某钢制螺钉断裂失效分析

某液压缸盖紧固用螺钉在进行试验时发生断裂。采用外观检查、断口宏微观观察、金相检验和硬度测试等方法对两枚断裂失效螺钉进行了分析。结果表明,螺钉A失效性质为过载断裂,其断裂原因主要与装配时拧紧力过大从而产生了扭转剪切开裂损伤有关;螺钉B失效性质为疲劳断裂,其断裂原因主要与螺钉B表面存在脱碳层导致疲劳强度大幅降低有关,且在装配时发生倾斜,螺钉一侧存在附加拉应力,对疲劳失效也有一定的促进作用。建议严格控制热处理工艺和装配过程力矩大小,并加强螺钉孔和螺钉的加工精度控制。     

汽车防倾杆断裂失效原因分析

利用金相显微镜和扫描电镜对汽车防倾杆断裂件进行了检测,结合防倾杆的制造工艺分析了断裂原因,并提出了针对性的预防措施。试验结果表明:失效防倾杆是脆性断裂,断裂是由于该件在装配前存在原始裂纹。断裂件金相组织以回火屈氏体为主,其横截面呈阶梯状,其中裂纹起源区域存在氧化脱碳现象。断裂件在成形过程中产生的微裂纹是失效的主要原因,微裂纹在淬火过程中发生扩展。     

双耳托板螺钉断裂原因分析及改进措施

双耳托板螺钉装配过程中在托板与杆部结合处发生断裂。对断裂螺钉进行断口形貌分析,确定断裂性质为过载断裂;对同批次螺钉进行了金相、硬度、拉力试验、楔负载试验以及模拟安装试验,结果表明,螺钉断裂原因主要与断裂位置流线密集有关,同时热处理制度不匹配和流线被切断对断裂有促进作用。针对螺钉断裂有关原因提出了改进冷镦工艺、调整热处理制度和优化头(托板)杆加工工艺等改进措施,并对改进效果进行了验证,结果表明改进有效,新工艺加工的螺钉装配过程未再发生相同断裂现象。     

螺钉断裂原因分析

固定音箱喇叭的螺钉在运输过程中断裂.采用扫描电子显微镜、金相显微镜、ICP及硬度试验机等手段对失效螺钉及未失效螺钉进行检测和分析比较,结果表明该批螺钉为氢致断裂.由于螺钉的热处理工艺不当,渗碳层过深,使氢过多地滞留在螺钉内部,在随后的回火中难以扩散,是引起氢脆的主要原因,螺钉镀锌后未进行除氢处理,是导致氢致断裂的另一个原因.     

半挂车车轴轴头断裂原因分析

对断口、成分和显微组织进行了检测,分析半挂车车轴轴头在装配、校准中出现的断裂现象.结果表明,车轴轴头原材料中存在疏松、缩孔残余等内部冶金缺陷和锻造热加工中的过热和过烧产生不良的魏氏组织.这些因素的综合作用致使钢的韧性降低.在锻造中发生内部劈裂,最终造成轴头在受外力时脆性断裂.     

燃气机涡轮连接螺栓断裂原因分析

某燃气轮机涡轮系统用连接螺栓,试车分解检查时发现多件断裂。采用断口宏微观观察,金相组织分析,能谱分析,故障模拟验证试验等方法,对螺栓的断裂原因进行了综合分析。结果表明:失效螺栓属于沿晶脆性断裂;螺栓装配过程中使用的高温丝扣脂中的低熔点元素Pb,在一定的拉应力、温度作用下,引起晶界腐蚀损伤是导致螺栓断裂的主要原因。该研究结果对此类螺栓的使用和故障预防可提供借鉴。     

励磁机紧固螺钉断裂失效分析

对某电厂励磁机用内六角平端紧固螺钉断裂件的化学成分、金相组织、硬度和断口特征进行分析.结果表明,螺钉断裂件硬度偏高(419 HB),断口为沿晶脆性断裂特征.主要原因与热处理回火温度、表面加工缺陷以及材料化学成分有关.     

输电铁塔用6.8级螺栓断裂失效分析

输电铁塔用6.8级螺栓,在使用过程中发生断裂,通过断裂螺栓的断13形貌、化学成分、显微组织及硬度的分析测试,进行了螺栓的断裂失效分析.研究结果表明,螺栓断裂形式为穿晶脆性断裂;原材料化学成分及组织正常,显微硬度基本符合国标要求;螺栓头部硬度严重超标,组织变形剧烈,是螺栓发牛脆性断裂的主要原因.在冷镦成型后进行去应力退火工艺并严格控制冷镦工艺,适时检验螺栓头部硬度及组织状况使其满足标准要求,可避免螺栓在使用过程中的脆性断裂.     

扭簧断裂分析

扭簧装配后36h内发生断裂,对扭簧断裂的宏观与微观形貌特征进行了观察与分析,并对断裂扭簧的氢含量、金相组织以及化学成分进行了分析,对扭簧进行了对比模拟试验.结果表明,扭簧断裂性质为氢致脆性断裂,扭簧中较高的氢含量是造成使用中发生断裂的主要原因.     

聚丙烯挤出机螺钉断裂原因分析

某公司的聚丙烯25线挤出机出现挤出颗粒异常,原因为模板上固定螺钉发生多处断裂,为了探明螺钉出现断裂的过程,通过宏观检查、金相分析、化学成分分析、扫描电镜、能谱分析及硬度测试的分析方法,对发生断裂的螺钉进行了分析,探讨了断裂失效的原因。螺钉开裂为氢脆导致的延迟裂纹,由于电镀过程中氢原子渗入螺钉内部,同时电镀后未及时对螺钉热处理除氢,导致了螺钉的氢脆。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。