表面的纹理结构发生变化,依据工件纹理的变化能够间接判断刀具的磨损程度。将分形理论引入到基于图像的刀具状态监测领域,研究二维离散图像信号盒维数的具体实现算法以及盒维数与刀具磨损量之间的变化关系。实验表明:随着刀具磨损量的增加,盒维数具有缓慢上升的趋势,利用这一特征可有效实现刀具磨损状态的监测。     

面向五轴加工的等距双NURBS刀具路径同步插补方法

针对由离散刀位点数据生成的五轴加工等距非均匀有理B样条曲线刀具路径中两条非均匀有理B样条曲线参数不同步的问题,建立了一种等距双非均匀有理B样条曲线参数的同步模型,实现等距双非均匀有理B样条曲线刀具路径插补过程中两条非均匀有理B样条曲线参数的同步运动。将三轴非均匀有理B样条曲线插补算法应用于五轴加工等距双非均匀有理B样条曲线刀具路径中的刀具中心点非均匀有理B样条曲线,根据参数同步模型将插补算法同步到刀轴点非均匀有理B样条曲线中。仿真表明,采用该算法能够使刀具始终沿着等距双非均匀有理B样条曲线刀路进行同步插补,参数同步插补精度主要集中在10-6 mm级数上,适用于复杂曲面的五轴加工。     

基于长短记忆网络的刀具磨损监测方法研究

刀具磨损监测是推动数控机床稳定运行的有效手段。为实现刀具健康实时监测,设计一种基于长短记忆网络的刀具磨损监测方法。将实时采集的切削力信号进行去噪、降维等预处理;用堆叠自编码器进行特征提取,获得影响刀具磨损的本质特征;用长短记忆网络构建刀具磨损监测模型,实现加工过程中刀具磨损监测。利用铣削实验数据进行实例验证,获得磨损量平均绝对误差为0.060 80的铣刀磨损量监测模型,验证了该方法的有效性。     

刀具磨损早期故障智能诊断研究

针对刀具的早期故障监测中因存在强烈的背景噪声而难以提取故障特征的问题,提出了基于二次采样随机共振消噪和B样条神经网络智能识别的故障诊断方法。首先利用在随机共振过程中,噪声增强振动信号的信噪比特性,将刀具振动信号进行随机共振输出,提取有效特征,再输入到B样条神经网络进行智能识别,进而获得刀具的磨损值。同时,为了得到与输入信号最佳匹配的随机共振参数,提出了基于遗传算法的多参数同步优化的自适应随机共振算法,克服了传统随机共振系统只实现单参数优化的缺点。实验结果表明,该方法能实现弱信号检测,能有效地应用于刀具磨损故障诊断中。     

An in-depth study of tool wear monitoring technique based on image segmentation and texture analysis

We present a new micro-vision system for tool wear monitoring, which is essential for intelligent manufacturing. The tool wear area is divided into regions by a watershed transform, then subjected to automatic focusing and segmentation. The individual pixel gray values in each region are then replaced with the corresponding regional mean gray value. A hill climbing algorithm based on the sum modified laplacian (SML) focusing evaluation function is used to search the focal plane. In addition, we implement an adaptive Markov Random Field (MRF) algorithm to segment each region of tool wear. For our MRF model, the connection parameter value is adaptively determined by the connection degree between regions, which improves image acquisition of more integral tool wear areas. Our findings suggest that automatic focusing and segmentation of the tool wear area by region (within the tool wear area) enhance accuracy and robustness, and allow for real time acquisition of tool wear images. We also implement a complementary tool wear assessment procedure based on the surface texture of the workpiece. The optimal texture analysis window is determined using the entropy metric – a texture feature generated using a Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM). In the best texture analysis window, entropy remains monotonic as tool wear increases, demonstrating that entropy can be used effectively to monitor tool wear. Information from combined measurements of tool wear and workpiece texture can reliably be used to monitor tool wear conditions and improve monitoring success rates.     

[设备健康管理]基于机床信息的加工过程刀具磨损状态在线监测

为实现刀具磨损状态的在线监测,提高监测系统的实用性,提出一种基于机床信息的加工过程刀具磨损状态在线监测方法。采用OPC UA通信技术在线采集与存储数控机床信息,得到与磨损相关的机床内部过程信息,并基于这类信息与相应的刀具磨损信息,利用卷积神经网络建立了刀具磨损状态识别模型。应用案例证明了该方法的监测性能,与其他传统监测方法相比,该方法更适用于实际的生产加工。     

Optimal design of electrode cooling system for resistance spot welding with the response surface method

In the last decade, the progress of surface metrology has led to improved 3D characterisation of surfaces, offering the possibility of monitoring manufacturing operations and providing highly detailed information regarding the machine tool condition. This paper presents a case study where areal surface characterisation is used to monitor tool wear in peripheral milling. Due to the fact that tool wear has a direct effect on the machined workpiece surface, the machined surface topography contains much information concerning the machining conditions, including the tool wear state. By analysing the often subtle changes in the surface topography, one can highlight the tool wear state. This paper utilises areal surface characterization, areal auto-correlation function (AACF) and pattern analysis to illustrate the effect of tool wear on the workpiece surface. The result shows the following: (1) tool wear, previously difficult to detect, will influence almost all of the areal surface parameters; (2) the pattern features of AACF spectrum can reflect the subtle surface texture variation with increasing tool wear. The authors consider that, combined analysis of the surface roughness and its AACF spectrum are a good choice for monitoring the tool wear state especially with the latest developments in on-machine surface metrology.     

Adaptive modelling of the milling process and application of a neural network for tool wear monitoring

An adaptive signal processing scheme that uses a low-order autoregressive time series model is introduced to model the cutting force data for tool wear monitoring during face milling. The modelling scheme is implemented using an RLS (recursive least square) method to update the model parameters adaptively at each sampling instant. Experiments indicate that AR model parameters are good features for monitoring tool wear, thus tool wear can be detected by monitoring the evolution of the AR parameters during the milling process. The capability of tool wear monitoring is demonstrated with the application of a neural network. As a result, the neural network classifier combined with the suggested adaptive signal processing scheme is shown to be quite suitable for in-process tool wear monitoring     

数控机床刀具磨损监测方法研究

数控机床刀具磨损监测对于提高数控机床利用率,减小由于刀具破损而造成的经济损失具有重要意义.文章有针对性地回顾了国内外各种刀具磨损监测方法的研究工作,详细叙述了切削力监测法、切削噪声监测法、功率监测法、声发射监测法、电流监测法以及基于多传感器监测法等六种刀具磨损监测方法.本文通过比较各种监测方法的优缺点,提出基于多传感器监测法是数控机床刀具磨损监测方法的未来发展的主要方向.